Content Markup

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 The Intent of Content Markup

The intent of Content Markup is to provide an explicit encoding of the underlying mathematical meaning of an expression, rather than any particular rendering for the expression. Mathematics is distinguished both by its use of rigorous formal logic to define and analyze mathematical concepts, and by the use of a (relatively) formal notational system to represent and communicate those concepts. However, mathematics and its presentation should not be viewed as one and the same thing. Mathematical notation, though more rigorous than natural language, is nonetheless at times ambiguous, context-dependent, and varies from community to community. In some cases, heuristics may adequately infer mathematical semantics from mathematical notation. But in many others cases, it is preferable to work directly with the underlying, formal, mathematical objects. Content Markup provides a rigorous, extensible semantic framework and a markup language for this purpose.

The difficulties in inferring semantics from a presentation stem from the fact that there are many to one mappings from presentation to semantics and vice versa. For example the mathematical construct "H multiplied by e" is often encoded using an explicit operator as in H × e. In different presentational contexts, the multiplication operator might be invisible "H e", or rendered as the spoken word "times". Generally, many different presentations are possible depending on the context and style preferences of the author or reader. Thus, given "H e" out of context it may be impossible to decide if this is the name of a chemical or a mathematical product of two variables H and e. Mathematical presentation also varies across cultures and geographical regions. For example, many notations for long division are in use in different parts of the world today. Notations may lose currency, for example the use of musical sharp and flat symbols to denote maxima and minima [Chaundy1954]. A notation in use in 1644 for the multiplication mentioned above was $\blacksquare$ He [Cajori1928].

By encoding the underlying mathematical structure explicitly, without regard to how it is presented aurally or visually, it is possible to interchange information more precisely between systems that semantically process mathematical objects. In the trivial example above, such a system could substitute values for the variables H and e and evaluate the result. Important application areas include computer algebra systems, automatic reasoning system, industrial and scientific applications, multi-lingual translation systems, mathematical search, and interactive textbooks.

The organization of this chapter is as follows. In Section 4.2 Content MathML Elements Encoding Expression Structure, a core collection of elements comprising Strict Content Markup are described. Strict Content Markup is sufficient to encode general expression trees in a semantically rigorous way. It is in one-to-one correspondence with OpenMath element set. OpenMath is a standard for representing formal mathematical objects and semantics through the use of extensible Content Dictionaries. Strict Content Markup defines a mechanism for associating precise mathematical semantics with expression trees by referencing OpenMath Content Dictionaries. The next two sections introduce markup that is more convenient than Strict markup for some purposes, somewhat less formal and verbose. In Section 4.3 Content MathML for Specific Structures, markup is introduced for representing a small number of mathematical idioms, such as limits on integrals, sums and product. These constructs may all be rewritten as Strict Content Markup expressions, and rules for doing so are given. In Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants, elements are introduced for many common function, operators and constants. This section contains many examples, including equivalent Strict Content expressions. In Section 4.5 Deprecated Content Elements, elements from MathML 1 and 2 whose use is now discouraged are listed. Finally, Section 4.6 The Strict Content MathML Transformation summarizes the algorithm for translating arbitrary Content Markup into Strict Content Markup. It collects together in sequence all the rewrite rules introduced throughout the rest of the chapter.

4.1.2 The Structure and Scope of Content MathML Expressions

Content MathML represents mathematical objects as expression trees. The notion of constructing a general expression tree is e.g. that of applying an operator to sub-objects. For example, the sum "x+y" can be thought of as an application of the addition operator to two arguments x and y. And the expression "cos(π)" as the application of the cosine function to the number π.

As a general rule, the terminal nodes in the tree represent basic mathematical objects such as numbers, variables, arithmetic operations and so on. The internal nodes in the tree represent function application or other mathematical constructions that build up a compound objects. Function application provides the most important example; an internal node might represent the application of a function to several arguments, which are themselves represented by the nodes underneath the internal node.

The semantics of general mathematical expressions is not a matter of consensus. It would be an enormous job to systematically codify most of mathematics – a task that can never be complete. Instead, MathML makes explicit a relatively small number of commonplace mathematical constructs, chosen carefully to be sufficient in a large number of applications. In addition, it provides a mechanism for referring to mathematical concepts outside of the base collection, allowing them to be represented, as well.

The base set of content elements is chosen to be adequate for simple coding of most of the formulas used from kindergarten to the end of high school in the United States, and probably beyond through the first two years of college, that is up to A-Level or Baccalaureate level in Europe.

While the primary role of the MathML content element set is to directly encode the mathematical structure of expressions independent of the notation used to present the objects, rendering issues cannot be ignored. There are different approaches for rendering Content MathML formulae, ranging from native implementations of the MathML elements to declarative notation definitions, to XSLT style sheets. Because rendering requirements for Content MathML vary widely, MathML 3 does not provide a normative specification for rendering. Instead, typical renderings are suggested by way of examples.

4.1.3 Strict Content MathML

In MathML 3, a subset, or profile, of Content MathML is defined: Strict Content MathML. This uses a minimal, but sufficient, set of elements to represent the meaning of a mathematical expression in a uniform structure, while the full Content MathML grammar is backward compatible with MathML 2.0, and generally tries to strike a more pragmatic balance between verbosity and formality.

Content MathML provides a large number of predefined functions encoded as empty elements (e.g. sin, log, etc.) and a variety of constructs for forming compound objects (e.g. set, interval, etc.). By contrast, Strict Content MathML uses a single element (csymbol) with an attribute pointing to an external definition in extensible content dictionaries to represent all functions, and uses only apply and bind for building up compound objects. The token elements such as ci and cn are also considered part of Strict Content MathML, but with a more restricted set of attributes and with content restricted to text.

Strict Content MathML is designed to be compatible with OpenMath (in fact it is an XML encoding of OpenMath Objects in the sense of [OpenMath2004]). OpenMath is a standard for representing formal mathematical objects and semantics through the use of extensible Content Dictionaries. The table below gives an element-by-element correspondence between the OpenMath XML encoding of OpenMath objects and Strict Content MathML.

Strict Content MathML	OpenMath
`cn`	`OMI`, `OMF`
`csymbol`	`OMS`
`ci`	`OMV`
`cs`	`OMSTR`
`apply`	`OMA`
`bind`	`OMBIND`
`bvar`	`OMBVAR`
`share`	`OMR`
`semantics`	`OMATTR`
`annotation`, `annotation-xml`	`OMATP`, `OMFOREIGN`
`cerror`	`OME`
`cbytes`	`OMB`

In MathML 3, formal semantics Content MathML expressions are given by specifying equivalent Strict Content MathML expressions. Since Strict Content MathML expressions all have carefully-defined semantics given in terms of OpenMath Content Dictionaries, all Content MathML expressions inherit well-defined semantics in this way. To make the correspondence exact, an algorithm is given in terms of transformation rules that are applied to rewrite non-Strict MathML constructs into a strict equivalents. The individual rules are introduced in context throughout the chapter. In Section 4.6 The Strict Content MathML Transformation, the algorithm as a whole is described.

As most transformation rules relate to classes of MathML elements that have similar argument structure, they are introduced in Section 4.3.4 Operator Classes where these classes are defined. Some special case rules for specific elements are given in Section Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. Transformations in Section 4.2 Content MathML Elements Encoding Expression Structure concern non-Strict usages of the core Content MathML elements, those in Section 4.3 Content MathML for Specific Structures concern the rewriting of some additional structures not directly supported in Strict Content MathML.

The full algorithm described inSection 4.6 The Strict Content MathML Transformation is complete in the sense that it gives every Content MathML expression a specific meaning in terms of a Strict Content MathML expression. This means it has to give specific strict interpretations to some expressions whose meaning was insufficiently specified in MathML2. The intention of this algorithm is to be faithful to mathematical intuitions. However edge cases may remain where the normative interpretation of the algorithm may break earlier intuitions.

A conformant MathML processor need not implement this transformation. The existence of these transformation rules does not imply that a system must treat equivalent expressions identically. In particular systems may give different presentation renderings for expressions that the transformation rules imply are mathematically equivalent.

4.1.4 Content Dictionaries

Due to the nature of mathematics, any method for formalizing the meaning of the mathematical expressions must be extensible. The key to extensibility is the ability to define new functions and other symbols to expand the terrain of mathematical discourse. To do this, two things are required: a mechanism for representing symbols not already defined by Content MathML, and a means of associating a specific mathematical meaning with them in an unambiguous way. In MathML 3, the csymbol element provides the means to represent new symbols, while Content Dictionaries are the way in which mathematical semantics are described. The association is accomplished via attributes of the csymbol element that point at a definition in a CD. The syntax and usage of these attributes are described in detail in Section 4.2.3 Content Symbols <csymbol>.

Content Dictionaries are structured documents for the definition of mathematical concepts; see the OpenMath standard, [OpenMath2004]. To maximize modularity and reuse, a Content Dictionary typically contains a relatively small collection of definitions for closely related concepts. The OpenMath Society maintains a large set of public Content Dictionaries including the MathML CD group that including contains definitions for all pre-defined symbols in MathML. There is a process for contributing privately developed CDs to the OpenMath Society repository to facilitate discovery and reuse. MathML 3 does not require CDs be publicly available, though in most situations the goals of semantic markup will be best served by referencing public CDs available to all user agents.

In the text below, descriptions of semantics for predefined MathML symbols refer to the Content Dictionaries developed by the OpenMath Society in conjunction with the W3C Math Working Group. It is important to note, however, that this information is informative, and not normative. In general, the precise mathematical semantics of predefined symbols are not not fully specified by the MathML 3 Recommendation, and the only normative statements about symbol semantics are those present in the text of this chapter. The semantic definitions provided by the OpenMath Content CDs are intended to be sufficient for most applications, and are generally compatible with the semantics specified for analogous constructs in the MathML 2.0 Recommendation. However, in contexts where highly precise semantics are required (e.g. communication between computer algebra systems, within formal systems such as theorem provers, etc.) it is the responsibility of the relevant community of practice to verify, extend or replace definitions provided by OpenMath CDs as appropriate.

4.1.5 Content MathML Concepts

The basic building blocks of Content MathML expressions are numbers, identifiers and symbols. These building blocks are combined using function applications and binding operators. It is important to have a basic understanding of these key mathematical concepts, and how they are reflected in the design of Content MathML. For the convenience of the reader, these concepts are reviewed here.

In the expression "x+y", x is a mathematical variable, meaning an identifier that represents a quantity with no fixed value. It may have other properties, such as being an integer, but its value is not a fixed property. By contrast, the plus sign is an identifier that represents a fixed and externally defined object, namely the addition function. Such an identifier is termed a symbol, to distinguish it from a variable. Common elementary functions and operators all have fixed, external definitions, and are hence symbols. Content MathML uses the ci element to represent variables, and the csymbol to represent symbols.

The most fundamental way in which symbols and variables are combined is function application. Content MathML makes a crucial semantic distinction between a function itself (a symbol such as the sine function, or a variable such as f) and the result of applying the function to arguments. The apply element groups the function with its arguments syntactically, and represents the expression resulting from applying that function to its arguments.

Mathematically, variables are divided into bound and free variables. Bound variables are variables that are assigned a special role by a binding operator within a certain scope. For example, the index variable within a summation is a bound variable. They can be characterized as variables with the property that they can be renamed consistently throughout the binding scope without changing the underlying meaning of the expression. Variables that are not bound are termed free variables. Because the logical distinction between bound and free variables is important for well-defined semantics, Content MathML differentiates between the application of a function to a free variable, e.g. f(x) and the operation of binding a variable within a scope. The bind element is used the delineate the binding scope, and group the binding operator with its bound variables, which are indicated by the bvar element.

In Strict Content markup, the bind element is the only way of performing variable binding. In non-Strict usage, however, markup is provided that more closely resembles well-known idiomatic notations, such as the "limit" notations for sums and integrals. These constructs often implicitly bind variables, such as the variable of integration, or the index variable in a sum. MathML terms the elements used to represent the auxiliary data such as limits required by these constructions qualifier elements.

Expressions involving qualifiers follow one of a small number of idiomatic patterns, each of which applies to class of similar binding operators. For example, sums and products are in the same class because they use index variables following the same pattern. The Content MathML operator classes are described in detail in Section 4.3.4 Operator Classes.

Each Content MathML element is described in a section below that begins with a table summarizing the key information about the element. For elements that have different Strict and non-Strict usage, these syntax tables are divided to clearly separate the two cases. The element's content model is given in the Content row, linked to the MathML Schema in Appendix A Parsing MathML. The Attributes, and Attribute Values rows similarly link to the schema. Where applicable, the Class row specifies the operator class, which indicate how many arguments the operator represented by this element takes, and also in many cases determines the mapping to Strict Content MathML, as described in Section 4.3.4 Operator Classes. Finally, the Qualifiers row clarifies whether the operator takes qualifiers and if so, which. Both specify how many siblings may follow the operator element in an apply; see Section 4.2.5 Function Application <apply> and Section 4.3.3 Qualifiers for details).

4.2 Content MathML Elements Encoding Expression Structure

In this section we will present the elements for encoding the structure of content MathML expressions. These elements are the only ones used for the Strict Content MathML encoding. Concretely, we have

basic expressions, i.e. Numbers, string literals, encoded bytes, Symbols, and Identifiers.
derived expressions, i.e. function applications and binding expressions, and
semantic annotations
error markup

Full Content MathML allows further elements presented in Section 4.3 Content MathML for Specific Structures and Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants, and allows a richer content model presented in this section. Differences in Strict and non-Strict usage of are highlighted in the sections discussing each of the Strict element below.

4.2.1 Numbers `<cn>`

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Cn	Cn
Attributes	CommonAtt, type	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt, type?, base?
`type` Attribute Values	"integer" \| "real" \| "double" \| "hexdouble"	"integer" \| "real" \| "double" \| "hexdouble" \| "e-notation" \| "rational" \| "complex-cartesian" \| "complex-polar" \| "constant" \| text	default is real
`base` Attribute Values		integer	default is 10
Content	text	(text \| mglyph \| sep \| PresentationExpression)*

The cn element is the Content MathML element used to represent numbers. Strict Content MathML supports integers, real numbers, and double precision floating point numbers. In these types of numbers, the content of cn is text. Additionally, cn supports rational numbers and complex numbers in which the different parts are separated by use of the sep element. Constructs using sep may be rewritten in Strict Content MathML as constructs using apply as described below.

The type attribute specifies which kind of number is represented in the cn element. The default value is "real". Each type implies that the content be of a certain form, as detailed below.

4.2.1.1 Rendering `<cn>`-Represented Numbers

The default rendering of the text content of cn is the same as that of the Presentation element mn, with suggested variants in the case of attributes or sep being used, as listed below.

4.2.1.2 Strict uses of `<cn>`

In Strict Content MathML, the type attribute is mandatory, and may only take the values "integer", "real", "hexdouble" or "double":

integer

An integer is represented by an optional sign followed by a string of one or more decimal "digits".

real

A real number is presented in radix notation. Radix notation consists of an optional sign ("+" or "-") followed by a string of digits possibly separated into an integer and a fractional part by a decimal point. Some examples are 0.3, 1, and -31.56.

double

This type is used to mark up those double-precision floating point numbers that can be represented in the IEEE 754 standard format [IEEE754]. This includes a subset of the (mathematical) real numbers, negative zero, positive and negative real infinity and a set of "not a number" values. The lexical rules for interpreting the text content of a cn as an IEEE double are specified by Section 3.1.2.5 of XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition [XMLSchemaDatatypes]. For example, -1E4, 1267.43233E12, 12.78e-2, 12 , -0, 0 and INF are all valid doubles in this format.

hexdouble

This type is used to directly represent the 64 bits of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number as a 16 digit hexadecimal number. Thus the number represents mantissa, exponent, and sign from lowest to highest bits using a least significant byte ordering. This consists of a string of 16 digits 0-9, A-F. The following example represents a NaN value. Note that certain IEEE doubles, such as the NaN in the example, cannot be represented in the lexical format for the "double" type.

<cn type="hexdouble">7F800000</cn>

7F800000

Sample Presentation

<mn>0x7F800000</mn>

0x7F800000

${\mn{0x7F800000}}$

4.2.1.3 Non-Strict uses of `<cn>`

The base attribute is used to specify how the content is to be parsed. The attribute value is a base 10 positive integer giving the value of base in which the text content of the cn is to be interpreted. The base attribute should only be used on elements with type "integer" or "real". Its use on cn elements of other type is deprecated. The default value for base is "10".

Additional values for the type attribute element for supporting e-notations for real numbers, rational numbers, complex numbers and selected important constants. As with the "integer", "real", "double" and "hexdouble" types, each of these types implies that the content be of a certain form. If the type attribute is omitted, it defaults to "real".

integer

Integers can be represented with respect to a base different from 10: If base is present, it specifies (in base 10) the base for the digit encoding. Thus base='16' specifies a hexadecimal encoding. When base > 10, Latin letters (A-Z, a-z) are used in alphabetical order as digits. The case of letters used as digits is not significant. The following example encodes the base 10 number 32736.

<cn base="16">7FE0</cn>

7FE0

Sample Presentation

<msub><mn>7FE0</mn><mn>16</mn></msub>

{7FE0}_{16}

${\mn{7FE0}\sb{16}}$

When base > 36, some integers cannot be represented using numbers and letters alone. For example, while

<cn base="1000">10F</cn>

10F

arguably represents the number written in base 10 as 1,000,015, the number written in base 10 as 1,000,037 cannot be represented using letters and numbers alone when base is 1000. Consequently, support for additional characters (if any) that may be used for digits when base > 36 is application specific.

real

Real numbers can be represented with respect to a base different than 10. If a base attribute is present, then the digits are interpreted as being digits computed relative to that base (in the same way as described for type "integer").

e-notation

A real number may be presented in scientific notation using this type. Such numbers have two parts (a significand and an exponent) separated by a <sep/> element. The first part is a real number, while the second part is an integer exponent indicating a power of the base.

For example, <cn type="e-notation">12.3<sep/>5</cn> represents 12.3 times 10⁵. The default presentation of this example is 12.3e5. Note that this type is primarily useful for backwards compatibility with MathML 2, and in most cases, it is preferable to use the "double" type, if the number to be represented is in the range of IEEE doubles:

rational

A rational number is given as two integers to be used as the numerator and denominator of a quotient. The numerator and denominator are separated by <sep/>.

<cn type="rational">22<sep/>7</cn>

22 7

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow>

22 / 7

complex-cartesian

A complex cartesian number is given as two numbers specifying the real and imaginary parts. The real and imaginary parts are separated by the <sep/> element, and each part has the format of a real number as described above.

<cn type="complex-cartesian"> 12.3 <sep/> 5 </cn>

12.3 5

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mn>12.3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>i</mi>
</mrow>

12.3 + 5 i

${{\mn{12.3}}+{5}\unicode{8290}i}$

complex-polar

A complex polar number is given as two numbers specifying the magnitude and angle. The magnitude and angle are separated by the <sep/> element, and each part has the format of a real number as described above.

<cn type="complex-polar"> 2 <sep/> 3.1415 </cn>

2 3.1415

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mn>2</mn>
 <mo>&#x2062;</mo>
 <msup>
  <mi>e</mi>
  <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mn>3.1415</mn></mrow>
 </msup>
</mrow>

2 e^{i 3.1415}

${ {2} \unicode{8290} {\msup{e}{{i\unicode{8290}{\mn{3.1415}}}}} }$

<mrow>
 <mi>Polar</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mn>2</mn><mn>3.1415</mn></mfenced>
</mrow>

Polar (2, 3.1415)

${ \mathop{\minormal{Polar}} {\left({2},{\mn{3.1415}}\right)} }$

constant

If the value type is "constant", then the content should be a Unicode representation of a well-known constant. Some important constants and their common Unicode representations are listed below.

This cn type is primarily for backward compatibility with MathML 1.0. MathML 2.0 introduced many empty elements, such as <pi/> to represent constants, and using these representations or a Strict csymbol representation is preferred.

In addition to the additional values of the type attribute, the content of cn element can contain (in addition to the sep element allowed in Strict Content MathML) mglyph elements to refer to characters not currently available in Unicode, or a general presentation construct (see Section 3.1.9 Summary of Presentation Elements), which is used for rendering (see Section 4.1.2 The Structure and Scope of Content MathML Expressions).

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

If a base attribute is present, it specifies the base used for the digit encoding of both integers. The use of base with "rational" numbers is deprecated.

Rewrite: cn sep

If there are sep children of the cn, then intervening text may be rewritten as cn elements. If the cn element containing sep also has a base attribute, this is copied to each of the cn arguments of the resulting symbol, as shown below.

<cn type="rational" base="b">n<sep/>d</cn>

n d

is rewritten to

<apply><csymbol cd="nums1">rational</csymbol>
  <cn type="integer" base="b">n</cn>
  <cn type="integer" base="b">d</cn>
</apply>

rational n d

The symbol used in the result depends on the type attribute according to the following table:

type attribute	OpenMath Symbol
e-notation	bigfloat
rational	rational
complex-cartesian	complex_cartesian
complex-polar	complex_polar

Note: In the case of bigfloat the symbol takes three arguments, <cn type="integer">10</cn> should be inserted as the second argument, denoting the base of the exponent used.

If the type attribute has a different value, or if there is more than one <sep/> element, then the intervening expressions are converted as above, but a system-dependent choice of symbol for the head of the application must be used.

If a base attribute has been used then the resulting expression is not Strict Content MathML, and each of the arguments needs to be recursively processed.

Rewrite: cn based_integer

A cn element with a base attribute other than 10 is rewritten as follows. (A base attribute with value 10 is simply removed) .

<cn type="integer" base="16">FF60</cn>

FF60

<apply><csymbol cd="nums1">based_integer</csymbol>
  <cn type="integer">16</cn>
  <cs>FF60</cs>
</apply>

based_integer 16 FF60

If the original element specified type "integer" or if there is no type attribute, but the content of the element just consists of the characters [a-zA-Z0-9] and white space then the symbol used as the head in the resulting application should be based_integer as shown. Otherwise it should be should be based_float.

Rewrite: cn constant

In Strict Content MathML, constants should be represented using csymbol elements. A number of important constants are defined in the nums1 content dictionary. An expression of the form

<cn type="constant">c</cn>

c

has the Strict Content MathML equivalent

<csymbol cd="nums1">c2</csymbol>

c2

where c2 corresponds to c as specified in the following table.

Content	Description	OpenMath Symbol
U+03C0 (`π`)	The usual `π` of trigonometry: approximately 3.141592653...	pi
U+2147 (`&ExponentialE;` or `&ee;`)	The base for natural logarithms: approximately 2.718281828...	e
U+2148 (`&ImaginaryI;` or `&ii;`)	Square root of -1	i
U+03B3 (`γ`)	Euler's constant: approximately 0.5772156649...	gamma
U+221E (`∞` or `&infty;`)	Infinity. Proper interpretation varies with context	infinity

Rewrite: cn presentation mathml

If the cn contains Presentation MathML markup, then it may be rewritten to Strict MathML using variants of the rules above where the arguments of the constructor are ci elements annotated with the supplied Presentation MathML.

A cn expression with non-text content of the form

<cn type="rational"><mi>P</mi><sep/><mi>Q</mi></cn>

P Q

is transformed to Strict Content MathML by rewriting it to

<apply><csymbol cd="nums1">rational</csymbol>
 <semantics>
  <ci>p</ci>
  <annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Presentation">
   <mi>P</mi>
  </annotation-xml>
 </semantics>
 <semantics>
  <ci>q</ci>
  <annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Presentation">
   <mi>Q</mi>
  </annotation-xml>
 </semantics>
</apply>

rational p q

Where the identifier names, p and q, (which have to be a text string) should be determined from the presentation MathML content, in a system defined way, perhaps as in the above example by taking the character data of the element ignoring any element markup. Systems doing such rewriting should ensure that constructs using the same Presentation MathML content are rewritten to semantics elements using the same ci, and that conversely constructs that use different MathML should be rewritten to different identifier names (even if the Presentation MathML has the same character data).

A related special case arises when a cn element contains character data not permitted in Strict Content MathML usage, e.g. non-digit, alphabetic characters. Conceptually, this is analogous to a cn element containing a presentation markup mtext element, and could be rewritten accordingly. However, since the resulting annotation would contain no additional rendering information, such instances should be rewritten directly as ci elements, rather than as a semantics construct.

4.2.2 Content Identifiers `<ci>`

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Ci	Ci
Attributes	CommonAtt, type?	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt, type?
`type` Attribute Values	"integer"\| "rational"\| "real"\| "complex"\| "complex-polar"\| "complex-cartesian"\| "constant"\| "function"\| "vector"\| "list"\| "set"\| "matrix"	string
Qualifiers		BvarQ, DomainQ, degree, momentabout, logbase
Content	text	text \| mglyph \| PresentationExpression

Content MathML uses the ci element (mnemonic for "content identifier") to construct a variable. Content identifiers represent "mathematical variables" which have properties, but no fixed value. For example, x and y are variables in the expression "x+y", and the variable x would be represented as

<ci>x</ci>

x

In MathML, variables are distinguished from symbols, which have fixed, external definitions, and are represented by the csymbol element.

After white space normalization the content of a ci element is interpreted as a name that identifies it. Two variables are considered equal, if and only if their names are identical and in the same scope (see Section 4.2.6 Bindings and Bound Variables <bind> and <bvar> for a discussion).

4.2.2.1 Strict uses of `<ci>`

The ci element uses the type attribute to specify the basic type of object that it represents. In Strict Content MathML, the set of permissible values is "integer", "rational", "real", "complex", "complex-polar", "complex-cartesian", "constant", "function", vector, list, set, and matrix. These values correspond to the symbols integer_type, rational_type, real_type, complex_polar_type, complex_cartesian_type, constant_type, fn_type, vector_type, list_type, set_type, and matrix_type in the mathmltypes Content Dictionary: In this sense the following two expressions are considered equivalent:

<ci type="integer">n</ci>

n

<semantics>
  <ci>n</ci>
  <annotation-xml cd="mathmltypes" name="type" encoding="MathML-Content">
    <csymbol cd="mathmltypes">integer_type</csymbol>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

n

4.2.2.2 Non-Strict uses of `<ci>`

The ci element allows any string value for the type attribute, in particular any of the names of the MathML container elements or their type values.

For a more advanced treatment of types, the type attribute is inappropriate. Advanced types require significant structure of their own (for example, vector(complex)) and are probably best constructed as mathematical objects and then associated with a MathML expression through use of the semantics element. See [MathMLTypes] for more examples.

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

Rewrite: ci type annotation

In Strict Content, type attributes are represented via semantic attribution. An expression of the form

<ci type="T">n</ci>

n

is rewritten to

<semantics>
  <ci>n</ci>
  <annotation-xml cd="mathmltypes" name="type" encoding="MathML-Content">
    <ci>T</ci>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

n

The ci element can contain mglyph elements to refer to characters not currently available in Unicode, or a general presentation construct (see Section 3.1.9 Summary of Presentation Elements), which is used for rendering (see Section 4.1.2 The Structure and Scope of Content MathML Expressions).

Rewrite: ci presentation mathml

A ci expression with non-text content of the form

<ci><mi>P</mi></ci>

P

is transformed to Strict Content MathML by rewriting it to

<semantics>
  <ci>p</ci>
  <annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Presentation">
    <mi>P</mi>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

p

Where the identifier name, p, (which has to be a text string) should be determined from the presentation MathML content, in a system defined way, perhaps as in the above example by taking the character data of the element ignoring any element markup. Systems doing such rewriting should ensure that constructs using the same Presentation MathML content are rewritten to semantics elements using the same ci, and that conversely constructs that use different MathML should be rewritten to different identifier names (even if the Presentation MathML has the same character data).

The following example encodes an atomic symbol that displays visually as C² and that, for purposes of content, is treated as a single symbol

<ci>
  <msup><mi>C</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
</ci>

C^{2}

The Strict Content MathML equivalent is

<semantics>
  <ci>C2</ci>
  <annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Presentation">
    <msup><mi>C</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

C2

Sample Presentation

 <msup><mi>C</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>

C^{2}

${\msup{C}{{2}}}$

4.2.2.3 Rendering Content Identifiers

If the content of a ci element consists of Presentation MathML, that presentation is used. If no such tagging is supplied then the text content is rendered as if it were the content of an mi element. If an application supports bidirectional text rendering, then the rendering follows the Unicode bidirectional rendering.

The type attribute can be interpreted to provide rendering information. For example in

<ci type="vector">V</ci>

V

a renderer could display a bold V for the vector.

4.2.3 Content Symbols `<csymbol>`

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Csymbol	Csymbol
Attributes	CommonAtt, cd	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt, type?, cd?
Content	SymbolName	text \| mglyph \| PresentationExpression
Qualifiers		BvarQ, DomainQ, degree, momentabout, logbase

A csymbol is used to refer to a specific, mathematically-defined concept with an external definition. In the expression "x+y", the plus sign is a symbol since it has a specific, external definition, namely the addition function. MathML 3 calls such an identifier a symbol. Elementary functions and common mathematical operators are all examples of symbols. Note that the term "symbol" is used here in an abstract sense and has no connection with any particular presentation of the construct on screen or paper.

4.2.3.1 Strict uses of `<csymbol>`

The csymbol identifies the specific mathematical concept it represents by referencing its definition via attributes. Conceptually, a reference to an external definition is merely a URI, i.e. a label uniquely identifying the definition. However, to be useful for communication between user agents, external definitions must be shared.

For this reason, several longstanding efforts have been organized to develop systematic, public repositories of mathematical definitions. Most notable of these, the OpenMath Society repository of Content Dictionaries (CDs) is extensive, open and active. In MathML 3, OpenMath CDs are the preferred source of external definitions. In particular, the definitions of pre-defined MathML 3 operators and functions are given in terms of OpenMath CDs.

MathML 3 provides two mechanisms for referencing external definitions or content dictionaries. The first, using the cd attribute, follows conventions established by OpenMath specifically for referencing CDs. This is the form required in Strict Content MathML. The second, using the definitionURL attribute, is backward compatible with MathML 2, and can be used to reference CDs or any other source of definitions that can be identified by a URI. It is described in the following section

When referencing OpenMath CDs, the preferred method is to use the cd attribute as follows. Abstractly, OpenMath symbol definitions are identified by a triple of values: a symbol name, a CD name, and a CD base, which is a URI that disambiguates CDs of the same name. To associate such a triple with a csymbol, the content of the csymbol specifies the symbol name, and the name of the Content Dictionary is given using the cd attribute. The CD base is determined either from the document embedding the math element which contains the csymbol by a mechanism given by the embedding document format, or by system defaults, or by the cdgroup attribute , which is optionally specified on the enclosing math element; see Section 2.2.1 Attributes. In the absence of specific information http://www.openmath.org/cd is assumed as the CD base for all csymbol elements annotation, and annotation-xml. This is the CD base for the collection of standard CDs maintained by the OpenMath Society.

The cdgroup specifies a URL to an OpenMath CD Group file. For a detailed description of the format of a CD Group file, see Section 4.4.2 (CDGroups) in [OpenMath2004]. Conceptually, a CD group file is a list of pairs consisting of a CD name, and a corresponding CD base. When a csymbol references a CD name using the cd attribute, the name is looked up in the CD Group file, and the associated CD base value is used for that csymbol. When a CD Group file is specified, but a referenced CD name does not appear in the group file, or there is an error in retrieving the group file, the referencing csymbol is not defined. However, the handling of the resulting error is not defined, and is the responsibility of the user agent.

While references to external definitions are URIs, it is strongly recommended that CD files be retrievable at the location obtained by interpreting the URI as a URL. In particular, other properties of the symbol being defined may be available by inspecting the Content Dictionary specified. These include not only the symbol definition, but also examples and other formal properties. Note, however, that there are multiple encodings for OpenMath Content Dictionaries, and it is up to the user agent to correctly determine the encoding when retrieving a CD.

4.2.3.2 Non-Strict uses of `<csymbol>`

In addition to the forms described above, the csymbol and element can contain mglyph elements to refer to characters not currently available in Unicode, or a general presentation construct (see Section 3.1.9 Summary of Presentation Elements), which is used for rendering (see Section 4.1.2 The Structure and Scope of Content MathML Expressions). In this case, when writing to Strict Content MathML, the csymbol should be treated as a ci element, and rewritten using Rewrite: ci presentation mathml.

External definitions (in OpenMath CDs or elsewhere) may also be specified directly for a csymbol using the definitionURL attribute. When used to reference OpenMath symbol definitions, the abstract triple of (symbol name, CD name, CD base) is mapped to a fully-qualified URI as follows:

URI = cdbase + '/' + cd-name + '#' + symbol-name

For example,

(plus, arith1, http://www.openmath.org/cd)

is mapped to

http://www.openmath.org/cd/arith1#plus

The resulting URI is specified as the value of the definitionURL attribute.

This form of reference is useful for backwards compatibility with MathML2 and to facilitate the use of Content MathML within URI-based frameworks (such as RDF [rdf] in the Semantic Web or OMDoc [OMDoc1.2]). Another benefit is that the symbol name in the CD does not need to correspond to the content of the csymbol element. However, in general, this method results in much longer MathML instances. Also, in situations where CDs are under development, the use of a CD Group file allows the locations of CDs to change without a change to the markup. A third drawback to definitionURL is that unlike the cd attribute, it is not limited to referencing symbol definitions in OpenMath content dictionaries. Hence, it is not in general possible for a user agent to automatically determine the proper interpretation for definitionURL values without further information about the context and community of practice in which the MathML instance occurs.

Both the cd and definitionURL mechanisms of external reference may be used within a single MathML instance. However, when both a cd and a definitionURL attribute are specified on a single csymbol, the cd attribute takes precedence.

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

In non-Strict usage csymbol allows the use of a type attribute.

Rewrite: csymbol type annotation

In Strict Content, type attributes are represented via semantic attribution. An expression of the form

<csymbol type="T">symbolname</csymbol>

symbolname

is rewritten to

<semantics>
  <csymbol>symbolname</csymbol>
  <annotation-xml cd="mathmltypes" name="type" encoding="MathML-Content">
    <ci>T</ci>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

symbolname

4.2.3.3 Rendering Symbols

If the content of a csymbol element is tagged using presentation tags, that presentation is used. If no such tagging is supplied then the text content is rendered as if it were the content of an mi element. In particular if an application supports bidirectional text rendering, then the rendering follows the Unicode bidirectional rendering.

4.2.4 String Literals `<cs>`

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Cs	Cs
Attributes	CommonAtt	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	text	text

The cs element encodes "string literals" which may be used in Content MathML expressions.

The content of cs is text; no Presentation MathML constructs are allowed even when used in non-strict markup. Specifically, cs may not contain mglyph elements, and the content does not undergo white space normalization.

Content MathML

<set>
  <cs>A</cs><cs>B</cs><cs>  </cs>
</set>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>{</mo>
 <ms>A</ms>
 <mo>,</mo>
 <ms>B</ms>
 <mo>,</mo>
 <ms>&#xa0;&#xa0;</ms>
 <mo>}</mo>
</mrow>

{A, B,}

${\left.\middle\{\mbox{\textquotedbl A\textquotedbl},\mbox{\textquotedbl B\textquotedbl },\mbox{\textquotedbl\ \ \textquotedbl }\middle\}\right.}$

4.2.5 Function Application `<apply>`

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Apply	Apply
Attributes	CommonAtt	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	ContExp+	ContExp+ \| (ContExp, BvarQ, Qualifier?, ContExp*)

The most fundamental way of building a compound object in mathematics is by applying a function or an operator to some arguments.

4.2.5.1 Strict Content MathML

In MathML, the apply element is used to build an expression tree that represents the application a function or operator to its arguments. The resulting tree corresponds to a complete mathematical expression. Roughly speaking, this means a piece of mathematics that could be surrounded by parentheses or "logical brackets" without changing its meaning.

For example, (x + y) might be encoded as

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>

plus x y

The opening and closing tags of apply specify exactly the scope of any operator or function. The most typical way of using apply is simple and recursive. Symbolically, the content model can be described as:

<apply> op [ a b ...] </apply>

where the operands a, b, ... are MathML expression trees themselves, and op is a MathML expression tree that represents an operator or function. Note that apply constructs can be nested to arbitrary depth.

An apply may in principle have any number of operands. For example, (x + y + z) can be encoded as

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
  <ci>x</ci>
  <ci>y</ci>
  <ci>z</ci>
</apply>

plus x y z

Note that MathML also allows applications without operands, e.g. to represent functions like random(), or current-date().

Mathematical expressions involving a mixture of operations result in nested occurrences of apply. For example, a x + b would be encoded as

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">times</csymbol>
    <ci>a</ci>
    <ci>x</ci>
  </apply>
  <ci>b</ci>
</apply>

plus times a x b

There is no need to introduce parentheses or to resort to operator precedence in order to parse expressions correctly. The apply tags provide the proper grouping for the re-use of the expressions within other constructs. Any expression enclosed by an apply element is well-defined, coherent object whose interpretation does not depend on the surrounding context. This is in sharp contrast to presentation markup, where the same expression may have very different meanings in different contexts. For example, an expression with a visual rendering such as (F+G)(x) might be a product, as in

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">times</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
    <ci>F</ci>
    <ci>G</ci>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

times plus F G x

or it might indicate the application of the function F + G to the argument x. This is indicated by constructing the sum

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol><ci>F</ci><ci>G</ci></apply>

plus F G

and applying it to the argument x as in

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
    <ci>F</ci>
    <ci>G</ci>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

plus F G x

In both cases, the interpretation of the outer apply is explicit and unambiguous, and does not change regardless of where the expression is used.

The preceding example also illustrates that in an apply construct, both the function and the arguments may be simple identifiers or more complicated expressions.

The apply element is conceptually necessary in order to distinguish between a function or operator, and an instance of its use. The expression constructed by applying a function to 0 or more arguments is always an element from the codomain of the function. Proper usage depends on the operator that is being applied. For example, the plus operator may have zero or more arguments, while the minus operator requires one or two arguments in order to be properly formed.

4.2.5.2 Rendering Applications

Strict Content MathML applications are rendered as mathematical function applications. If <mi>F</mi> denotes the rendering of <ci>f</ci> and <mi>Ai</mi> the rendering of <ci>ai</ci>, the the sample rendering of a simple application is as follows:

Content MathML

<apply><ci>f</ci>
  <ci>a1</ci>
  <ci>a2</ci>
  <ci>...</ci>
  <ci>an</ci>
</apply>

f a1 a2 ... an

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>F</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mo fence="true">(</mo>
  <mi>A1</mi>
  <mo separator="true">,</mo>
  <mi>...</mi>
  <mo separator="true">,</mo>
  <mi>A2</mi>
  <mo separator="true">,</mo>
  <mi>An</mi>
  <mo fence="true">)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

F (A1, ..., A2, An)

Non-Strict MathML applications may also be used with qualifiers. In the absence of any more specific rendering rules for well-known operators, rendering should follow the sample presentation below, motivated by the typical presentation for sum. Let <mi>Op</mi> denote the rendering of <ci>op</ci>, <mi>X</mi> the rendering of <ci>x</ci>, and so on. Then:

Content MathML

<apply><ci>op</ci>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>d</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

op x d expression-in-x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munder>
  <mi>Op</mi>
  <mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><!--ELEMENT OF--><mi>D</mi></mrow>
 </munder>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo><!--FUNCTION APPLICATION-->
 <mrow>
  <mo fence="true">(</mo>
  <mi>Expression-in-X</mi>
  <mo fence="true">)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

\underset{X \in D}{Op} (Expression-in-X)

4.2.6 Bindings and Bound Variables `<bind>` and `<bvar>`

Many complex mathematical expressions are constructed with the use of bound variables, and bound variables are an important concept of logic and formal languages. Variables become bound in the scope of an expression through the use of a quantifier. Informally, they can be thought of as the "dummy variables" in expressions such as integrals, sums, products, and the logical quantifiers "for all" and "there exists". A bound variable is characterized by the property that systematically renaming the variable (to a name not already appearing in the expression) does not change the meaning of the expression.

4.2.6.1 Bindings

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Bind	Bind
Attributes	CommonAtt	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	ContExp, BvarQ*, ContExp	ContExp, BvarQ, Qualifier, ContExp+

Binding expressions are represented as MathML expression trees using the bind element. Its first child is a MathML expression that represents a binding operator, for example integral operator. This is followed by a non-empty list of bvar elements denoting the bound variables, and then the final child which is a general Content MathML expression, known as the body of the binding.

4.2.6.2 Bound Variables

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	BVar	BVar
Attributes	CommonAtt	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	ci \| semantics-ci	(ci \| semantics-ci), degree? \| degree?, (ci \| semantics-ci

The bvar element is used to denote the bound variable of a binding expression, e.g. in sums, products, and quantifiers or user defined functions.

The content of a bvar element is an annotated variable, i.e. either a content identifier represented by a ci element or a semantics element whose first child is an annotated variable. The name of an annotated variable of the second kind is the name of its first child. The name of a bound variable is that of the annotated variable in the bvar element.

Bound variables are identified by comparing their names. Such identification can be made explicit by placing an id on the ci element in the bvar element and referring to it using the xref attribute on all other instances. An example of this approach is

<bind><csymbol cd="quant1">forall</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci id="var-x">x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">lt</csymbol>
    <ci xref="var-x">x</ci>
    <cn>1</cn>
  </apply>
</bind>

forall x lt x 1

This id based approach is especially helpful when constructions involving bound variables are nested.

It is sometimes necessary to associate additional information with a bound variable. The information might be something like a detailed mathematical type, an alternative presentation or encoding or a domain of application. Such associations are accomplished in the standard way by replacing a ci element (even inside the bvar element) by a semantics element containing both the ci and the additional information. Recognition of an instance of the bound variable is still based on the actual ci elements and not the semantics elements or anything else they may contain. The id based-approach outlined above may still be used.

The following example encodes forall x. x+y=y+x.

<bind><csymbol cd="quant1">forall</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">eq</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol><ci>y</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</bind>

forall x eq plus x y plus y x

In non-Strict Content markup, the bvar element is used in a number of idiomatic constructs. These are described in Section 4.3.3 Qualifiers and Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants.

4.2.6.3 Renaming Bound Variables

It is a defining property of bound variables that they can be renamed consistently in the scope of their parent bind element. This operation, sometimes known as α-conversion, preserves the semantics of the expression.

A bound variable x may be renamed to say y so long as y does not occur free in the body of the binding, or in any annotations of the bound variable, x to be renamed, or later bound variables.

If a bound variable x is renamed, all free occurrences of x in annotations in its bvar element, any following bvar children of the bind and in the expression in the body of the bind should be renamed.

In the example in the previous section, note how renaming x to z produces the equivalent expression forall z. z+y=y+z, whereas x may not be renamed to y, as y is free in the body of the binding and would be captured, producing the expression forall y. y+y=y+y which is not equivalent to the original expression.

4.2.6.4 Rendering Binding Constructions

If <ci>b</ci> and <ci>s</ci> are Content MathML expressions that render as the Presentation MathML expressions <mi>B</mi> and <mi>S</mi> then the sample rendering of a binding element is as follows:

Content MathML

<bind><ci>b</ci>
  <bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>...</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
  <ci>s</ci>
</bind>

b x1 ... xn s

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>B</mi>
 <mrow>
  <mi>x1</mi>
  <mo separator="true">,</mo>
  <mi>...</mi>
  <mo separator="true">,</mo>
  <mi>xn</mi>
 </mrow>
 <mo separator="true">.</mo>
 <mi>S</mi>
</mrow>

B x1, ..., xn . S

4.2.7 Structure Sharing `<share>`

To conserve space in the XML encoding, MathML expression trees can make use of structure sharing.

4.2.7.1 The `share` element

	Schema Fragment
Class	Share
Attributes	CommonAtt, src
`src` Attribute Values	`URI`
Content	Empty

The share element has an href attribute used to to reference a MathML expression tree. The value of the href attribute is a URI specifying the id attribute of the root node of the expression tree. When building a MathML expression tree, the share element is equivalent to a copy of the MathML expression tree referenced by the href attribute. Note that this copy is structurally equal, but not identical to the element referenced. The values of the share will often be relative URI references, in which case they are resolved using the base URI of the document containing the share element.

For instance, the mathematical object f(f(f(a,a),f(a,a)),f(f(a,a),f(a,a))) can be encoded as either one of the following representations (and some intermediate versions as well).

4.2.7.2 An Acyclicity Constraint

Say that an element dominates all its children and all elements they dominate. Say also that a share element dominates its target, i.e. the element that carries the id attribute pointed to by the href attribute. For instance in the representation on the right above, the apply element with id="t1" and also the second share (with href="t11") both dominate the apply element with id="t11".

The occurrences of the share element must obey the following global acyclicity constraint: An element may not dominate itself. For example, the following representation violates this constraint:

<apply id="badid1"><csymbol cd="arith1">divide</csymbol>
  <cn>1</cn>
  <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
    <cn>1</cn>
    <share href="#badid1"/>
  </apply>
</apply>

Here, the apply element with id="badid1" dominates its third child, which dominates the share element, which dominates its target: the element with id="badid1". So by transitivity, this element dominates itself. By the acyclicity constraint, the example is not a valid MathML expression tree. It might be argued that such an expression could be given the interpretation of the continued fraction $\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \ldots}}}$ . However, the procedure of building an expression tree by replacing share element does not terminate for such an expression, and hence such expressions are not allowed by Content MathML.

Note that the acyclicity constraints is not restricted to such simple cases, as the following example shows:

<apply id="bar">                        <apply id="baz">
  <csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>     <csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
  <cn>1</cn>                              <cn>1</cn>
  <share href="#baz"/>                    <share href="#bar"/>
</apply>                                </apply>

Here, the apply with id="bar" dominates its third child, the share with href="#baz". That element dominates its target apply (with id="baz"), which in turn dominates its third child, the share with href="#bar". Finally, the share with href="#bar" dominates its target, the original apply element with id="bar". So this pair of representations ultimately violates the acyclicity constraint.

4.2.7.3 Structure Sharing and Binding

Note that the share element is a syntactic referencing mechanism: a share element stands for the exact element it points to. In particular, referencing does not interact with binding in a semantically intuitive way, since it allows a phenomenon called variable capture to occur. Consider an example:

<bind id="outer"><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><ci>f</ci>
    <bind id="inner"><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <share id="copy" href="#orig"/>
    </bind>
    <apply id="orig"><ci>g</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</bind>

lambda x f lambda x g x

This represents a term $\lambda{x}.f(\lambda{x}.g(x),g(x))$ which has two sub-terms of the form g(x) , one with id="orig" (the one explicitly represented) and one with id="copy", represented by the share element. In the original, explicitly-represented term, the variable x is bound by the outer bind element. However, in the copy, the variable x is bound by the inner bind element. One says that the inner bind has captured the variable x.

Using references that capture variables in this way can easily lead to representation errors, and is not recommended. For instance, using α-conversion to rename the inner occurrence of x into, say, y leads to the semantically equivalent expression $\lambda{x}.f(\lambda{y}.g(y),g(x))$ . However, in this form, it is no longer possible to share the expression g(x) . Replacing x with y in the inner bvar without replacing the share element results in a change in semantics.

4.2.7.4 Rendering Expressions with Structure Sharing

There are several acceptable renderings for the share element. These include rendering the element as a hypertext link to the referenced element and using the rendering of the element referenced by the href attribute.

4.2.8 Attribution via `semantics`

Content elements can be annotated with additional information via the semantics element. MathML uses the semantics element to wrap the annotated element and the annotation-xml and annotation elements used for representing the annotations themselves. The use of the semantics, annotation and annotation-xml is described in detail Chapter 5 Mixing Markup Languages for Mathematical Expressions.

The semantics element is be considered part of both presentation MathML and Content MathML. MathML considers a semantics element (strict) Content MathML, if and only if its first child is (strict) Content MathML.

4.2.9 Error Markup `<cerror>`

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Error	Error
Attributes	CommonAtt	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	csymbol, ContExp*	csymbol, ContExp*

A content error expression is made up of a csymbol followed by a sequence of zero or more MathML expressions. The initial expression must be a csymbol indicating the kind of error. Subsequent children, if present, indicate the context in which the error occurred.

The cerror element has no direct mathematical meaning. Errors occur as the result of some action performed on an expression tree and are thus of real interest only when some sort of communication is taking place. Errors may occur inside other objects and also inside other errors.

As an example, to encode a division by zero error, one might employ a hypothetical aritherror Content Dictionary containing a DivisionByZero symbol, as in the following expression:

<cerror>
  <csymbol cd="aritherror">DivisionByZero</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">divide</csymbol><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
</cerror>

DivisionByZero divide x 0

Note that error markup generally should enclose only the smallest erroneous sub-expression. Thus a cerror will often be a sub-expression of a bigger one, e.g.

<apply><csymbol cd="relation1">eq</csymbol>
  <cerror>
    <csymbol cd="aritherror">DivisionByZero</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">divide</csymbol><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
  </cerror>
  <cn>0</cn>
</apply>

eq DivisionByZero divide x 0 0

The default presentation of a cerror element is an merror expression whose first child is a presentation of the error symbol, and whose subsequent children are the default presentations of the remaining children of the cerror. In particular, if one of the remaining children of the cerror is a presentation MathML expression, it is used literally in the corresponding merror.

<cerror>
  <csymbol cd="aritherror">DivisionByZero</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">divide</csymbol><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
</cerror>

DivisionByZero divide x 0

Sample Presentation

<merror>
  <mtext>DivisionByZero:&#160;</mtext>
  <mfrac><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></mfrac>
</merror>

DivisionByZero: \frac{x}{0}

$\hbox{DivisionByZero: } \frac{x}{0}$

Note that when the context where an error occurs is so nonsensical that its default presentation would not be useful, an application may provide an alternative representation of the error context. For example:

<cerror>
  <csymbol cd="error">Illegal bound variable</csymbol>
  <cs> &lt;bvar&gt;&lt;plus/&gt;&lt;/bvar&gt; </cs>
</cerror>

Illegal bound variable <bvar><plus/></bvar>

4.2.10 Encoded Bytes `<cbytes>`

	Schema Fragment (Strict)	Schema Fragment (Full)
Class	Cbytes	Cbytes
Attributes	CommonAtt	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	base64	base64

The content of cbytes represents a stream of bytes as a sequence of characters in Base64 encoding, that is it matches the base64Binary data type defined in [XMLSchemaDatatypes]. All white space is ignored.

The cbytes element is mainly used for OpenMath compatibility, but may be used, as in OpenMath, to encapsulate output from a system that may be hard to encode in MathML, such as binary data relating to the internal state of a system, or image data.

The rendering of cbytes is not expected to represent the content and the proposed rendering is that of an empty mrow. Typically cbytes is used in an annotation-xml or is itself annotated with Presentation MathML, so this default rendering should rarely be used.

4.3 Content MathML for Specific Structures

The elements of Strict Content MathML described in the previous section are sufficient to encode logical assertions and expression structure, and they do so in a way that closely models the standard constructions of mathematical logic that underlie the foundations of mathematics. As a consequence, Strict markup can be used to represent all of mathematics, and is ideal for providing consistent mathematical semantics for all Content MathML expressions.

At the same time, many notational idioms of mathematics are not straightforward to represent directly with Strict Content markup. For example, standard notations for sums, integrals, sets, piecewise functions and many other common constructions require non-obvious technical devices, such as the introduction of lambda functions, to rigorously encode them using Strict markup. Consequently, in order to make Content MathML easier to use, a range of additional elements have been provided for encoding such idiomatic constructs more directly. This section discusses the general approach for encoding such idiomatic constructs, and their Strict Content equivalents. Specific constructions are discussed in detail in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants.

Most idiomatic constructions which Content markup addresses fall into about a dozen classes. Some of these classes, such as container elements, have their own syntax. Similarly, a small number of non-Strict constructions involve a single element with an exceptional syntax, for example partialdiff. These exceptional elements are discussed on a case-by-case basis in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. However, the majority of constructs consist of classes of operator elements which all share a particular usage of qualifiers. These classes of operators are described in Section 4.3.4 Operator Classes.

In all cases, non-Strict expressions may be rewritten using only Strict markup. In most cases, the transformation is completely algorithmic, and may be automated. Rewrite rules for classes of non-Strict constructions are introduced and discussed later in this section, and rewrite rules for exceptional constructs involving a single operator are given in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. The complete algorithm for rewriting arbitrary Content MathML as Strict Content markup is summarized at the end of the Chapter in Section 4.6 The Strict Content MathML Transformation.

4.3.1 Container Markup

Many mathematical structures are constructed from subparts or parameters. The motivating example is a set. Informally, one thinks of a set as a certain kind of mathematical object that contains a collection of elements. Thus, it is intuitively natural for the markup for a set to contain, in the XML sense, the markup for its constituent elements. The markup may define the set elements explicitly by enumerating them, or implicitly by rule, using qualifier elements. However, in either case, the markup for the elements is contained in the markup for the set, and consequently this style of representation is termed container markup in MathML. By contrast, Strict markup represents an instance of a set as the result of applying a function or constructor symbol to arguments. In this style of markup, the markup for the set construction is a sibling of the markup for the set elements in an enclosing apply element.

While the two approaches are formally equivalent, container markup is generally more intuitive for non-expert authors to use, while Strict markup is preferable is contexts where semantic rigor is paramount. In addition, MathML 2 relied on container markup, and thus container markup is necessary in cases where backward compatibility is required.

MathML provides container markup for the following mathematical constructs: sets, lists, intervals, vectors, matrices (two elements), piecewise functions (three elements) and lambda functions. There are corresponding constructor symbols in Strict markup for each of these, with the exception of lambda functions, which correspond to binding symbols in Strict markup. Note that in MathML 2, the term "container markup" was also taken to include token elements, and the deprecated declare, fn and reln elements, but MathML 3 limits usage of the term to the above constructs.

The rewrite rules for obtaining equivalent Strict Content markup from container markup depend on the operator class of the particular operator involved. For details about a specific container element, obtain its operator class (and any applicable special case information) by consulting the syntax table and discussion for that element in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. Then apply the rewrite rules for that specific operator class as described in Section 4.3.4 Operator Classes.

4.3.1.1 Container Markup for Constructor Symbols

The arguments to container elements corresponding to constructors may either be explicitly given as a sequence of child elements, or they may be specified by a rule using qualifiers. The only exceptions are the piecewise, piece, and otherwise elements used for representing functions with piecewise definitions. The arguments of these elements must always be specified explicitly.

Here is an example of container markup with explicitly specified arguments:

<set><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci></set>

a b c

This is equivalent to the following Strict Content MathML expression:

<apply><csymbol cd="set1">set</csymbol><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci></apply>

set a b c

Another example of container markup, where the list of arguments is given indirectly as an expression with a bound variable. The container markup for the set of even integers is:

<set>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar> 
  <domainofapplication><integers/></domainofapplication>
  <apply><times/><cn>2</cn><ci>x</ci></apply>
</set>

x 2 x

This may be written as follows in Strict Content MathML:

<apply><csymbol cd="set1">map</csymbol>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">times</csymbol>
      <cn>2</cn>
      <ci>x</ci>
    </apply>
  </bind>
  <csymbol cd="setname1">Z</csymbol>
</apply>

map lambda x times 2 x Z

4.3.1.2 Container Markup for Binding Constructors

The lambda element is a container element corresponding to the lambda symbol in the fns1 Content Dictionary. However, unlike the container elements of the preceding section, which purely construct mathematical objects from arguments, the lambda element performs variable binding as well. Therefore, the child elements of lambda have distinguished roles. In particular, a lambda element must have at least one bvar child, optionally followed by qualifier elements, followed by a Content MathML element. This basic difference between the lambda container and the other constructor container elements is also reflected in the OpenMath symbols to which they correspond. The constructor symbols have an OpenMath role of "application", while the lambda symbol has a role of "bind".

This example shows the use of lambda container element and the equivalent use of bind in Strict Content MathML

<lambda><bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar><ci>x</ci></lambda>

x x

<bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
 <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar><ci>x</ci>
</bind>

lambda x x

4.3.2 Bindings with `<apply>`

MathML allows the use of the apply element to perform variable binding in non-Strict constructions instead of the bind element. This usage conserves backwards compatibility with MathML 2. It also simplifies the encoding of several constructs involving bound variables with qualifiers as described below.

Use of the apply element to bind variables is allowed in two situations. First, when the operator to be applied is itself a binding operator, the apply element merely substitutes for the bind element. The logical quantifiers <forall/>, <exists/> and the container element lambda are the primary examples of this type.

The second situation arises when the operator being applied allows the use of bound variables with qualifiers. The most common examples are sums and integrals. In most of these cases, the variable binding is to some extent implicit in the notation, and the equivalent Strict representation requires the introduction of auxiliary constructs such as lambda expressions for formal correctness.

Because expressions using bound variables with qualifiers are idiomatic in nature, and do not always involve true variable binding, one cannot expect systematic renaming (alpha-conversion) of variables "bound" with apply to preserve meaning in all cases. An example for this is the diff element where the bvar term is technically not bound at all.

The following example illustrates the use of apply with a binding operator. In these cases, the corresponding Strict equivalent merely replaces the apply element with a bind element:

<apply><forall/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><geq/><ci>x</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x x

The equivalent Strict expression is:

<bind><csymbol cd="logic1">forall</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">geq</csymbol><ci>x</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
</bind>

forall x geq x x

In this example, the sum operator is not itself a binding operator, but bound variables with qualifiers are implicit in the standard notation, which is reflected in the non-Strict markup. In the equivalent Strict representation, it is necessary to convert the summand into a lambda expression, and recast the qualifiers as an argument expression:

<apply><sum/>
  <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><cn>0</cn></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><cn>100</cn></uplimit>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><ci>i</ci></apply>
</apply>

i 0100 x i

The equivalent Strict expression is:

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">sum</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="interval1">integer_interval</csymbol>
    <cn>0</cn>
    <cn>100</cn>
  </apply>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">power</csymbol>
      <ci>x</ci>
      <ci>i</ci>
    </apply>
  </bind>
</apply>

sum integer_interval 0100 lambda i power x i

4.3.3 Qualifiers

Many common mathematical constructs involve an operator together with some additional data. The additional data is either implicit in conventional notation, such as a bound variable, or thought of as part of the operator, as is the case with the limits of a definite integral. MathML 3 uses qualifier elements to represent the additional data in such cases.

Qualifier elements are always used in conjunction with operator or container elements. Their meaning is idiomatic, and depends on the context in which they are used. When used with an operator, qualifiers always follow the operator and precede any arguments that are present. In all cases, if more than one qualifier is present, they appear in the order bvar, lowlimit, uplimit, interval, condition, domainofapplication, degree, momentabout, logbase.

The precise function of qualifier elements depends on the operator or container that they modify. The majority of use cases fall into one of several categories, discussed below, and usage notes for specific operators and qualifiers are given in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants.

4.3.3.1 Uses of `<domainofapplication>`, `<interval>`, `<condition>`, `<lowlimit>` and `<uplimit>`

The primary use of domainofapplication, interval, uplimit, lowlimit and condition is to restrict the values of a bound variable. The most general qualifier is domainofapplication. It is used to specify a set (perhaps with additional structure, such as an ordering or metric) over which an operation is to take place. The interval qualifier, and the pair lowlimit and uplimit also restrict a bound variable to a set in the special case where the set is an interval. The condition qualifier, like domainofapplication, is general, and can be used to restrict bound variables to arbitrary sets. However, unlike the other qualifiers, it restricts the bound variable by specifying a Boolean-valued function of the bound variable. Thus, condition qualifiers always contain instances of the bound variable, and thus require a preceding bvar, while the other qualifiers do not. The other qualifiers may even be used when no variables are being bound, e.g. to indicate the restriction of a function to a subdomain.

In most cases, any of the qualifiers capable of representing the domain of interest can be used interchangeably. The most general qualifier is domainofapplication, and therefore has a privileged role. It is the preferred form, unless there are particular idiomatic reasons to use one of the other qualifiers, e.g. limits for an integral. In MathML 3, the other forms are treated as shorthand notations for domainofapplication because they may all be rewritten as equivalent domainofapplication constructions. The rewrite rules to do this are given below. The other qualifier elements are provided because they correspond to common notations and map more easily to familiar presentations. Therefore, in the situations where they naturally arise, they may be more convenient and direct than domainofapplication.

To illustrate these ideas, consider the following examples showing alternative representations of a definite integral. Let C denote the interval from 0 to 1, and f(x) = x². Then domainofapplication could be used express the integral of a function f over C in this way:

<apply><int/>
  <domainofapplication>
    <ci type="set">C</ci>
  </domainofapplication>
  <ci type="function">f</ci>
</apply>

C f

Note that no explicit bound variable is identified in this encoding, and the integrand is a function. Alternatively, the interval qualifier could be used with an explicit bound variable:

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <interval><cn>0</cn><cn>1</cn></interval>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
</apply>

x 01 x 2

The pair lowlimit and uplimit can also be used. This is perhaps the most "standard" representation of this integral:

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><cn>0</cn></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><cn>1</cn></uplimit>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
</apply>

x 01 x 2

Finally, here is the same integral, represented using a condition on the bound variable:

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><and/>
      <apply><leq/><cn>0</cn><ci>x</ci></apply>
      <apply><leq/><ci>x</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
    </apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
</apply>

x 0 x x 1 x 2

Note the use of the explicit bound variable within the condition term. Note also that when a bound variable is used, the integrand is an expression in the bound variable, not a function.

The general technique of using a condition element together with domainofapplication is quite powerful. For example, to extend the previous example to a multivariate domain, one may use an extra bound variable and a domain of application corresponding to a cartesian product:

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication>
    <set>
      <bvar><ci>t</ci></bvar>
      <bvar><ci>u</ci></bvar>
      <condition>
        <apply><and/>
          <apply><leq/><cn>0</cn><ci>t</ci></apply>
          <apply><leq/><ci>t</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
          <apply><leq/><cn>0</cn><ci>u</ci></apply>
          <apply><leq/><ci>u</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
        </apply>
      </condition>
      <list><ci>t</ci><ci>u</ci></list>
    </set>
  </domainofapplication>
  <apply><times/>
    <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
    <apply><power/><ci>y</ci><cn>3</cn></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

x y t u 0 t t 1 0 u u 1 t u x 2 y 3

Note that the order of the inner and outer bound variables is significant.

Mappings to Strict Content MathML

When rewriting expressions to Strict Content MathML, qualifier elements are removed via a series of rules described in this section. The general algorithm for rewriting a MathML expression involving qualifiers proceeds in two steps. First, constructs using the interval, condition, uplimit and lowlimit qualifiers are converted to constructs using only domainofapplication. Second, domainofapplication expressions are then rewritten as Strict Content markup.

Rewrite: interval qualifier

<apply><ci>H</ci>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><ci>a</ci></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><ci>b</ci></uplimit>
  <ci>C</ci>
</apply>

H x a b C

<apply><ci>H</ci>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication>
    <apply><csymbol cd="interval1">interval</csymbol>
      <ci>a</ci>
      <ci>b</ci>
    </apply>
  </domainofapplication>
  <ci>C</ci>
</apply>

H x interval a b C

The symbol used in this translation depends on the head of the application, denoted by <ci>H</ci> here. By default interval should be used, unless the semantics of the head term can be determined and indicate a more specific interval symbols. In particular, several predefined Content MathML element should be used with more specific interval symbols. If the head is int then oriented_interval is used. When the head term is sum or product, integer_interval should be used.

The above technique for replacing lowlimit and uplimit qualifiers with a domainofapplication element is also used for replacing the interval qualifier.

The condition qualifier restricts a bound variable by specifying a Boolean-valued expression on a larger domain, specifying whether a given value is in the restricted domain. The condition element contains a single child that represents the truth condition. Compound conditions are formed by applying Boolean operators such as and in the condition.

Rewrite: condition

To rewrite an expression using the condition qualifier as one using domainofapplication,

<bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar>
<bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
<condition><ci>P</ci></condition>

is rewritten to

<bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar>
<bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
<domainofapplication>
  <apply><csymbol cd="set1">suchthat</csymbol>
    <ci>R</ci>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar>
      <bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
      <ci>P</ci>
    </bind>
  </apply>
</domainofapplication>

If the apply has a domainofapplication (perhaps originally expressed as interval or an uplimit/lowlimit pair) then that is used for <ci>R</ci>. Otherwise <ci>R</ci> is a set determined by the type attribute of the bound variable as specified in Section 4.2.2.2 Non-Strict uses of <ci>, if that is present. If the type is unspecified, the translation introduces an unspecified domain via content identifier <ci>R</ci>.

By applying the rules above, expression using the interval, condition, uplimit and lowlimit can be rewritten using only domainofapplication. Once a domainofapplication has been obtained, the final mapping to Strict markup is accomplished using the following rules:

Rewrite: restriction

An application of a function that is qualified by the domainofapplication qualifier (expressed by an apply element without bound variables) is converted to an application of a function term constructed with the restriction symbol.

<apply><ci>F</ci>
  <domainofapplication>
    <ci>C</ci>
  </domainofapplication>
  <ci>a1</ci>
  <ci>an</ci>
</apply>

F C a1 an

may be written as:

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="fns1">restriction</csymbol>
    <ci>F</ci>
    <ci>C</ci>
  </apply>
  <ci>a1</ci>
  <ci>an</ci>
</apply>

restriction F C a1 an

In general, an application involving bound variables and (possibly) domainofapplication is rewritten using the following rule, which makes the domain the first positional argument of the application, and uses the lambda symbol to encode the variable bindings. Certain classes of operator have alternative rules, as described below.

Rewrite: apply bvar domainofapplication

A content MathML expression with bound variables and domainofapplication

<apply><ci>H</ci>
  <bvar><ci>v1</ci></bvar>
  ...
  <bvar><ci>vn</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>D</ci></domainofapplication>
    <ci>A1</ci>
    ...
    <ci>Am</ci>
</apply>

is rewritten to

<apply><ci>H</ci>
  <ci>D</ci>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>v1</ci></bvar>
    ...
    <bvar><ci>vn</ci></bvar>
    <ci>A1</ci>
  </bind>
  ...
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>v1</ci></bvar>
    ...
    <bvar><ci>vn</ci></bvar>
    <ci>Am</ci>
  </bind>
</apply>

If there is no domainofapplication qualifier the <ci>D</ci> child is omitted.

4.3.3.2 Uses of `<degree>`

The degree element is a qualifier used to specify the "degree" or "order" of an operation. MathML uses the degree element in this way in three contexts: to specify the degree of a root, a moment, and in various derivatives. Rather than introduce special elements for each of these families, MathML provides a single general construct, the degree element in all three cases.

Note that the degree qualifier is not used to restrict a bound variable in the same sense of the qualifiers discussed above. Indeed, with roots and moments, no bound variable is involved at all, either explicitly or implicitly. In the case of differentiation, the degree element is used in conjunction with a bvar, but even in these cases, the variable may not be genuinely bound.

For the usage of degree with the root and moment operators, see the discussion of those operators below. The usage of degree in differentiation is more complex. In general, the degree element indicates the order of the derivative with respect to that variable. The degree element is allowed as the second child of a bvar element identifying a variable with respect to which the derivative is being taken. Here is an example of a second derivative using the degree qualifier:

<apply><diff/>
  <bvar>
    <ci>x</ci>
    <degree><cn>2</cn></degree>
  </bvar>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>4</cn></apply>
</apply>

x 2 x 4

For details see Section 4.4.4.2 Differentiation <diff/> and Section 4.4.4.3 Partial Differentiation <partialdiff/>.

4.3.3.3 Uses of `<momentabout>` and `<logbase>`

The qualifiers momentabout and logbase are specialized elements specifically for use with the moment and log operators respectively. See the descriptions of those operators below for their usage.

4.3.4 Operator Classes

The Content MathML elements described in detail in the next section may be broadly separated into classes. The class of each element is shown in the syntax table that introduces the element in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. The class gives an indication of the general intended mathematical usage of the element, and also determines its usage as determined by the schema. The class also determines the applicable rewrite rules for mapping to Strict Content MathML. This section presents the rewrite rules for each of the operator classes.

The rules in this section cover the use cases applicable to specific operator classes. Special-case rewrite rules for individual elements are discussed in the sections below. However, the most common usage pattern is generic, and is used by operators from almost all operator classes. It consists of applying an operator to an explicit list of arguments using an apply element. In these cases, rewriting to Strict Content MathML is simply a matter of replacing the empty element with an appropriate csymbol, as listed in the syntax tables in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. This is summarized in the following rule.

Rewrite: element

For example,

<plus/>

is equivalent to the Strict form

<csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>

plus

In MathML 2, the definitionURL attribute could be used to redefine or modify the meaning of an operator element. When the definitionURL attribute is present, the value for the cd attribute on the csymbol should be determined by the definitionURL value if possible. The correspondence between cd and definitionURL values is described Section 4.2.3.2 Non-Strict uses of <csymbol>.

4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor)

Many MathML operators may be used with an arbitrary number of arguments. The corresponding OpenMath symbols for elements in these classes also take an arbitrary number of arguments. In all such cases, either the arguments my be given explicitly as children of the apply or bind element, or the list may be specified implicitly via the use of qualifier elements.

4.3.4.1.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing these n-ary operators are specified in the following schema patterns in Appendix A Parsing MathML: nary-arith.class, nary-functional.class, nary-logical.class, nary-linalg.class, nary-set.class, nary-constructor.class.

4.3.4.1.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

If the argument list is given explicitly, the Rewrite: element rule applies.

Any use of qualifier elements is expressed in Strict Content MathML, via explicitly applying the function to a list of arguments using the apply_to_list symbol as shown in the following rule. The rule only considers the domainofapplication qualifier as other qualifiers may be rewritten to domainofapplication as described earlier.

Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication

An expression of the following form, where <union/> represents any element of the relevant class and <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable(s)

<apply><union/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>D</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x D expression-in-x

is rewritten to

<apply><csymbol cd="fns2">apply_to_list</csymbol>
  <csymbol cd="set1">union</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="list1">map</csymbol>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
    </bind>
    <ci>D</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

apply_to_list union map lambda x expression-in-x D

The above rule applies to all symbols in the listed classes. In the case of nary-set.class the choice of Content Dictionary to use depends on the type attribute on the symbol, defaulting to set1, but multiset1 should be used if type="multiset".

Note that the members of the nary-constructor.class, such as vector, use constructor syntax where the arguments and qualifiers are given as children of the element rather than as children of a containing apply. In this case, the above rules apply with the analogous syntactic modifications.

4.3.4.2 N-ary Constructors for set and list (class nary-setlist-constructor)

The use of set and list follows the same format as other n-ary constructors, however when rewriting to Strict Content MathML a variant of the above rule is used. This is because the map symbol implicitly constructs the required set or list, and apply_to_list is not needed in this case.

4.3.4.2.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing these n-ary operators are specified in the schema pattern nary-setlist-constructor.class.

4.3.4.2.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

If the argument list is given explicitly, the Rewrite: element rule applies.

When qualifiers are used to specify the list of arguments, the following rule is used.

Rewrite: n-ary setlist domainofapplication

An expression of the following form, where <set/> is either of the elements set or list and <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable(s)

<set>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>D</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</set>

x D expression-in-x

is rewritten to

<apply><csymbol cd="set1">map</csymbol>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
  </bind>
  <ci>D</ci>
</apply>

map lambda x expression-in-x D

Note that when <ci>D</ci> is already a set or list of the appropriate type for the container element, and the lambda function created from <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is the identity, the entire container element should be rewritten directly as <ci>D</ci>.

In the case of set, the choice of Content Dictionary and symbol depends on the value of its type attribute. When the type attribute is "set", the set symbol is used. When the type attribute is "multiset", the multiset symbol is used. For any other values of type the set symbol should be used, annotated with the type by rewriting the type attribute using the rule Rewrite: attributes.

4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln)

MathML allows transitive relations to be used with multiple arguments, to give a natural expression to "chains" of relations such as a < b < c < d. However unlike the case of the arithmetic operators, the underlying symbols used in the Strict Content MathML are classed as binary, so it is not possible to use apply_to_list as in the previous section, but instead a similar function predicate_on_list is used, the semantics of which is essentially to take the conjunction of applying the predicate to elements of the domain two at a time.

4.3.4.3.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing these n-ary operators are specified in the following schema patterns in Appendix A Parsing MathML: nary-reln.class, nary-set-reln.class.

4.3.4.3.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

Rewrite: n-ary relations

An expression of the form

<apply><lt/>
  <ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci><ci>d</ci>
</apply>

a b c d

rewrites to Strict Content MathML

<apply><csymbol cd="fns2">predicate_on_list</csymbol>
 <csymbol cd="reln1">lt</csymbol>
 <apply><csymbol cd="list1">list</csymbol>
  <ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci><ci>d</ci>
 </apply>
</apply>

predicate_on_list lt list a b c d

Rewrite: n-ary relations bvar

An expression of the form

<apply><lt/>
 <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
 <domainofapplication><ci>R</ci></domainofapplication>
 <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x R expression-in-x

where <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable, rewrites to the Strict Content MathML

<apply><csymbol cd="fns2">predicate_on_list</csymbol>
 <csymbol cd="reln1">lt</csymbol>
 <apply><csymbol cd="list1">map</csymbol>
   <ci>R</ci>
   <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
     <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
     <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
   </bind>
  </apply>
</apply>

predicate_on_list lt map R lambda x expression-in-x

The above rules apply to all symbols in classes nary-reln.class and nary-set-reln.class. In the latter case the choice of Content Dictionary to use depends on the type attribute on the symbol, defaulting to set1, but multiset1 should be used if type="multiset".

4.3.4.4 N-ary/Unary Operators (classes nary-minmax, nary-stats)

The MathML elements, max, min and some statistical elements such as mean may be used as a n-ary function as in the above classes, however a special interpretation is given in the case that a single argument is supplied. If a single argument is supplied the function is applied to the elements represented by the argument.

The underlying symbol used in Strict Content MathML for these elements is Unary and so if the MathML is used with 0 or more than 1 arguments, the function is applied to the set constructed from the explicitly supplied arguments according to the following rule.

4.3.4.4.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing these n-ary operators are specified in the following schema patterns in Appendix A Parsing MathML: nary-minmax.class, nary-stats.class.

4.3.4.4.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

Rewrite: n-ary unary set

When an element, <max/>, of class nary-stats or nary-minmax is applied to an explicit list of 0 or 2 or more arguments, <ci>a1</ci><ci>a2</ci><ci>an</ci>

<apply><max/><ci>a1</ci><ci>a2</ci><ci>an</ci></apply>

a1 a2 an

It is is translated to the unary application of the symbol <csymbol cd="minmax1" name="max"/> as specified in the syntax table for the element to the set of arguments, constructed using the <csymbol cd="set1" name="set"/> symbol.

<apply><csymbol cd="minmax1">max</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="set1">set</csymbol>
    <ci>a1</ci><ci>a2</ci><ci>an</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

max set a1 a2 an

Like all MathML n-ary operators, The list of arguments may be specified implicitly using qualifier elements. This is expressed in Strict Content MathML using the following rule, which is similar to the rule Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication but differs in that the symbol can be directly applied to the constructed set of arguments and it is not necessary to use apply_to_list.

Rewrite: n-ary unary domainofapplication

An expression of the following form, where <max/> represents any element of the relevant class and <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable(s)

<apply><max/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>D</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x D expression-in-x

is rewritten to

<apply><csymbol cd="minmax1">max</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="set1">map</csymbol>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
    </bind>
    <ci>D</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

max map lambda x expression-in-x D

Note that when <ci>D</ci> is already a set and the lambda function created from <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is the identity, the domainofapplication term should should be rewritten directly as <ci>D</ci>.

If the element is applied to a single argument the set symbol is not used and the symbol is applied directly to the argument.

Rewrite: n-ary unary single

When an element, <max/>, of class nary-stats or nary-minmax is applied to a single argument,

<apply><max/><ci>a</ci></apply>

a

It is is translated to the unary application of the symbol in the syntax table for the element.

<apply><csymbol cd="minmax1">max</csymbol> <ci>a</ci> </apply>

max a

Note: Earlier versions of MathML were not explicit about the correct interpretation of elements in this class, and left it undefined as to whether an expression such as max(X) was a trivial application of max to a singleton, or whether it should be interpreted as meaning the maximum of values of the set X. Applications finding that the rule Rewrite: n-ary unary single can not be applied as the supplied argument is a scalar may wish to use the rule Rewrite: n-ary unary set as an error recovery. As a further complication, in the case of the statistical functions the Content Dictionary to use in this case depends on the desired interpretation of the argument as a set of explicit data or a random variable representing a distribution.

4.3.4.5 Binary Operators (classes binary-arith, binary-logical, binary-reln, binary-linalg, binary-set)

Binary operators take two arguments and simply map to OpenMath symbols via Rewrite: element without the need of any special rewrite rules. The binary constructor interval is similar but uses constructor syntax in which the arguments are children of the element, and the symbol used depends on the type element as described in Section 4.4.1.1 Interval <interval>

4.3.4.5.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing these binary operators are specified in the following schema patterns in Appendix A Parsing MathML: binary-arith.class, binary-logical.class, binary-reln.class, binary-linalg.class, binary-set.class.

4.3.4.6 Unary Operators (classes unary-arith, unary-linalg, unary-functional, unary-set, unary-elementary, unary-veccalc)

Unary operators take a single argument and map to OpenMath symbols via Rewrite: element without the need of any special rewrite rules.

4.3.4.6.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing these unary operators are specified in the following schema patterns in Appendix A Parsing MathML: unary-arith.class, unary-functional.class, unary-set.class, unary-elementary.class, unary-veccalc.class.

4.3.4.7 Constants (classes constant-arith, constant-set)

Constant symbols relate to mathematical constants such as e and true and also to names of sets such as the Real Numbers, and Integers. In Strict Content MathML, they rewrite simply to the corresponding symbol listed in the syntax tables for these elements in Section 4.4.10 Constant and Symbol Elements.

4.3.4.7.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing these constants are specified in the schema patterns constant-arith.class and constant-set.class.

4.3.4.8 Quantifiers (class quantifier)

The Quantifier class is used for the forall and exists quantifiers of predicate calculus.

4.3.4.8.1 Schema Patterns

The elements representing quantifiers are specified in the schema pattern quantifier.class.

4.3.4.8.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

If used with bind and no qualifiers, then the interpretation in Strict Content MathML is simple. In general if used with apply or qualifiers, the interpretation in Strict Content MathML is via the following rule.

Rewrite: quantifier

An expression of following form where <exists/> denotes an element of class quantifier and <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable(s)

<apply><exists/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>D</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x D expression-in-x

is rewritten to an expression

<bind><csymbol cd="quant1">exists</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><csymbol cd="logic1">and</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="set1">in</csymbol><ci>x</ci><ci>D</ci></apply>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
  </apply>
</bind>

exists x and in x D expression-in-x

where the symbols <csymbol cd="quant1">exists</csymbol> and <csymbol cd="logic1">and</csymbol> are as specified in the syntax table of the element. (The additional symbol being and in the case of exists and implies in the case of forall.) When no domainofapplication is present, no logical conjunction is necessary, and the translation is direct.

4.3.4.9 Other Operators (classes lambda, interval, int, diff partialdiff, sum, product, limit)

Special purpose classes, described in the sections for the appropriate elements

4.3.4.9.1 Schema Patterns

The elements are specified in the following schema patterns in Appendix A Parsing MathML: lambda.class, interval.class, int.class, partialdiff.class, sum.class, product.class, limit.class.

4.3.5 Non-strict Attributes

A number of content MathML elements such as cn and interval allow attributes to specialize the semantics of the objects they represent. For these cases, special rewrite rules are given on a case-by-case basis in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. However, content MathML elements also accept attributes shared all MathML elements, and depending on the context, may also contain attributes from other XML namespaces. Such attributes must be rewritten in alternative form in Strict Content Markup.

Rewrite: attributes

For instance,

<ci class="foo" xmlns:other="http://example.com" other:att="bla">x</ci>

x

is rewritten to

<semantics>
  <ci>x</ci>
  <annotation cd="mathmlattr"
     name="class" encoding="text/plain">foo</annotation>
  <annotation-xml cd="mathmlattr" name="foreign" encoding="MathML-Content">
    <apply><csymbol cd="mathmlattr">foreign_attribute</csymbol>
      <cs>http://example.com</cs>
      <cs>other</cs>
      <cs>att</cs>
      <cs>bla</cs>
    </apply>
  </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

foo

For MathML attributes not allowed in Strict Content MathML the content dictionary mathmlattr is referenced, which provides symbols for all attributes allowed on content MathML elements.

4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants

This section presents elements representing a core set of mathematical operators, functions and constants. Most are empty elements, covering the subject matter of standard mathematics curricula up to the level of calculus. The remaining elements are container elements for sets, intervals, vectors and so on. For brevity, all elements defined in this section are sometimes called operator elements.

Each subsection below discusses a specific operator element, beginning with a syntax table, giving the elements operator class. Special case rules for rewriting as Strict Markup are introduced as needed. However, in most cases, the generic rewrite rules for the appropriate operator class is sufficient. In particular, unless otherwise indicated, elements are to be rewritten using the default Rewrite: element rule. Note, however, that all elements in this section must be rewritten in some fashion, since they are not allowed in Strict Content markup.

In MathML 2, the definitionURL attribute could be used to redefine or modify the meaning of an operator element. This use of the definitionURL attribute is deprecated in MathML 3. Instead a csymbol element should be used. In general, the value of cd attribute on the csymbol will correspond to the definitionURL value.

4.4.1 Functions and Inverses

4.4.1.1 Interval `<interval>`

Class	interval
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt,closure?
Content	ContExp,ContExp
OM Symbols	interval_cc, interval_oc, interval_co, interval_oo

The interval element is a container element used to represent simple mathematical intervals of the real number line. It takes an optional attribute closure, with a default value of "closed".

Content MathML

<interval closure="open"><ci>x</ci><cn>1</cn></interval>

x 1

<interval closure="closed"><cn>0</cn><cn>1</cn></interval>

01

<interval closure="open-closed"><cn>0</cn><cn>1</cn></interval>

01

<interval closure="closed-open"><cn>0</cn><cn>1</cn></interval>

01

Sample Presentation

<mfenced><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></mfenced>

(x, 1)

${\left(x,{1}\right)}$

<mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mfenced>

[0, 1]

${\left[{0},{1}\right]}$

<mfenced open="(" close="]"><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mfenced>

(0, 1]

${\left({0},{1}\right]}$

<mfenced open="[" close=")"><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mfenced>

[0, 1)

${\left[{0},{1}\right)}$

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

In Strict markup, the interval element corresponds to one of four symbols from the interval1 content dictionary. If closure has the value "open" then interval corresponds to the interval_oo. With the value "closed" interval corresponds to the symbol interval_cc, with value "open-closed" to interval_oc, and with "closed-open" to interval_co.

4.4.1.2 Inverse `<inverse>`

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	inverse

The inverse element is applied to a function in order to construct a generic expression for the functional inverse of that function. The inverse element may either be applied to arguments, or it may appear alone, in which case it represents an abstract inversion operator acting on other functions.

Content MathML

<apply><inverse/>
  <ci> f </ci>
</apply>

f

Sample Presentation

<msup><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>-1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup>

f^{(-1)}

${\msup{f}{{\left.\middle({\mn{-1}}\middle)\right.}}}$

Content MathML

<apply>
  <apply><inverse/><ci type="matrix">A</ci></apply>
  <ci>a</ci>
</apply>

A a

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msup><mi>A</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>-1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mi>a</mi></mfenced>
</mrow>

A^{(-1)} (a)

${\msup{A}{{\left.\middle({\mn{-1}}\middle)\right.}}\unicode{8289}{\left(a\right)}}$

4.4.1.3 Lambda `<lambda>`

Class	lambda
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	BvarQ, DomainQ, ContExp
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	lambda

The lambda element is used to construct a user-defined function from an expression, bound variables, and qualifiers. In a lambda construct with n (possibly 0) bound variables, the first n children are bvar elements that identify the variables that are used as placeholders in the last child for actual parameter values. The bound variables can be restricted by an optional domainofapplication qualifier or one of its shorthand notations. The meaning of the lambda construct is an n-ary function that returns the expression in the last child where the bound variables are replaced with the respective arguments.

The domainofapplication child restricts the possible values of the arguments of the constructed function. For instance, the following lambda construct represents a function on the integers.

<lambda>
  <bvar><ci> x </ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><integers/></domainofapplication>
  <apply><sin/><ci> x </ci></apply>
</lambda>

x x

If a lambda construct does not contain bound variables, then the lambda construct is superfluous and may be removed, unless it also contains a domainofapplication construct. In that case, if the last child of the lambda construct is itself a function, then the domainofapplication restricts its existing functional arguments, as in this example, which is a variant representation for the function above.

<lambda>
  <domainofapplication><integers/></domainofapplication> 
  <sin/>
</lambda>

Otherwise, if the last child of the lambda construct is not a function, say a number, then the lambda construct will not be a function, but the same number, and any domainofapplication is ignored.

Content MathML

<lambda>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><sin/>
    <apply><plus/><ci>x</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
  </apply>
</lambda>

x x 1

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>&#x3bb;</mi>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>.</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow>
   <mi>sin</mi>
   <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
   <mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

λ x . (\sin (x + 1))

${\unicode{955}x.{\left({\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}{\left.\middle(x+{1}\middle)\right.}}\right)}}$

<mrow>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>&#x21a6;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mi>sin</mi>
   <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
   <mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow>
  </mrow>
</mrow>

x \mapsto \sin (x + 1)

${x\unicode{8614}{\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}{\left.\middle(x+{1}\middle)\right.}}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

Rewrite: lambda

If the lambda element does not contain qualifiers, the lambda expression is directly translated into a bind expression.

<lambda>
  <bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar><bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
  <ci>expression-in-x1-xn</ci>
</lambda>

x1 xn expression-in-x1-xn

rewrites to the Strict Content MathML

<bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar><bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
  <ci>expression-in-x1-xn</ci>
</bind>

lambda x1 xn expression-in-x1-xn

Rewrite: lambda domainofapplication

If the lambda element does contain qualifiers, the qualifier may be rewritten to domainofapplication and then the lambda expression is translated to a function term constructed with lambda and restricted to the specified domain using restriction.

<lambda>
  <bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar><bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>D</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>expression-in-x1-xn</ci>
</lambda>

x1 xn D expression-in-x1-xn

rewrites to the Strict Content MathML

<apply><csymbol cd="fns1">restriction</csymbol>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar><bvar><ci>xn</ci></bvar>
    <ci>expression-in-x1-xn</ci>
  </bind>
  <ci>D</ci>
</apply>

restriction lambda x1 xn expression-in-x1-xn D

4.4.1.4 Function composition `<compose/>`

Class	nary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	left_compose

The compose element represents the function composition operator. Note that MathML makes no assumption about the domain and codomain of the constituent functions in a composition; the domain of the resulting composition may be empty.

The compose element is a commutative n-ary operator. Consequently, it may be lifted to the induced operator defined on a collection of arguments indexed by a (possibly infinite) set by using qualifier elements as described in Section 4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor).

Content MathML

<apply><compose/><ci>f</ci><ci>g</ci><ci>h</ci></apply>

f g h

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>h</mi></mrow>

f \circ g \circ h

${f\unicode{8728}g\unicode{8728}h}$

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply>
    <apply><compose/><ci>f</ci><ci>g</ci></apply>
    <ci>x</ci>
  </apply>
  <apply><ci>f</ci><apply><ci>g</ci><ci>x</ci></apply></apply>
</apply>

f g x f g x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow>
  <mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2218;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow>
  <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  <mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced>
 </mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mi>f</mi>
  <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
  <mfenced>
   <mrow>
    <mi>g</mi>
    <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
    <mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

(f \circ g) (x) = f (g (x))

${{{\left.\middle(f\unicode{8728}g\middle)\right.}\unicode{8289}{\left(x\right)}}={\mathop{f}{\left({\mathop{g}{\left(x\right)}}\right)}}}$

4.4.1.5 Identity function `<ident/>`

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	identity

The ident element represents the identity function. Note that MathML makes no assumption about the domain and codomain of the represented identity function, which depends on the context in which it is used.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><compose/>
    <ci type="function">f</ci>
    <apply><inverse/>
      <ci type="function">f</ci>
    </apply>
  </apply>
  <ident/>
</apply>

f f

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow>
  <mi>f</mi>
  <mo>&#x2218;</mo>
  <msup><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>-1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup>
 </mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mi>id</mi>
</mrow>

f \circ f^{(-1)} = id

${{f\unicode{8728}\msup{f}{{\left.\middle({\mn{-1}}\middle)\right.}}}={\minormal{id}}}$

4.4.1.6 Domain `<domain/>`

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	domain

The domain element represents the domain of the function to which it is applied. The domain is the set of values over which the function is defined.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><domain/><ci>f</ci></apply>
  <reals/>
</apply>

f

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>domain</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>

domain (f) = R

${{\mathop{{\minormal{domain}}}{\left(f\right)}}={\midoublestruck{R}}}$

4.4.1.7 codomain `<codomain/>`

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	range

The codomain represents the codomain, or range, of the function to which is is applied. Note that the codomain is not necessarily equal to the image of the function, it is merely required to contain the image.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><codomain/><ci>f</ci></apply>
  <rationals/>
</apply>

f

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>codomain</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>

codomain (f) = Q

${{\mathop{{\minormal{codomain}}}{\left(f\right)}}={\midoublestruck{Q}}}$

4.4.1.8 Image `<image/>`

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	image

The image element represent the image of the function to which it is applied. The image of a function is the set of values taken by the function. Every point in the image is generated by the function applied to some point of the domain.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><image/><sin/></apply>
  <interval><cn>-1</cn><cn> 1</cn></interval>
</apply>

-1 1

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>image</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>sin</mi></mfenced></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>-1</mn><mn>1</mn></mfenced>
</mrow>

image (\sin) = [-1, 1]

${{\mathop{{\minormal{image}}}{\left({\minormal{sin}}\right)}}={\left[{\mn{-1}},{1}\right]}}$

4.4.1.9 Piecewise declaration (`<piecewise>`, `<piece>`, `<otherwise>`)

Class	Constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	piece* otherwise?
OM Symbols	piecewise

Syntax Table for piecewise

Class	Constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	ContExp ContExp
OM Symbols	piece

Syntax Table for piece

Class	Constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	ContExp
OM Symbols	otherwise

Syntax Table for otherwise

The piecewise, piece, and otherwise elements are used to represent "piecewise" function definitions of the form " H(x) = 0 if x less than 0, H(x) = 1 otherwise".

The declaration is constructed using the piecewise element. This contains zero or more piece elements, and optionally one otherwise element. Each piece element contains exactly two children. The first child defines the value taken by the piecewise expression when the condition specified in the associated second child of the piece is true. The degenerate case of no piece elements and no otherwise element is treated as undefined for all values of the domain.

The otherwise element allows the specification of a value to be taken by the piecewise function when none of the conditions (second child elements of the piece elements) is true, i.e. a default value.

It should be noted that no "order of execution" is implied by the ordering of the piece child elements within piecewise. It is the responsibility of the author to ensure that the subsets of the function domain defined by the second children of the piece elements are disjoint, or that, where they overlap, the values of the corresponding first children of the piece elements coincide. If this is not the case, the meaning of the expression is undefined.

Here is an example:

Content MathML

<piecewise>
  <piece>
    <apply><minus/><ci>x</ci></apply>
    <apply><lt/><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
  </piece>
  <piece>
    <cn>0</cn>
    <apply><eq/><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
  </piece>
  <piece>
    <ci>x</ci>
    <apply><gt/><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
  </piece>
</piecewise>

x x 0 0 x 0 x x 0

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>{</mo>
 <mtable>
  <mtr>
   <mtd><mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></mtd>
   <mtd columnalign="left"><mtext>&#xa0; if &#xa0;</mtext></mtd>
   <mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mtd>
  </mtr>
  <mtr>
   <mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd>
   <mtd columnalign="left"><mtext>&#xa0; if &#xa0;</mtext></mtd>
   <mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mtd>
  </mtr>
  <mtr>
   <mtd><mi>x</mi></mtd>
   <mtd columnalign="left"><mtext>&#xa0; if &#xa0;</mtext></mtd>
   <mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mtd>
  </mtr>
 </mtable>
</mrow>

{\begin{matrix} - x & if & x < 0 \\ 0 & if & x = 0 \\ x & if & x > 0 \end{matrix}

${\left.\middle\{{\begin{matrix}{\unicode{8722}x}\endcell{\mathrm{\unicode{160}~if~\unicode{160}}}\endcell{x\lt{0}}\\{0}\endcell{\mathrm{\unicode{160}~if~\unicode{160}}}\endcell{x={0}}\\x\endcell{\mathrm{\unicode{160}~if~\unicode{160}}}\endcell{x\gt{0}}\end{matrix}}\right.}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

In Strict Content MathML, the container elements piecewise, piece and otherwise are mapped to applications of the constructor symbols of the same names in the piece1 CD. Apart from the fact that these three elements (respectively symbols) are used together, the mapping to Strict markup is straightforward:

Content MathML

<piecewise>
  <piece>
    <apply><cn>0</cn></apply>
    <apply><lt/><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
  </piece>
  <piece>
    <cn>1</cn>
    <apply><gt/><ci>x</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
  </piece>
  <otherwise>
    <ci>x</ci>
  </otherwise>
</piecewise>

0 x 0 1 x 1 x

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="piece1">piecewise</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="piece1">piece</csymbol>
    <cn>0</cn>
    <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">lt</csymbol><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>  
  </apply>   
  <apply><csymbol cd="piece1">piece</csymbol>
    <cn>1</cn>
    <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">gt</csymbol><ci>x</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>  
  </apply>   
  <apply><csymbol cd="piece1">otherwise</csymbol>
    <ci>x</ci>
  </apply>   
</apply>

piecewise piece 0 lt x 0 piece 1 gt x 1 otherwise x

4.4.2 Arithmetic, Algebra and Logic

4.4.2.1 Quotient `<quotient/>`

Class	binary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	quotient

The quotient element represents the integer division operator. When the operator is applied to integer arguments a and b, the result is the "quotient of a divided by b". That is, the quotient of integers a and b, is the integer q such that a = b * q + r, with |r| less than |b| and a * r positive. In common usage, q is called the quotient and r is the remainder.

Content MathML

<apply><quotient/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>&#x230a;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&#x230b;</mo></mrow>

⌊ a / b ⌋

${\unicode{8970}a/b\unicode{8971}}$

4.4.2.2 Factorial `<factorial/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	factorial

This element represents the unary factorial operator on non-negative integers.

The factorial of an integer n is given by n! = n*(n-1)* ... * 1

Content MathML

<apply><factorial/><ci>n</ci></apply>

n

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>!</mo></mrow>

n!

4.4.2.3 Division `<divide/>`

Class	binary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	divide

The divide element represents the division operator in a number field.

Content MathML

<apply><divide/>
  <ci>a</ci>
  <ci>b</ci>
</apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>

a / b

4.4.2.4 Maximum `<max/>`

Class	nary-minmax
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ, DomainQ
OM Symbols	max

The max element denotes the maximum function, which returns the largest of the arguments to which it is applied. Its arguments may be explicitly specified in the enclosing apply element, or specified using qualifier elements as described in Section 4.3.4.4 N-ary/Unary Operators (classes nary-minmax, nary-stats). Note that when applied to infinite sets of arguments, no maximal argument may exist.

Content MathML

<apply><max/><cn>2</cn><cn>3</cn><cn>5</cn></apply>

235

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>max</mi>
 <mrow>
  <mo>{</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>}</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

\max {2, 3, 5}

${{\minormal{max}}{\left.\middle\{{2},{3},{5}\middle\}\right.}}$

Content MathML

<apply><max/>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><in/>
      <ci>y</ci>
      <interval><cn>0</cn><cn>1</cn></interval>
    </apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><power/><ci>y</ci><cn>3</cn></apply>
</apply>

y y 01 y 3

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>max</mi>
 <mrow>
  <mo>{</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>|</mo>
  <mrow>
   <msup><mi>y</mi><mn>3</mn></msup>
   <mo>&#x2208;</mo>
   <mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mfenced>
  </mrow>
  <mo>}</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

\max {y | y^{3} \in [0, 1]}

${{\minormal{max}}{\left.\middle\{y^3\middle|{y\unicode{8712}{\left[{0},{1}\right]}}\middle\}\right.}}$

4.4.2.5 Minimum `<min/>`

Class	nary-minmax
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	min

The min element denotes the minimum function, which returns the smallest of the arguments to which it is applied. Its arguments may be explicitly specified in the enclosing apply element, or specified using qualifier elements as described in Section 4.3.4.4 N-ary/Unary Operators (classes nary-minmax, nary-stats). Note that when applied to infinite sets of arguments, no minimal argument may exist.

Content MathML

<apply><min/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>min</mi>
 <mrow><mo>{</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>}</mo></mrow>
</mrow>

\min {a, b}

${{\minormal{min}}{\left.\middle\{a,b\middle\}\right.}}$

Content MathML

<apply><min/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><notin/><ci>x</ci><ci type="set">B</ci></apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
</apply>

x x B x 2

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>min</mi>
 <mrow><mo>{</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>|</mo>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2209;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>
  <mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>

\min {x^{2} | x \notin B}

${{\minormal{min}}{\left.\middle\{x^2\middle|{x\unicode{8713}B}\middle\}\right.}}$

4.4.2.6 Subtraction `<minus/>`

Class	unary-arith, binary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	unary_minus, minus

The minus element can be used as a unary arithmetic operator (e.g. to represent - x), or as a binary arithmetic operator (e.g. to represent x- y).

If it is used with one argument, minus corresponds to the unary_minus symbol.

Content MathML

<apply><minus/><cn>3</cn></apply>

3

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow>

- 3

${\unicode{8722}{3}}$

If it is used with two arguments, minus corresponds to the minus symbol

Content MathML

<apply><minus/><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>

x y

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>

x - y

${x\unicode{8722}y}$

In both cases, the translation to Strict Content markup is direct, as described in Rewrite: element. It is merely a matter of choosing the symbol that reflects the actual usage.

4.4.2.7 Addition `<plus/>`

Class	nary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	plus

The plus element represents the addition operator. Its arguments are normally specified explicitly in the enclosing apply element. As an n-ary commutative operator, it can be used with qualifiers to specify arguments, however, this is discouraged, and the sum operator should be used to represent such expressions instead.

Content MathML

<apply><plus/><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci><ci>z</ci></apply>

x y z

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow>

x + y + z

4.4.2.8 Exponentiation `<power/>`

Class	binary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	power

The power element represents the exponentiation operator. The first argument is raised to the power of the second argument.

Content MathML

<apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>3</cn></apply>

x 3

Sample Presentation

<msup><mi>x</mi><mn>3</mn></msup>

x^{3}

$\msup{x}{{3}}$

4.4.2.9 Remainder `<rem/>`

Class	binary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	remainder

The rem element represents the modulus operator, which returns the remainder that results from dividing the first argument by the second. That is, when applied to integer arguments a and b, it returns the unique integer r such that a = b * q + r, with |r| less than |b| and a * r positive.

Content MathML

<apply><rem/><ci> a </ci><ci> b </ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>mod</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>

a mod b

${a\mathbin{\mathrm{mod}}b}$

4.4.2.10 Multiplication `<times/>`

Class	nary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	times

The times element represents the n-ary multiplication operator. Its arguments are normally specified explicitly in the enclosing apply element. As an n-ary commutative operator, it can be used with qualifiers to specify arguments by rule, however, this is discouraged, and the product operator should be used to represent such expressions instead.

Content MathML

<apply><times/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>

a b

${a\unicode{8290}b}$

4.4.2.11 Root `<root/>`

Class	unary-arith, binary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	degree
OM Symbols	root

The root element is used to extract roots. The kind of root to be taken is specified by a "degree" element, which should be given as the second child of the apply element enclosing the root element. Thus, square roots correspond to the case where degree contains the value 2, cube roots correspond to 3, and so on. If no degree is present, a default value of 2 is used.

Content MathML

<apply><root/>
  <degree><ci type="integer">n</ci></degree>
  <ci>a</ci>
</apply>

n a

Sample Presentation

<mroot><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi></mroot>

\sqrt[n]{a}

$\sqrt[{n}]{a}$

Mapping to Strict Content Markup

In Strict Content markup, the root symbol is always used with two arguments, with the second indicating the degree of the root being extracted.

Content MathML

<apply><root/><ci>x</ci></apply>

x

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">root</csymbol>
  <ci>x</ci>
  <cn type="integer">2</cn>
</apply>

root x 2

Content MathML

<apply><root/>
  <degree><ci type="integer">n</ci></degree>
  <ci>a</ci>
</apply>

n a

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">root</csymbol>
  <ci>a</ci>
  <cn type="integer">n</cn>
</apply>

root a n

4.4.2.12 Greatest common divisor `<gcd/>`

Class	nary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	gcd

The gcd element represents the n-ary operator which returns the greatest common divisor of its arguments. Its arguments may be explicitly specified in the enclosing apply element, or specified by rule as described in Section 4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor).

Content MathML

<apply><gcd/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci></apply>

a b c

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>gcd</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi></mfenced>
</mrow>

\gcd (a, b, c)

${\mathop{{\minormal{gcd}}}{\left(a,b,c\right)}}$

This default rendering is English-language locale specific: other locales may have different default renderings.

When the gcd element is applied to an explicit list of arguments, the translation to Strict Content markup is direct, using the gcd symbol, as described in Rewrite: element. However, when qualifiers are used, the equivalent Strict markup is computed via Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication.

4.4.2.13 And `<and/>`

Class	nary-logical
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	and

The and element represents the logical "and" function which is an n-ary function taking Boolean arguments and returning a Boolean value. It is true if all arguments are true, and false otherwise. Its arguments may be explicitly specified in the enclosing apply element, or specified by rule as described in Section 4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor).

Content MathML

<apply><and/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2227;</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>

a \land b

${a\unicode{8743}b}$

Content MathML

<apply><and/>
  <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><cn>0</cn></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><ci>n</ci></uplimit>
  <apply><gt/><apply><selector/><ci>a</ci><ci>i</ci></apply><cn>0</cn></apply>
</apply>

i 0 n a i 0

Strict Content MathML

<apply><csymbol cd="fns2">apply_to_list</csymbol>
  <csymbol cd="logic1">and</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="list1">map</csymbol>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
      <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">gt</csymbol>
        <apply><csymbol cd="linalg1">vector_selector</csymbol>
          <ci>i</ci>
          <ci>a</ci>
        </apply>
        <cn>0</cn>
      </apply>
    </bind>
    <apply><csymbol cd="interval1">integer_interval</csymbol>
      <cn type="integer">0</cn>
      <ci>n</ci>
    </apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

apply_to_list and map lambda i gt vector_selector i a 0 integer_interval 0 n

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munderover>
  <mo>&#x22C0;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow>
  <mi>n</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow>
  <mo>(</mo>
  <msub><mi>a</mi><mi>i</mi></msub>
  <mo>&gt;</mo>
  <mn>0</mn>
  <mo>)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

⋀_{i = 0}^{n} (a_{i} > 0)

${\munderover\bigwedge{i=0}{n}{\left(a\sb{i} \gt 0 \right)}}$

4.4.2.14 Or `<or/>`

Class	nary-logical
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	or

The or element represents the logical "or" function. It is true if any of the arguments are true, and false otherwise.

Content MathML

<apply><or/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2228;</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>

a \lor b

${a\unicode{8744}b}$

4.4.2.15 Exclusive Or `<xor/>`

Class	nary-logical
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	xor

The xor element represents the logical "xor" function. It is true if there are an odd number of true arguments or false otherwise.

Content MathML

<apply><xor/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>xor</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>

a xor b

${a\mathbin{\mathrm{xor}}b}$

4.4.2.16 Not `<not/>`

Class	unary-logical
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	not

The note element represents the logical not function which takes one Boolean argument, and returns the opposite Boolean value.

Content MathML

<apply><not/><ci>a</ci></apply>

a

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>&#xac;</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow>

\neg a

${\unicode{172}a}$

4.4.2.17 Implies `<implies/>`

Class	binary-logical
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	implies

The implies element represents the logical implication function which takes two Boolean expressions as arguments. It evaluates to false if the first argument is true and the second argument is false, otherwise it evaluates to true.

Content MathML

<apply><implies/><ci>A</ci><ci>B</ci></apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x21d2;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A \Rightarrow B

${A\unicode{8658}B}$

4.4.2.18 Universal quantifier `<forall/>`

Class	quantifier
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	forall, implies

The forall element represents the universal ("for all") quantifier which takes one or more bound variables, and an argument which specifies the assertion being quantified. In addition, condition or other qualifiers may be used as described in Section 4.3.4.8 Quantifiers (class quantifier) to limit the domain of the bound variables.

Content MathML

<bind><forall/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><eq/>
    <apply><minus/><ci>x</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
    <cn>0</cn>
  </apply>
</bind>

x x x 0

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x2200;</mo>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>.</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>
   <mo>=</mo>
   <mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

\forall x . (x - x = 0)

${\unicode{8704}x.{\left({{x\unicode{8722}x}={0}}\right)}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When the forall element is used with a condition qualifier the strict equivalent is constructed with the help of logical implication by the rule Rewrite: quantifier. Thus

<bind><forall/>
  <bvar><ci>p</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>q</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><and/>
      <apply><in/><ci>p</ci><rationals/></apply>
      <apply><in/><ci>q</ci><rationals/></apply>
      <apply><lt/><ci>p</ci><ci>q</ci></apply>
    </apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><lt/>
    <ci>p</ci>
    <apply><power/><ci>q</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
  </apply>
</bind>

p q p q p q p q 2

translates to

<bind><csymbol cd="quant1">forall</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>p</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>q</ci></bvar>
  <apply><csymbol cd="logic1">implies</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="logic1">and</csymbol>
      <apply><csymbol cd="set1">in</csymbol>
        <ci>p</ci>
        <csymbol cd="setname1">Q</csymbol>
        </apply>
      <apply><csymbol cd="set1">in</csymbol>
        <ci>q</ci>
        <csymbol cd="setname1">Q</csymbol>
      </apply>
      <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">lt</csymbol><ci>p</ci><ci>q</ci></apply>
    </apply>
    <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">lt</csymbol>
      <ci>p</ci>
      <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">power</csymbol>
        <ci>q</ci>
        <cn>2</cn>
      </apply>
    </apply>
  </apply>
</bind>

forall p q implies and in p Q in q Q lt p q lt p power q 2

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x2200;</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi></mrow>
  <mo>&#x2227;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>q</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi></mrow>
  <mo>&#x2227;</mo>
  <mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mo>.</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><msup><mi>q</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

\forall p \in Q \land q \in Q \land (p < q) . (p < q^{2})

${\unicode{8704}{{p\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{Q}}}\unicode{8743}{q\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{Q}}}\unicode{8743}{\left.\middle(p\lt q\middle)\right.}}.{\left({p\lt\msup{q}{{2}}}\right)}}$

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x2200;</mo>
 <mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>q</mi></mrow>
 <mo>.</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow>
   <mrow>
    <mo>(</mo>
    <mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi></mrow>
    <mo>&#x2227;</mo>
    <mrow><mi>q</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi></mrow>
    <mo>&#x2227;</mo>
    <mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow>
    <mo>)</mo>
   </mrow>
   <mo>&#x21d2;</mo>
   <mrow>
    <mo>(</mo>
    <mi>p</mi>
    <mo>&lt;</mo>
    <msup><mi>q</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
    <mo>)</mo>
   </mrow>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

\forall p, q . ((p \in Q \land q \in Q \land (p < q)) \Rightarrow (p < q^{2}))

${ \unicode{8704} {p,q} . {\left({ {\left. \middle( {p\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{Q}}} \unicode{8743} {q\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{Q}}} \unicode{8743} {\left.\middle(p\lt q\middle)\right.} \middle) \right.} \unicode{8658} {\left. \middle( p \lt \msup{q}{{2}} \middle) \right.} }\right)} }$

4.4.2.19 Existential quantifier `<exists/>`

Class	quantifier
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	exists, and

The exists element represents the existential ("there exists") quantifier which takes one or more bound variables, and an argument which specifies the assertion being quantified. In addition, condition or other qualifiers may be used as described in Section 4.3.4.8 Quantifiers (class quantifier) to limit the domain of the bound variables.

Content MathML

<bind><exists/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><eq/>
    <apply><ci>f</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
    <cn>0</cn>
  </apply>
</bind>

x f x 0

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x2203;</mo>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>.</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced></mrow>
   <mo>=</mo>
   <mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

\exists x . (f (x) = 0)

${\unicode{8707}x.{\left({{\mathop{f}{\left(x\right)}}={0}}\right)}}$

Content MathML

<apply><exists/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication>
    <integers/>
  </domainofapplication>
   <apply><eq/>
    <apply><ci>f</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
    <cn>0</cn>
  </apply>
</apply>

x f x 0

Strict MathML equivalent:

<bind><csymbol cd="quant1">exists</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><csymbol cd="logic1">and</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="set1">in</csymbol>
      <ci>x</ci>
      <csymbol cd="setname1">Z</csymbol>
    </apply>
    <apply><csymbol cd="relation1">eq</csymbol>
      <apply><ci>f</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
      <cn>0</cn>
    </apply>
  </apply>
</bind>

exists x and in x Z eq f x 0

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x2203;</mo>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>.</mo>
 <mfenced separators="">
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow>
  <mo>&#x2227;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced></mrow>
   <mo>=</mo>
   <mn>0</mn>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

\exists x . (x \in Z \land f (x) = 0)

${\unicode{8707}x.{\left({x\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{Z}}}\unicode{8743}{{\mathop{f}{\left(x\right)}}={0}}\right)}}$

4.4.2.20 Absolute Value `<abs/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	abs

The abs element represents the absolute value function. The argument should be numerically valued. When the argument is a complex number, the absolute value is often referred to as the modulus.

Content MathML

<apply><abs/><ci>x</ci></apply>

x

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow>

| x |

${\left.\middle|x\middle|\right.}$

4.4.2.21 Complex conjugate `<conjugate/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	conjugate

The conjugate element represents the function defined over the complex numbers with returns the complex conjugate of its argument.

Content MathML

<apply><conjugate/>
  <apply><plus/>
    <ci>x</ci>
    <apply><times/><cn>&#x2148;</cn><ci>y</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

x ⅈ y

Sample Presentation

<mover>
 <mrow>
  <mi>x</mi>
  <mo>+</mo>
  <mrow><mn>&#x2148;</mn><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mo>&#xaf;</mo>
</mover>

\bar{x + ⅈ y}

${\overline{{x+{{\mn{\unicode{8520}}}\unicode{8290}y}}}}$

4.4.2.22 Argument `<arg/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	argument

The arg element represents the unary function which returns the angular argument of a complex number, namely the angle which a straight line drawn from the number to zero makes with the real line (measured anti-clockwise).

Content MathML

<apply><arg/>
  <apply><plus/>
    <ci> x </ci>
    <apply><times/><imaginaryi/><ci>y</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

x y

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>arg</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi>
   <mo>+</mo>
   <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

\arg (x + i y)

${\mathop{{\minormal{arg}}}{\left({x+{i\unicode{8290}y}}\right)}}$

4.4.2.23 Real part `<real/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	real

The real element represents the unary operator used to construct an expression representing the "real" part of a complex number, that is, the x component in x + iy.

Content MathML

<apply><real/>
  <apply><plus/>
    <ci>x</ci>
    <apply><times/><imaginaryi/><ci>y</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

x y

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x211b;</mo>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi>
   <mo>+</mo>
   <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

ℛ (x + i y)

${\unicode{8475}\unicode{8289}{\left({x+{i\unicode{8290}y}}\right)}}$

4.4.2.24 Imaginary part `<imaginary/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	imaginary

The imaginary element represents the unary operator used to construct an expression representing the "imaginary" part of a complex number, that is, the y component in x + iy.

Content MathML

<apply><imaginary/>
  <apply><plus/>
    <ci>x</ci>
    <apply><times/><imaginaryi/><ci>y</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

x y

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x2111;</mo>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi>
   <mo>+</mo>
   <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
  </mrow>
 </mfenced>
</mrow>

ℑ (x + i y)

${\unicode{8465}\unicode{8289}{\left({x+{i\unicode{8290}y}}\right)}}$

4.4.2.25 Lowest common multiple `<lcm/>`

Class	nary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	lcm

The lcm element represents the n-ary operator used to construct an expression which represents the least common multiple of its arguments. If no argument is provided, the lcm is 1. If one argument is provided, the lcm is that argument. The least common multiple of x and 1 is x.

Content MathML

<apply><lcm/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci></apply>

a b c

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>lcm</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi></mfenced>
</mrow>

lcm (a, b, c)

${\mathop{{\minormal{lcm}}}{\left(a,b,c\right)}}$

This default rendering is English-language locale specific: other locales may have different default renderings.

4.4.2.26 Floor `<floor/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	floor

The floor element represents the operation that rounds down (towards negative infinity) to the nearest integer. This function takes one real number as an argument and returns an integer.

Content MathML

<apply><floor/><ci>a</ci></apply>

a

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>&#x230a;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x230b;</mo></mrow>

⌊ a ⌋

${\unicode{8970}a\unicode{8971}}$

4.4.2.27 Ceiling `<ceiling/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	ceiling

The ceiling element represents the operation that rounds up (towards positive infinity) to the nearest integer. This function takes one real number as an argument and returns an integer.

Content MathML

<apply><ceiling/><ci>a</ci></apply>

a

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>&#x2308;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2309;</mo></mrow>

⌈ a ⌉

${\unicode{8968}a\unicode{8969}}$

4.4.3 Relations

4.4.3.1 Equals `<eq/>`

Class	nary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	eq

The eq elements represents the equality relation. While equality is a binary relation, el may be used with more than two arguments, denoting a chain of equalities, as described in Section 4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln).

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <cn type="rational">2<sep/>4</cn>
  <cn type="rational">1<sep/>2</cn>
</apply>

2 4 1 2

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow>
</mrow>

2 / 4 = 1 / 2

4.4.3.2 Not Equals `<neq/>`

Class	binary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	neq

The neq element represents the binary inequality relation, i.e. the relation "not equal to" which returns true unless the two arguments are equal.

Content MathML

<apply><neq/><cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn></apply>

34

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>&#x2260;</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow>

3 \neq 4

${{3}\unicode{8800}{4}}$

4.4.3.3 Greater than `<gt/>`

Class	nary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	gt

The gt element represents the "greater than" function which returns true if the first argument is greater than the second, and returns false otherwise. While this is a binary relation, gt may be used with more than two arguments, denoting a chain of inequalities, as described in Section 4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln).

Content MathML

<apply><gt/><cn>3</cn><cn>2</cn></apply>

32

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow>

3 > 2

${{3}\gt{2}}$

4.4.3.4 Less Than `<lt/>`

Class	nary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	lt

The lt element represents the "less than" function which returns true if the first argument is less than the second, and returns false otherwise. While this is a binary relation, lt may be used with more than two arguments, denoting a chain of inequalities, as described in Section 4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln).

Content MathML

<apply><lt/><cn>2</cn><cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn></apply>

234

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow>

2 < 3 < 4

${{2}\lt{3}\lt{4}}$

4.4.3.5 Greater Than or Equal `<geq/>`

Class	nary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	geq

The geq element represents the "greater than or equal to" function which returns true if the first argument is greater than or equal to the second, and returns false otherwise. While this is a binary relation, geq may be used with more than two arguments, denoting a chain of inequalities, as described in Section 4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln).

Content MathML

<apply><geq/><cn>4</cn><cn>3</cn><cn>3</cn></apply>

433

Strict Content MathML

<apply><csymbol cd="fns2">predicate_on_list</csymbol>
 <csymbol cd="reln1">geq</csymbol>
 <apply><csymbol cd="list1">list</csymbol>
  <cn>4</cn><cn>3</cn><cn>3</cn>
 </apply>
</apply>

predicate_on_list geq list 433

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow>

4 \geq 3 \geq 3

${{4}\unicode{8805}{3}\unicode{8805}{3}}$

4.4.3.6 Less Than or Equal `<leq/>`

Class	nary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	leq

The leq element represents the "less than or equal to" function which returns true if the first argument is less than or equal to the second, and returns false otherwise. While this is a binary relation, leq may be used with more than two arguments, denoting a chain of inequalities, as described in Section 4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln).

Content MathML

<apply><leq/><cn>3</cn><cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn></apply>

334

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow>

3 \leq 3 \leq 4

${{3}\unicode{8804}{3}\unicode{8804}{4}}$

4.4.3.7 Equivalent `<equivalent/>`

Class	binary-logical
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	equivalent

The equivalent element represents the relation that asserts two Boolean expressions are logically equivalent, that is have the same Boolean value for any inputs.

Content MathML

<apply><equivalent/>
  <ci>a</ci>
  <apply><not/><apply><not/><ci>a</ci></apply></apply>
</apply>

a a

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>a</mi>
 <mo>&#x2261;</mo>
 <mrow><mo>&#xac;</mo><mrow><mo>&#xac;</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow></mrow>
</mrow>

a \equiv \neg \neg a

${a\unicode{8801}{\unicode{172}{\unicode{172}a}}}$

4.4.3.8 Approximately `<approx/>`

Class	binary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	approx

The approx element represent the relation that asserts the approximate equality of its arguments.

Content MathML

<apply><approx/>
  <pi/>
  <cn type="rational">22<sep/>7</cn>
</apply>

22 7

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>&#x3c0;</mi>
 <mo>&#x2243;</mo>
 <mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow>
</mrow>

π ≃ 22 / 7

${\unicode{960}\unicode{8771}{{22}/{7}}}$

4.4.3.9 Factor Of `<factorof/>`

Class	binary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	factorof

The factorof element is used to indicate the mathematical relationship that the first argument "is a factor of" the second. This relationship is true if and only if b mod a = 0.

Content MathML

<apply><factorof/><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>|</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>

a | b

${\left.a\middle|b\right.}$

4.4.4 Calculus and Vector Calculus

4.4.4.1 Integral `<int/>`

Class	int
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	int defint

The int element is the operator element for a definite or indefinite integral over a function or a definite over an expression with a bound variable.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><int/><sin/></apply>
  <cos/>
</apply>

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mrow><mi>&#x222b;</mi><mi>sin</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>cos</mi></mrow>

\int \sin = \cos

${{\unicode{8747}{\minormal{sin}}}={\minormal{cos}}}$

Content MathML

<apply><int/>
  <interval><ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci></interval>
  <cos/>
</apply>

a b

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msubsup><mi>&#x222b;</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></msubsup><mi>cos</mi>
</mrow>

\int_{a}^{b} \cos

${\mosubsup\int{a}{b}{\minormal{cos}}}$

The int element can also be used with bound variables serving as the integration variables.

Content MathML

Here, definite integrals are indicated by providing qualifier elements specifying a domain of integration (here a lowlimit/uplimit pair). This is perhaps the most "standard" representation of this integral:

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><cn>0</cn></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><cn>1</cn></uplimit>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
</apply>

x 01 x 2

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msubsup><mi>&#x222b;</mi><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></msubsup>
 <msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
 <mi>d</mi>
 <mi>x</mi>
</mrow>

\int_{0}^{1} x^{2} d x

$\mosubsup\int{0}{1} {\msup{x}{2}} d x$

Mapping to Strict Markup

As an indefinite integral applied to a function, the int element corresponds to the int symbol from the calculus1 content dictionary. As a definite integral applied to a function, the int element corresponds to the defint symbol from the calculus1 content dictionary.

When no bound variables are present, the translation of an indefinite integral to Strict Content Markup is straight forward. When bound variables are present, the following rule should be used.

Rewrite: int

Translate an indefinite integral, where <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable(s) <ci>x</ci>

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x expression-in-x

to the expression

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">int</csymbol>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
    </bind>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

int lambda x expression-in-x x

Note that as x is not bound in the original indefinite integral, the integrated function is applied to the variable x making it an explicit free variable in Strict Content Markup expression, even though it is bound in the subterm used as an argument to int.

For instance, the expression

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><cos/><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x

has the Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">int</csymbol>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <apply><cos/><ci>x</ci></apply>
    </bind>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

int lambda x x x

For a definite integral without bound variables, the translation is also straightforward.

For instance, the integral of a differential form f over an arbitrary domain C represented as

<apply><int/>
  <domainofapplication><ci>C</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>f</ci>
</apply>

C f

is equivalent to the Strict Content MathML:

<apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">defint</csymbol><ci>C</ci><ci>f</ci></apply>

defint C f

Note, however, the additional remarks on the translations of other kinds of qualifiers that may be used to specify a domain of integration in the rules for definite integrals following.

When bound variables are present, the situation is more complicated in general, and the following rules are used.

Rewrite: defint

Translate a definite integral, where <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable(s) <ci>x</ci>

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci>D</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x D expression-in-x

to the expression

<apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">defint</csymbol>
  <ci>D</ci>  
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
  </bind>
</apply>

defint D lambda x expression-in-x

But the definite integral with an lowlimit/uplimit pair carries the strong intuition that the range of integration is oriented, and thus swapping lower and upper limits will change the sign of the result. To accommodate this, use the following special translation rule:

Rewrite: defint limits

<apply><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><ci>a</ci></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><ci>b</ci></uplimit>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x a b expression-in-x

where <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an expression in the variable x is translated to to the expression:

<apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">defint</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="interval1">oriented_interval</csymbol>
    <ci>a</ci> <ci>b</ci>
  </apply>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
  </bind>
</apply>

defint oriented_interval a b lambda x expression-in-x

The oriented_interval symbol is also used when translating the interval qualifier, when it is used to specify the domain of integration. Integration is assumed to proceed from the left endpoint to the right endpoint.

The case for multiple integrands is treated analogously.

Note that use of the condition qualifier also requires special treatment. In particular, it extends to multivariate domains by using extra bound variables and a domain corresponding to a cartesian product as in:

<bind><int/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><and/>
      <apply><leq/><cn>0</cn><ci>x</ci></apply>
      <apply><leq/><ci>x</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
      <apply><leq/><cn>0</cn><ci>y</ci></apply>
      <apply><leq/><ci>y</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
    </apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><times/>
    <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
    <apply><power/><ci>y</ci><cn>3</cn></apply>
  </apply>
</bind>

x y 0 x x 1 0 y y 1 x 2 y 3

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">defint</csymbol>
 <apply><csymbol cd="set1">suchthat</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="set1">cartesianproduct</csymbol>
   <csymbol cd="setname1">R</csymbol>
   <csymbol cd="setname1">R</csymbol>
  </apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="logic1">and</csymbol>
   <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">leq</csymbol><cn>0</cn><ci>x</ci></apply>
   <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">leq</csymbol><ci>x</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
   <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">leq</csymbol><cn>0</cn><ci>y</ci></apply>
   <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">leq</csymbol><ci>y</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>
  </apply>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns11">lambda</csymbol>
   <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
   <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
   <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">times</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">power</csymbol><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">power</csymbol><ci>y</ci><cn>3</cn></apply>
   </apply>
  </bind>
 </apply>
</apply>

defint suchthat cartesianproduct R R and leq 0 x leq x 1 leq 0 y leq y 1 lambda x y times power x 2 power y 3

4.4.4.2 Differentiation `<diff/>`

Class	Differential-Operator
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	diff

The diff element is the differentiation operator element for functions or expressions of a single variable. It may be applied directly to an actual function thereby denoting a function which is the derivative of the original function, or it can be applied to an expression involving a single variable.

Content MathML

<apply><diff/><ci>f</ci></apply>

f

Sample Presentation

<msup><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2032;</mo></msup>

f^{'}

$\msup{f}{\unicode{8242}}$

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><diff/>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>
  </apply>
  <apply><cos/><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mfrac>
  <mrow><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></mrow>
  <mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow>
 </mfrac>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mrow><mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>
</mrow>

\frac{d \sin x}{d x} = \cos x

${ {\frac{{d{\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}x}}}{{dx}}} = {\mathop{{\minormal{cos}}}x} }$

The bvar element may also contain a degree element, which specifies the order of the derivative to be taken.

Content MathML

<apply><diff/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci><degree><cn>2</cn></degree></bvar>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>4</cn></apply>
</apply>

x 2 x 4

Sample Presentation

<mfrac>
 <mrow>
  <msup><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
  <msup><mi>x</mi><mn>4</mn></msup>
 </mrow>
 <mrow><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>
</mfrac>

\frac{d^{2} x^{4}}{d x^{2}}

Mapping to Strict Markup

For the translation to strict Markup it is crucial to realize that in the expression case, the variable is actually not bound by the differentiation operator.

Rewrite: diff

Translate an expression

<apply><diff/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x expression-in-x

where <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an expression in the variable x to the expression

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">diff</csymbol>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <ci>E</ci>
    </bind>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

diff lambda x E x

Note that the differentiated function is applied to the variable x making its status as a free variable explicit in strict markup. Thus the strict equivalent of

<apply><diff/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">diff</csymbol>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <apply><csymbol cd="transc1">sin</csymbol><ci>x</ci></apply>
    </bind>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

diff lambda x sin x x

If the bvar element contains a degree element, use the nthdiff symbol.

Rewrite: nthdiff

<apply><diff/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci><degree><ci>n</ci></degree></bvar>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x n expression-in-x

where <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an is an expression in the variable x is translated to to the expression:

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">nthdiff</csymbol>
    <ci>n</ci>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
    </bind>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

nthdiff n lambda x expression-in-x x

For example

<apply><diff/>
  <bvar><degree><cn>2</cn></degree><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

2 x x

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">nthdiff</csymbol>
    <cn>2</cn>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <apply><csymbol cd="transc1">sin</csymbol><ci>x</ci></apply>
    </bind>
  </apply>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

nthdiff 2 lambda x sin x x

4.4.4.3 Partial Differentiation `<partialdiff/>`

Class	partialdiff
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	partialdiff partialdiffdegree

The partialdiff element is the partial differentiation operator element for functions or expressions in several variables.

For the case of partial differentiation of a function, the containing partialdiff takes two arguments: firstly a list of indices indicating by position which function arguments are involved in constructing the partial derivatives, and secondly the actual function to be partially differentiated. The indices may be repeated.

Content MathML

<apply><partialdiff/>
  <list><cn>1</cn><cn>1</cn><cn>3</cn></list>
  <ci type="function">f</ci>
</apply>

113 f

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msub>
  <mi>D</mi>
  <mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow>
 </msub>
 <mi>f</mi>
</mrow>

D_{1, 1, 3} f

${\msub{D}{{{1},{1},{3}}}f}$

Content MathML

<apply><partialdiff/>
  <list><cn>1</cn><cn>1</cn><cn>3</cn></list>
  <lambda>
   <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
   <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
   <bvar><ci>z</ci></bvar>
   <apply><ci>f</ci><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci><ci>z</ci></apply>
  </lambda>
</apply>

113 x y z f x y z

Sample Presentation

<mfrac>
 <mrow>
  <msup><mo>&#x2202;</mo><mn>3</mn></msup>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></mfenced>
 </mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mrow>
  <mrow><mo>&#x2202;</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>
  <mrow><mo>&#x2202;</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow>
 </mrow>
</mfrac>

\frac{\partial^{3} f (x, y, z)}{\partial x^{2} \partial z}

${\frac{{ {\msup{\unicode{8706}}{3}} {f{\left(x,y,z\right)}} }}{{ {\unicode{8706}{\msup{x}{2}}} {\unicode{8706}z} }}}$

In the case of algebraic expressions, the bound variables are given by bvar elements, which are children of the containing apply element. The bvar elements may also contain degree element, which specify the order of the partial derivative to be taken in that variable.

Content MathML

<apply><partialdiff/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
  <apply><ci type="function">f</ci><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
</apply>

x y f x y

Sample Presentation

<mfrac>
 <mrow>
  <msup><mo>&#x2202;</mo><mn>2</mn></msup>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi>
   <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
   <mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mfenced>
  </mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mrow>
  <mrow><mo>&#x2202;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>
  <mrow><mo>&#x2202;</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
 </mrow>
</mfrac>

\frac{\partial^{2} f (x, y)}{\partial x \partial y}

${\frac{{\msup{\unicode{8706}}{{2}}{\mathop{f}{\left(x,y\right)}}}}{{{\unicode{8706}x}{\unicode{8706}y}}}}$

Where a total degree of differentiation must be specified, this is indicated by use of a degree element at the top level, i.e. without any associated bvar, as a child of the containing apply element.

Content MathML

<apply><partialdiff/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci><degree><ci>m</ci></degree></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci><degree><ci>n</ci></degree></bvar>
  <degree><ci>k</ci></degree>
  <apply><ci type="function">f</ci>
    <ci>x</ci>
    <ci>y</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

x m y n k f x y

Sample Presentation

<mfrac>
 <mrow>
  <msup><mo>&#x2202;</mo><mi>k</mi></msup>
  <mrow>
   <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mfenced>
  </mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mrow>
  <mrow><mo>&#x2202;</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi></msup></mrow>
  <mrow><mo>&#x2202;</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mi>n</mi></msup></mrow>
 </mrow>
</mfrac>

\frac{\partial^{k} f (x, y)}{\partial x^{m} \partial y^{n}}

${\frac{{\msup{\unicode{8706}}{k}{\mathop{f}{\left(x,y\right)}}}}{{{\unicode{8706}\msup{x}{m}}{\unicode{8706}\msup{y}{n}}}}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When applied to a function, the partialdiff element corresponds to the partialdiff symbol from the calculus1 content dictionary. No special rules are necessary as the two arguments of partialdiff translate directly to the two arguments of partialdiff.

Rewrite: partialdiffdegree

If partialdiff is used with an expression and bvar qualifiers it is rewritten to Strict Content MathML using the partialdiffdegree symbol.

<apply><partialdiff/>
  <bvar><ci>x1</ci><degree><ci>n1</ci></degree></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>xk</ci><degree><ci>nk</ci></degree></bvar>
  <degree><ci>total-n1-nk</ci></degree>
  <ci>expression-in-x1-xk</ci>
</apply>

x1 n1 xk nk total-n1-nk expression-in-x1-xk

<ci>expression-in-x1-xk</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variables.

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">partialdiffdegree</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="list1">list</csymbol>
      <ci>n1</ci> <ci>nk</ci>
    </apply>
    <ci>total-n1-nk</ci>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x1</ci></bvar>
    <bvar><ci>xk</ci></bvar>
    <ci>A</ci>
   </bind>
  </apply>
  <ci>x1</ci>
  <ci>xk</ci>
</apply>

partialdiffdegree list n1 nk total-n1-nk lambda x1 xk A x1 xk

If any of the bound variables do not use a degree qualifier, <cn>1</cn> should be used in place of the degree. If the original expression did not use the total degree qualifier then the second argument to partialdiffdegree should be the sum of the degrees, for example

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
  <ci>n1</ci> <ci>nk</ci>
</apply>

plus n1 nk

With this rule, the expression

<apply><partialdiff/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci><degree><ci>n</ci></degree></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci><degree><ci>m</ci></degree></bvar>
  <apply><sin/>
    <apply><times/><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

x n y m x y

is translated into

<apply>
  <apply><csymbol cd="calculus1">partialdiffdegree</csymbol>
    <apply><csymbol cd="list1">list</csymbol>
      <ci>n</ci><ci>m</ci>
    </apply>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
      <ci>n</ci><ci>m</ci>
    </apply>
    <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
      <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
      <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
      <apply><csymbol cd="transc1">sin</csymbol>
        <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">times</csymbol>
          <ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </bind>
    <ci>x</ci>
    <ci>y</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

partialdiffdegree list n m plus n m lambda x y sin times x y x y

4.4.4.4 Divergence `<divergence/>`

Class	unary-veccalc
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	divergence

The divergence element is the vector calculus divergence operator, often called div. It represents the divergence function which takes one argument which should be a vector of scalar-valued functions, intended to represent a vector-valued function, and returns the scalar-valued function giving the divergence of the argument.

Content MathML

<apply><divergence/><ci>a</ci></apply>

a

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>div</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>a</mi></mfenced></mrow>

div (a)

${\mathop{{\minormal{div}}}{\left(a\right)}}$

Content MathML

<apply><divergence/>
  <ci type="vector">E</ci>
</apply>

E

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>div</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>E</mi></mfenced></mrow>

div (E)

${\mathop{{\minormal{div}}}{\left(E\right)}}$

<mrow><mo>&#x2207;</mo><mo>&#x22c5;</mo><mi>E</mi></mrow>

\nabla \cdot E

${\unicode{8711}\unicode{8901}E}$

The functions defining the coordinates may be defined implicitly as expressions defined in terms of the coordinate names, in which case the coordinate names must be provided as bound variables.

Content MathML

<apply><divergence/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>z</ci></bvar>
  <vector>
    <apply><plus/><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
    <apply><plus/><ci>x</ci><ci>z</ci></apply>
    <apply><plus/><ci>z</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
  </vector>
</apply>

x y z x y x z z y

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>div</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mo>(</mo>
 <mtable>
  <mtr><mtd>
   <mi>x</mi>
   <mo>&#x21a6;</mo>
   <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
  </mtd></mtr>
  <mtr><mtd>
   <mi>y</mi>
   <mo>&#x21a6;</mo>
   <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow>
  </mtd></mtr>
  <mtr><mtd>
   <mi>z</mi>
   <mo>&#x21a6;</mo>
   <mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
  </mtd></mtr>
 </mtable>
 <mo>)</mo>
</mrow>

div (\begin{matrix} x \mapsto x + y \\ y \mapsto x + z \\ z \mapsto z + y \end{matrix})

${\left.\mathop{{\minormal{div}}}\middle({\begin{matrix}x\unicode{8614}{x+y}\\y\unicode{8614}{x+z}\\z\unicode{8614}{z+y}\end{matrix}}\middle)\right.}$

4.4.4.5 Gradient `<grad/>`

Class	unary-veccalc
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	grad

The grad element is the vector calculus gradient operator, often called grad. It is used to represent the grad function, which takes one argument which should be a scalar-valued function and returns a vector of functions.

Content MathML

<apply><grad/><ci type="function">f</ci></apply>

f

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>grad</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced></mrow>

grad (f)

${\mathop{{\minormal{grad}}}{\left(f\right)}}$

<mrow><mo>&#x2207;</mo><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>f</mi></mfenced></mrow>

\nabla (f)

${\unicode{8711}\unicode{8289}{\left(f\right)}}$

The functions defining the coordinates may be defined implicitly as expressions defined in terms of the coordinate names, in which case the coordinate names must be provided as bound variables.

Content MathML

<apply><grad/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>z</ci></bvar>
  <apply><times/><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci><ci>z</ci></apply>
</apply>

x y z x y z

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>grad</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mo>(</mo>
  <mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></mfenced>
  <mo>&#x21a6;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>z</mi>
  </mrow>
  <mo>)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

grad ((x, y, z) \mapsto x y z)

${\mathop{{\minormal{grad}}}{\left.\middle({\left(x,y,z\right)}\unicode{8614}{x\unicode{8290}y\unicode{8290}z}\middle)\right.}}$

4.4.4.6 Curl `<curl/>`

Class	unary-veccalc
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	curl

The curl element is used to represent the curl function of vector calculus. It takes one argument which should be a vector of scalar-valued functions, intended to represent a vector-valued function, and returns a vector of functions.

Content MathML

<apply><curl/><ci>a</ci></apply>

a

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>curl</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>a</mi></mfenced></mrow>

curl (a)

${\mathop{{\minormal{curl}}}{\left(a\right)}}$

<mrow><mo>&#x2207;</mo><mo>&#xd7;</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow>

\nabla \times a

${\unicode{8711}\unicode{215}a}$

The functions defining the coordinates may be defined implicitly as expressions defined in terms of the coordinate names, in which case the coordinate names must be provided as bound variables.

4.4.4.7 Laplacian `<laplacian/>`

Class	unary-veccalc
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	Laplacian

The laplacian element represents the Laplacian operator of vector calculus. The Laplacian takes a single argument which is a vector of scalar-valued functions representing a vector-valued function, and returns a vector of functions.

Content MathML

<apply><laplacian/><ci type="vector">E</ci></apply>

E

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msup><mo>&#x2207;</mo><mn>2</mn></msup>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mi>E</mi></mfenced>
</mrow>

\nabla^{2} (E)

${\msup{\unicode{8711}}{{2}}\unicode{8289}{\left(E\right)}}$

The functions defining the coordinates may be defined implicitly as expressions defined in terms of the coordinate names, in which case the coordinate names must be provided as bound variables.

Content MathML

<apply><laplacian/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>y</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci>z</ci></bvar>
  <apply><ci>f</ci><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
</apply>

x y z f x y

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msup><mo>&#x2207;</mo><mn>2</mn></msup>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mo>(</mo>
  <mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></mfenced>
  <mo>&#x21a6;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mfenced></mrow>
  <mo>)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

\nabla^{2} ((x, y, z) \mapsto f (x, y))

${\msup{\unicode{8711}}{{2}}\unicode{8289}{\left.\middle({\left(x,y,z\right)}\unicode{8614}{\mathop{f}{\left(x,y\right)}}\middle)\right.}}$

4.4.5 Theory of Sets

4.4.5.1 Set `<set>`

Class	nary-setlist-constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt, type?
`type` Attribute Values	"set" \| "multiset" \| text
Content	ContExp*
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	set, multiset

The set represents a function which constructs mathematical sets from its arguments. It is an n-ary function. The members of the set to be constructed may be given explicitly as child elements of the constructor, or specified by rule as described in Section 4.3.1.1 Container Markup for Constructor Symbols. There is no implied ordering to the elements of a set.

Content MathML

<set>
  <ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci>
</set>

a b c

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>{</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>}</mo>
</mrow>

{a, b, c}

${\left.\middle\{a,b,c\middle\}\right.}$

In general, a set can be constructed by providing a function and a domain of application. The elements of the set correspond to the values obtained by evaluating the function at the points of the domain.

Content MathML

<set>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><lt/><ci>x</ci><cn>5</cn></apply>
  </condition>
  <ci>x</ci>
</set>

x x 5 x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>{</mo>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>|</mo>
 <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow>
 <mo>}</mo>
</mrow>

{x | x < 5}

${\left.\middle\{x\middle|{x\lt{5}}\middle\}\right.}$

Content MathML

<set>
  <bvar><ci type="set">S</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><in/><ci>S</ci><ci type="list">T</ci></apply>
  </condition>
  <ci>S</ci>
</set>

S S T S

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>{</mo>
 <mi>S</mi>
 <mo>|</mo>
 <mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow>
 <mo>}</mo>
</mrow>

{S | S \in T}

${\left.\middle\{S\middle|{S\unicode{8712}T}\middle\}\right.}$

Content MathML

<set>
  <bvar><ci> x </ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><and/>
      <apply><lt/><ci>x</ci><cn>5</cn></apply>
      <apply><in/><ci>x</ci><naturalnumbers/></apply>
    </apply>
  </condition>
  <ci>x</ci>
</set>

x x 5 x x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>{</mo>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>|</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow>
  <mo>&#x2227;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
  </mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mo>}</mo>
</mrow>

{x | (x < 5) \land x \in N}

${\left.\middle\{x\middle|{{\left.\middle(x\lt{5}\middle)\right.}\unicode{8743}{x\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{N}}}}\middle\}\right.}$

4.4.5.2 List `<list>`

Class	nary-setlist-constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt, order
`order` Attribute Values	"numeric" \| "lexicographic"
Content	ContExp*
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	interval_cc, list

The list elements represents the n-ary function which constructs a list from its arguments. Lists differ from sets in that there is an explicit order to the elements.

The list entries and order may be given explicitly.

Content MathML

<list>
  <ci>a</ci><ci>b</ci><ci>c</ci>
</list>

a b c

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>)</mo>
</mrow>

(a, b, c)

${\left.\middle(a,b,c\middle)\right.}$

In general a list can be constructed by providing a function and a domain of application. The elements of the list correspond to the values obtained by evaluating the function at the points of the domain. When this method is used, the ordering of the list elements may not be clear, so the kind of ordering may be specified by the order attribute. Two orders are supported: lexicographic and numeric.

Content MathML

<list order="numeric">
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><lt/><ci>x</ci><cn>5</cn></apply>
  </condition>
</list>

x x 5

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>(</mo>
 <mi>x</mi>
 <mo>|</mo>
 <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow>
 <mo>)</mo>
</mrow>

(x | x < 5)

${\left.\middle(x\middle|{x\lt{5}}\middle)\right.}$

4.4.5.3 Union `<union/>`

Class	nary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	union

The union element is used to denote the n-ary union of sets. It takes sets as arguments, and denotes the set that contains all the elements that occur in any of them.

Arguments may be explicitly specified.

Content MathML

<apply><union/><ci>A</ci><ci>B</ci></apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x222a;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A \cup B

${A\unicode{8746}B}$

Arguments may also be specified using qualifier elements as described in Section 4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor). operator element can be used as a binding operator to construct the union over a collection of sets.

Content MathML

<apply><union/>
  <bvar><ci type="set">S</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication>
    <ci type="list">L</ci>
  </domainofapplication>
  <ci type="set"> S</ci>
</apply>

S L S

Sample Presentation

<mrow><munder><mo>&#x22c3;</mo><mi>L</mi></munder><mi>S</mi></mrow>

⋃_{L} S

${\munder{\unicode{8899}}{L}S}$

4.4.5.4 Intersect `<intersect/>`

Class	nary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	intersect

The intersect element is used to denote the n-ary intersection of sets. It takes sets as arguments, and denotes the set that contains all the elements that occur in all of them. Its arguments may be explicitly specified in the enclosing apply element, or specified using qualifier elements as described in Section 4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor).

Content MathML

<apply><intersect/>
  <ci type="set"> A </ci>
  <ci type="set"> B </ci>
</apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2229;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A \cap B

${A\unicode{8745}B}$

Content MathML

<apply><intersect/>
  <bvar><ci type="set">S</ci></bvar>
  <domainofapplication><ci type="list">L</ci></domainofapplication>
  <ci type="set"> S </ci>
</apply>

S L S

Sample Presentation

<mrow><munder><mo>&#x22c2;</mo><mi>L</mi></munder><mi>S</mi></mrow>

⋂_{L} S

${\munder{\unicode{8898}}{L}S}$

4.4.5.5 Set inclusion `<in/>`

Class	binary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	in

The in element represents the set inclusion relation. It has two arguments, an element and a set. It is used to denote that the element is in the given set.

Content MathML

<apply><in/><ci>a</ci><ci type="set">A</ci></apply>

a A

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow>

a \in A

${a\unicode{8712}A}$

When translating to Strict Content Markup, if the type has value "multiset", then the in symbol from multiset1 should be used instead.

4.4.5.6 Set exclusion `<notin/>`

Class	binary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	notin

The notin represents the negated set inclusion relation. It has two arguments, an element and a set. It is used to denote that the element is not in the given set.

Content MathML

<apply><notin/><ci>a</ci><ci type="set">A</ci></apply>

a A

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&#x2209;</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow>

a \notin A

${a\unicode{8713}A}$

When translating to Strict Content Markup, if the type has value "multiset", then the in symbol from multiset1 should be used instead.

4.4.5.7 Subset `<subset/>`

Class	nary-set-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	subset

The subset element represents the subset relation. It is used to denote that the first argument is a subset of the second. As described in Section 4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln), it may also be used as an n-ary operator to express that each argument is a subset of its predecessor.

Content MathML

<apply><subset/>
  <ci type="set">A</ci>
  <ci type="set">B</ci>
</apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2286;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A \subseteq B

${A\unicode{8838}B}$

4.4.5.8 Proper Subset `<prsubset/>`

Class	nary-set-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	prsubset

The prsubset element represents the proper subset relation, i.e. that the first argument is a proper subset of the second. As described in Section 4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln), it may also be used as an n-ary operator to express that each argument is a proper subset of its predecessor.

Content MathML

<apply><prsubset/>
  <ci type="set">A</ci>
  <ci type="set">B</ci>
</apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2282;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A \subset B

${A\unicode{8834}B}$

4.4.5.9 Not Subset `<notsubset/>`

Class	binary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	notsubset

The notsubset element represents the negated subset relation. It is used to denote that the first argument is not a subset of the second.

Content MathML

<apply><notsubset/>
  <ci type="set">A</ci>
  <ci type="set">B</ci>
</apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2288;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A ⊈ B

${A\unicode{8840}B}$

When translating to Strict Content Markup, if the type has value "multiset", then the in symbol from multiset1 should be used instead.

4.4.5.10 Not Proper Subset `<notprsubset/>`

Class	binary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	notprsubset

The notprsubset element represents the negated proper subset relation. It is used to denote that the first argument is not a proper subset of the second.

Content MathML

<apply><notprsubset/>
  <ci type="set">A</ci>
  <ci type="set">B</ci>
</apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2284;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A ⊄ B

${A\unicode{8836}B}$

When translating to Strict Content Markup, if the type has value "multiset", then the in symbol from multiset1 should be used instead.

4.4.5.11 Set Difference `<setdiff/>`

Class	binary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	setdiff, setdiff

The setdiff element represents set difference operator. It takes two sets as arguments, and denotes the set that contains all the elements that occur in the first set, but not in the second.

Content MathML

<apply><setdiff/>
  <ci type="set">A</ci>
  <ci type="set">B</ci>
</apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2216;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A ∖ B

${A\unicode{8726}B}$

When translating to Strict Content Markup, if the type has value "multiset", then the in symbol from multiset1 should be used instead.

4.4.5.12 Cardinality `<card/>`

Class	unary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	size, size

The card element represents the cardinality function, which takes a set argument and returns its cardinality, i.e. the number of elements in the set. The cardinality of a set is a non-negative integer, or an infinite cardinal number.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><card/><ci>A</ci></apply>
  <cn>5</cn>
</apply>

A 5

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mn>5</mn>
</mrow>

| A | = 5

${{\left.\middle|A\middle|\right.}={5}}$

When translating to Strict Content Markup, if the type has value "multiset", then the size symbol from multiset1 should be used instead.

4.4.5.13 Cartesian product `<cartesianproduct/>`

Class	nary-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	cartesian_product

The cartesianproduct element is used to represents the Cartesian product operator. It takes sets as arguments, which may be explicitly specified in the enclosing apply element, or specified using qualifier elements as described in Section 4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor).

Content MathML

<apply><cartesianproduct/><ci>A</ci><ci>B</ci></apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#xd7;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A \times B

${A\unicode{215}B}$

4.4.6 Sequences and Series

4.4.6.1 Sum `<sum/>`

Class	sum
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	sum

The sum element represents the n-ary addition operator. The terms of the sum are normally specified by rule through the use of qualifiers. While it can be used with an explicit list of arguments, this is strongly discouraged, and the plus operator should be used instead in such situations.

The sum operator may be used either with or without explicit bound variables. When a bound variable is used, the sum element is followed by one or more bvar elements giving the index variables, followed by qualifiers giving the domain for the index variables. The final child in the enclosing apply is then an expression in the bound variables, and the terms of the sum are obtained by evaluating this expression at each point of the domain of the index variables. Depending on the structure of the domain, the domain of summation is often given by using uplimit and lowlimit to specify upper and lower limits for the sum.

When no bound variables are explicitly given, the final child of the enclosing apply element must be a function, and the terms of the sum are obtained by evaluating the function at each point of the domain specified by qualifiers.

Content MathML

<apply><sum/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><ci>a</ci></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><ci>b</ci></uplimit>
  <apply><ci>f</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x a b f x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munderover>
  <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow>
  <mi>b</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced></mrow>
</mrow>

\sum_{x = a}^{b} f (x)

${\munderover{\unicode{8721}}{{x=a}}{b}{\mathop{f}{\left(x\right)}}}$

Content MathML

<apply><sum/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><in/><ci>x</ci><ci type="set">B</ci></apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><ci type="function">f</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x B f x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munder>
  <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>
 </munder>
 <mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced></mrow>
</mrow>

\sum_{x \in B} f (x)

${\munder{\unicode{8721}}{{x\unicode{8712}B}}{\mathop{f}{\left(x\right)}}}$

Content MathML

<apply><sum/>
  <domainofapplication>
    <ci type="set">B</ci>
  </domainofapplication>
  <ci type="function">f</ci>
</apply>

B f

Sample Presentation

<mrow><munder><mo>&#x2211;</mo><mi>B</mi></munder><mi>f</mi></mrow>

\sum_{B} f

${\munder{\unicode{8721}}{B}f}$

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

When no explicit bound variables are used, no special rules are required to rewrite sums as Strict Content beyond the generic rules for rewriting expressions using qualifiers. However, when bound variables are used, it is necessary to introduce a lambda construction to rewrite the expression in the bound variables as a function.

Content MathML

<apply><sum/>
  <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><cn>0</cn></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><cn>100</cn></uplimit>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><ci>i</ci></apply>
</apply>

i 0100 x i

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">sum</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="interval1">integer_interval</csymbol>
    <cn>0</cn>
    <cn>100</cn>
  </apply>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">power</csymbol><ci>x</ci><ci>i</ci></apply>
  </bind>
</apply>

sum integer_interval 0100 lambda i power x i

4.4.6.2 Product `<product/>`

Class	product
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	product

The product element represents the n-ary multiplication operator. The terms of the product are normally specified by rule through the use of qualifiers. While it can be used with an explicit list of arguments, this is strongly discouraged, and the times operator should be used instead in such situations.

The product operator may be used either with or without explicit bound variables. When a bound variable is used, the product element is followed by one or more bvar elements giving the index variables, followed by qualifiers giving the domain for the index variables. The final child in the enclosing apply is then an expression in the bound variables, and the terms of the product are obtained by evaluating this expression at each point of the domain. Depending on the structure of the domain, it is commonly given using uplimit and lowlimit qualifiers.

When no bound variables are explicitly given, the final child of the enclosing apply element must be a function, and the terms of the product are obtained by evaluating the function at each point of the domain specified by qualifiers.

Content MathML

<apply><product/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><ci>a</ci></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><ci>b</ci></uplimit>
  <apply><ci type="function">f</ci>
    <ci>x</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

x a b f x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munderover>
  <mo>&#x220f;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow>
  <mi>b</mi>
 </munderover>
 <mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced></mrow>
</mrow>

\prod_{x = a}^{b} f (x)

${\munderover{\unicode{8719}}{{x=a}}{b}{\mathop{f}{\left(x\right)}}}$

Content MathML

<apply><product/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><in/>
      <ci>x</ci>
      <ci type="set">B</ci>
    </apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><ci>f</ci><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x B f x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munder>
  <mo>&#x220f;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>
 </munder>
 <mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced></mrow>
</mrow>

\prod_{x \in B} f (x)

${\munder{\unicode{8719}}{{x\unicode{8712}B}}{\mathop{f}{\left(x\right)}}}$

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

When no explicit bound variables are used, no special rules are required to rewrite products as Strict Content beyond the generic rules for rewriting expressions using qualifiers. However, when bound variables are used, it is necessary to introduce a lambda construction to rewrite the expression in the bound variables as a function.

Content MathML

<apply><product/>
  <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><cn>0</cn></lowlimit>
  <uplimit><cn>100</cn></uplimit>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><ci>i</ci></apply>
</apply>

i 0100 x i

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="arith1">product</csymbol>
  <apply><csymbol cd="interval1">integer_interval</csymbol>
    <cn>0</cn>
    <cn>100</cn>
  </apply>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>i</ci></bvar>
    <apply><csymbol cd="arith1">power</csymbol><ci>x</ci><ci>i</ci></apply>
  </bind>
</apply>

product integer_interval 0100 lambda i power x i

4.4.6.3 Limits `<limit/>`

Class	limit
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	lowlimit, condition
OM Symbols	limit, both_sides, above, below, null

The limit element represents the operation of taking a limit of a sequence. The limit point is expressed by specifying a lowlimit and a bvar, or by specifying a condition on one or more bound variables.

Content MathML

<apply><limit/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <lowlimit><cn>0</cn></lowlimit>
  <apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x 0 x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munder>
  <mi>lim</mi>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow>
 </munder>
 <mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>
</mrow>

\lim_{x \to 0} \sin x

${\munder{{\minormal{lim}}}{{x\unicode{8594}{0}}}{\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}x}}$

Content MathML

<apply><limit/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><tendsto/><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x 0 x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munder>
  <mi>lim</mi>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow>
 </munder>
 <mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>
</mrow>

\lim_{x \to 0} \sin x

${\munder{{\minormal{lim}}}{{x\unicode{8594}{0}}}{\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}x}}$

Content MathML

<apply><limit/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><tendsto type="above"/><ci>x</ci><ci>a</ci></apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>
</apply>

x x a x

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <munder>
  <mi>lim</mi>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#x2192;</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow>
 </munder>
 <mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>
</mrow>

\lim_{x \to a^{+}} \sin x

${\munder{{\minormal{lim}}}{{x\unicode{8594}\msup{a}{+}}}{\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}x}}$

The direction from which a limiting value is approached is given as an argument limit in Strict Content MathML, which supplies the direction specifier symbols both_sides, above, and below for this purpose. The first correspond to the values "all", "above", and "below" of the type attribute of the tendsto element below. The null symbol corresponds to the case where no type attribute is present. We translate

Rewrite: limits condition

<apply><limit/>
  <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><tendsto/><ci>x</ci><cn>0</cn></apply>
  </condition>
  <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
</apply>

x x 0 expression-in-x

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="limit1">limit</csymbol>
  <cn>0</cn>
  <csymbol cd="limit1">null</csymbol>
  <bind><csymbol cd="fns1">lambda</csymbol>
    <bvar><ci>x</ci></bvar>
    <ci>expression-in-x</ci>
  </bind>
</apply>

limit 0 null lambda x expression-in-x

where <ci>expression-in-x</ci> is an arbitrary expression involving the bound variable(s), and the choice of symbol, null depends on the type attribute of the tendsto element as described above.

4.4.6.4 Tends To `<tendsto/>`

Class	binary-reln
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt, type?
`type` Attribute Values	string
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	limit

The tendsto element is used to express the relation that a quantity is tending to a specified value. While this is used primarily as part of the statement of a mathematical limit, it exists as a construct on its own to allow one to capture mathematical statements such as "As x tends to y," and to provide a building block to construct more general kinds of limits.

The tendsto element takes the attributes type to set the direction from which the limiting value is approached.

Content MathML

<apply><tendsto type="above"/>
  <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
   <apply><power/><ci>a</ci><cn>2</cn></apply>
</apply>

x 2 a 2

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
 <mo>&#x2192;</mo>
 <msup><msup><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo></msup>
</mrow>

x^{2} \to {a^{2}}^{+}

$\msup{x}{2}\unicode{8594}\msup{\msup{a}{2}}{+}$

Content MathML

<apply><tendsto/>
  <vector><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></vector>
   <vector>
     <apply><ci type="function">f</ci><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
     <apply><ci type="function">g</ci><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
   </vector>
</apply>

x y f x y g x y

Sample Presentation

<mfenced><mtable>
  <mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi></mtd></mtr>
  <mtr><mtd><mi>y</mi></mtd></mtr>
</mtable></mfenced>
<mo>&#x2192;</mo>
<mfenced><mtable>
  <mtr><mtd>
    <mi>f</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mfenced>
  </mtd></mtr>
  <mtr><mtd>
    <mi>g</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mfenced>
  </mtd></mtr>
</mtable></mfenced>

(\begin{matrix} x \\ y \end{matrix}) \to (\begin{matrix} f (x, y) \\ g (x, y) \end{matrix})

${{\left.\middle({\begin{matrix}x\\y\end{matrix}}\middle)\right.}\unicode{8594}{\left.\middle({\begin{matrix}{\mathop{f}{\left(x,y\right)}}\\{\mathop{g}{\left(x,y\right)}}\end{matrix}}\middle)\right.}}$

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

The usage of tendsto to qualify a limit is formally defined by writing the expression in Strict Content MathML via the rule Rewrite: limits condition. The meanings of other more idiomatic uses of tendsto are not formally defined by this specification. When rewriting these cases to Strict Content MathML, tendsto should be rewritten to an annotated identifier as shown below.

Rewrite: tendsto

<tendsto/>

Strict Content MathML equivalent:

<semantics>
 <ci>tendsto</ci>
 <annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content">
  <tendsto/>
 </annotation-xml>
</semantics>

tendsto

4.4.7 Elementary classical functions

4.4.7.1 Common trigonometric functions

Class	unary-elementary
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	sin

`sin`	`cos`	`tan`	`sec`	`csc`	`cot`
`sinh`	`cosh`	`tanh`	`sech`	`csch`	`coth`
`arcsin`	`arccos`	`arctan`	`arccosh`	`arccot`	`arccoth`
`arccsc`	`arccsch`	`arcsec`	`arcsech`	`arcsinh`	`arctanh`

These operator elements denote the standard trigonometric and hyperbolic functions and their inverses. Since their standard interpretations are widely known, they are discussed as a group. In the case of inverse functions there are differing definitions in use. For maximum interoperability applications evaluating such expressions should follow the definitions in [Abramowitz1997].

Content MathML

<apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>

x

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>

\sin x

${\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}x}$

Content MathML

<apply><sin/>
  <apply><plus/>
    <apply><cos/><ci>x</ci></apply>
    <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>3</cn></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

x x 3

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>sin</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mo>(</mo>
  <mrow><mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>
  <mo>+</mo>
  <msup><mi>x</mi><mn>3</mn></msup>
  <mo>)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

\sin (\cos x + x^{3})

${\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}{\left.\middle({\mathop{{\minormal{cos}}}x}+\msup{x}{{3}}\middle)\right.}}$

4.4.7.2 Exponential `<exp/>`

Class	unary-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	exp

The exp element represents the exponentiation function associated with the inverse of the ln function. It takes one argument.

Content MathML

<apply><exp/><ci>x</ci></apply>

x

Sample Presentation

<msup><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></msup>

e^{x}

$\msup{e}{x}$

4.4.7.3 Natural Logarithm `<ln/>`

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	ln

The ln element represents the natural logarithm function.

Content MathML

<apply><ln/><ci>a</ci></apply>

a

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow>

\ln a

${\mathop{{\minormal{ln}}}a}$

4.4.7.4 Logarithm `<log/>`

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	logbase
OM Symbols	log

The log elements represents the logarithm function relative to a given base. When present, the logbase qualifier specifies the base. Otherwise, the base is assumed to be 10. apply.

Content MathML

<apply><log/>
  <logbase><cn>3</cn></logbase>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

3 x

Sample Presentation

<mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>

\log_{3} x

${\msub{{\minormal{log}}}{{3}}\unicode{8289}x}$

Content MathML

<apply><log/><ci>x</ci></apply>

x

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>log</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>

\log x

${\mathop{{\minormal{log}}}x}$

Mapping to Strict Content MathML

When mapping log to Strict Content, one uses the log symbol denoting the function that returns the log of its second argument with respect to the base specified by the first argument. When logbase is present, it determines the base. Otherwise, the default base of 10 must be explicitly provided in Strict markup. See the following example.

<apply><plus/>
  <apply>
    <log/>
    <logbase><cn>2</cn></logbase>
    <ci>x</ci>
  </apply>
  <apply>
    <log/>
    <ci>y</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

2 x y

Strict Content MathML equivalent:

<apply>
  <csymbol cd="arith1">plus</csymbol>
  <apply>
    <csymbol cd="transc1">log</csymbol>
    <cn>2</cn>
    <ci>x</ci>
  </apply>
  <apply>
    <csymbol cd="transc1">log</csymbol>
    <cn>10</cn>
    <ci>y</ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

plus log 2 x log 10 y

4.4.8 Statistics

4.4.8.1 Mean `<mean/>`

Class	nary-stats
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	mean, mean

The mean element represents the function returning arithmetic mean or average of a data set or random variable.

Content MathML

<apply><mean/>
  <cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn><cn>3</cn><cn>7</cn><cn>4</cn>
</apply>

34374

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x2329;</mo>
 <mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn>
 <mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn>
 <mo>&#x232a;</mo>
</mrow>

〈 3, 4, 3, 7, 4 〉

${\unicode{9001}{3},{4},{3},{7},{4}\unicode{9002}}$

Content MathML

<apply><mean/><ci>X</ci></apply>

X

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>&#x2329;</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>&#x232a;</mo></mrow>

〈 X 〉

${\unicode{9001}X\unicode{9002}}$

<mover><mi>X</mi><mo>&#xaf;</mo></mover>

\bar{X}

${\overline{X}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When the mean element is applied to an explicit list of arguments, the translation to Strict Content markup is direct, using the mean symbol from the s_data1 content dictionary, as described in Rewrite: element. When it is applied to a distribution, then the mean symbol from the s_dist1 content dictionary should be used. In the case with qualifiers use Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication with the same caveat.

4.4.8.2 Standard Deviation `<sdev/>`

Class	nary-stats
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	sdev, sdev

The sdev element is used to denote the standard deviation function for a data set or random variable. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of dispersion given by the square root of the variance.

Content MathML

<apply><sdev/>
  <cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn><cn>2</cn><cn>2</cn>
</apply>

3422

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>&#x3c3;</mo>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mn>3</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></mfenced>
</mrow>

σ (3, 4, 2, 2)

${\unicode{963}\unicode{8289}{\left({3},{4},{2},{2}\right)}}$

Content MathML

<apply><sdev/>
  <ci type="discrete_random_variable">X</ci>
</apply>

X

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mo>&#x3c3;</mo><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mfenced><mi>X</mi></mfenced></mrow>

σ (X)

${\unicode{963}\unicode{8289}{\left(X\right)}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When the sdev element is applied to an explicit list of arguments, the translation to Strict Content markup is direct, using the sdev symbol from the s_data1 content dictionary, as described in Rewrite: element. When it is applied to a distribution, then the sdev symbol from the s_dist1 content dictionary should be used. In the case with qualifiers use Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication with the same caveat.

4.4.8.3 Variance `<variance/>`

Class	nary-stats
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ,DomainQ
OM Symbols	variance, variance

The variance element represents the variance of a data set or random variable. Variance is a statistical measure of dispersion, averaging the squares of the deviations of possible values from their mean.

Content MathML

<apply><variance/>
  <cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn><cn>2</cn><cn>2</cn>
</apply>

3422

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msup>
  <mo>&#x3c3;</mo>
  <mn>2</mn>
 </msup>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mn>3</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></mfenced>
</mrow>

σ^{2} (3, 4, 2, 2)

$\msup{\unicode{963}}{2}\unicode{8289}\left(3,4,2,2\right)$

Content MathML

<apply><variance/>
  <ci type="discrete_random_variable"> X</ci>
</apply>

X

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msup><mo>&#x3c3;</mo><mn>2</mn></msup>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mi>X</mi></mfenced>
</mrow>

σ^{2} (X)

$\msup{\unicode{963}}{2}\unicode{8289}\left(X\right)$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When the variance element is applied to an explicit list of arguments, the translation to Strict Content markup is direct, using the variance symbol from the s_data1 content dictionary, as described in Rewrite: element. When it is applied to a distribution, then the variance symbol from the s_dist1 content dictionary should be used. In the case with qualifiers use Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication with the same caveat.

4.4.8.4 Median `<median/>`

Class	nary-stats
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ, DomainQ
OM Symbols	median

The median element represents an operator returning the median of its arguments. The median is a number separating the lower half of the sample values from the upper half.

Content MathML

<apply><median/>
  <cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn><cn>2</cn><cn>2</cn>
</apply>

3422

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>median</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mn>3</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></mfenced>
</mrow>

median (3, 4, 2, 2)

${\mathop{{\minormal{median}}}{\left({3},{4},{2},{2}\right)}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When the median element is applied to an explicit list of arguments, the translation to Strict Content markup is direct, using the median symbol from the s_data1 content dictionary, as described in Rewrite: element.

4.4.8.5 Mode `<mode/>`

Class	nary-stats
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	BvarQ, DomainQ
OM Symbols	mode

The mode element is used to denote the mode of its arguments. The mode is the value which occurs with the greatest frequency.

Content MathML

<apply><mode/>
  <cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn><cn>2</cn><cn>2</cn>
</apply>

3422

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>mode</mi>
 <mo>&#x2061;</mo>
 <mfenced><mn>3</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></mfenced>
</mrow>

mode (3, 4, 2, 2)

${\mathop{{\minormal{mode}}}{\left({3},{4},{2},{2}\right)}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When the mode element is applied to an explicit list of arguments, the translation to Strict Content markup is direct, using the mode symbol from the s_data1 content dictionary, as described in Rewrite: element.

4.4.8.6 Moment (`<moment/>`, `<momentabout>`)

Class	unary-functional
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
Qualifiers	degree, momentabout
OM Symbols	moment, moment

The moment element is used to denote the ith moment of a set of data set or random variable. The moment function accepts the degree and momentabout qualifiers. If present, the degree schema denotes the order of the moment. Otherwise, the moment is assumed to be the first order moment. When used with moment, the degree schema is expected to contain a single child. If present, the momentabout schema denotes the point about which the moment is taken. Otherwise, the moment is assumed to be the moment about zero.

Content MathML

<apply><moment/>
  <degree><cn>3</cn></degree>
  <momentabout><mean/></momentabout>
  <cn>6</cn><cn>4</cn><cn>2</cn><cn>2</cn><cn>5</cn>
</apply>

3 64225

Sample Presentation

<msub>
 <mrow>
  <mo>&#x2329;</mo>
  <msup>
   <mfenced><mn>6</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>5</mn></mfenced>
   <mn>3</mn>
  </msup>
  <mo>&#x232a;</mo>
 </mrow>
 <mi>mean</mi>
</msub>

{〈 {(6, 4, 2, 2, 5)}^{3} 〉}_{mean}

$\msub{{\unicode{9001}\msup{{\left({6},{4},{2},{2},{5}\right)}}{{3}}\unicode{9002}}}{{\minormal{mean}}}$

Content MathML

<apply><moment/>
  <degree><cn>3</cn></degree>
  <momentabout><ci>p</ci></momentabout>
  <ci>X</ci>
</apply>

3 p X

Sample Presentation

<msub>
 <mrow>
  <mo>&#x2329;</mo><msup><mi>X</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>&#x232a;</mo>
 </mrow>
 <mi>p</mi>
</msub>

{〈 X^{3} 〉}_{p}

$\msub{{\unicode{9001}\msup{X}{{3}}\unicode{9002}}}{p}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

When rewriting to Strict Markup, the moment symbol from the s_data1 content dictionary is used when the moment element is applied to an explicit list of arguments. When it is applied to a distribution, then the moment symbol from the s_dist1 content dictionary should be used. Both operators take the degree as the first argument, the point as the second, followed by the data set or random variable respectively.

<apply><moment/>
  <degree><cn>3</cn></degree>
  <momentabout><ci>p</ci></momentabout>
  <ci>X</ci>
</apply>

3 p X

Strict Content MathML equivalent

<apply><csymbol cd="s_dist1">moment</csymbol>
  <cn>3</cn>
  <ci>p</ci>
  <ci>X</ci>
</apply>

moment 3 p X

4.4.9 Linear Algebra

4.4.9.1 Vector `<vector>`

Class	nary-constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Qualifiers	BvarQ, DomainQ
Content	ContExp*
OM Symbol	vector

A vector is an ordered n-tuple of values representing an element of an n-dimensional vector space.

For purposes of interaction with matrices and matrix multiplication, vectors are regarded as equivalent to a matrix consisting of a single column, and the transpose of a vector as a matrix consisting of a single row.

The components of a vector may be given explicitly as child elements, or specified by rule as described in Section 4.3.1.1 Container Markup for Constructor Symbols.

Content MathML

<vector>
  <apply><plus/><ci>x</ci><ci>y</ci></apply>
  <cn>3</cn>
  <cn>7</cn>
</vector>

x y 37

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>(</mo>
 <mtable>
  <mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr>
  <mtr><mtd><mn>3</mn></mtd></mtr>
  <mtr><mtd><mn>7</mn></mtd></mtr>
 </mtable>
 <mo>)</mo>
</mrow>

(\begin{matrix} x + y \\ 3 \\ 7 \end{matrix})

${\left.\middle({\begin{matrix}{x+y}\\{3}\\{7}\end{matrix}}\middle)\right.}$

<mfenced>
  <mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow>
  <mn>3</mn>
  <mn>7</mn>
</mfenced>

(x + y, 3, 7)

${\left({x+y},{3},{7}\right)}$

4.4.9.2 Matrix `<matrix>`

Class	nary-constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Qualifiers	BvarQ, DomainQ
Content	ContExp*
OM Symbol	matrix

A matrix is regarded as made up of matrix rows, each of which can be thought of as a special type of vector.

Note that the behavior of the matrix and matrixrow elements is substantially different from the mtable and mtr presentation elements.

The matrix element is a constructor element, so the entries may be given explicitly as child elements, or specified by rule as described in Section 4.3.1.1 Container Markup for Constructor Symbols. In the latter case, the entries are specified by providing a function and a 2-dimensional domain of application. The entries of the matrix correspond to the values obtained by evaluating the function at the points of the domain.

Content MathML

<matrix>
  <bvar><ci type="integer">i</ci></bvar>
  <bvar><ci type="integer">j</ci></bvar>
  <condition>
    <apply><and/>
      <apply><in/>
        <ci>i</ci>
        <interval><ci>1</ci><ci>5</ci></interval>
      </apply>
      <apply><in/>
        <ci>j</ci>
        <interval><ci>5</ci><ci>9</ci></interval>
      </apply>
    </apply>
  </condition>
  <apply><power/><ci>i</ci><ci>j</ci></apply>
</matrix>

i j i 15 j 59 i j

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mo>[</mo>
 <msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub>
 <mo>|</mo>
 <mrow>
  <msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub>
  <mo>=</mo>
  <msup><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></msup>
 </mrow>
 <mo>;</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mrow>
   <mi>i</mi>
   <mo>&#x2208;</mo>
   <mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>1</mi><mi>5</mi></mfenced>
  </mrow>
  <mo>&#x2227;</mo>
  <mrow>
   <mi>j</mi>
   <mo>&#x2208;</mo>
   <mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>5</mi><mi>9</mi></mfenced>
  </mrow>
 </mrow>
 <mo>]</mo>
</mrow>

[m_{i, j} | m_{i, j} = i^{j}; i \in [1, 5] \land j \in [5, 9]]

${\left.[\msub{m}{{i,j}}\middle|{\msub{m}{{i,j}}=\msup{i}{j}};{{i\unicode{8712}{\left[1,5\right]}}\unicode{8743}{j\unicode{8712}{\left[5,9\right]}}}]\right.}$

4.4.9.3 Matrix row `<matrixrow>`

Class	nary-constructor
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Qualifiers	BvarQ, DomainQ
Content	ContExp*
OM Symbol	matrixrow

This element is an n-ary constructor used to represent rows of matrices.

Matrix rows are not directly rendered by themselves outside of the context of a matrix.

4.4.9.4 Determinant `<determinant/>`

Class	unary-linalg
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	determinant

This element is used for the unary function which returns the determinant of its argument, which should be a square matrix.

Content MathML

<apply><determinant/>
  <ci type="matrix">A</ci>
</apply>

A

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>det</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow>

\det A

${\mathop{{\minormal{det}}}A}$

4.4.9.5 Transpose `<transpose/>`

Class	unary-linalg
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	transpose

This element represents a unary function that signifies the transpose of the given matrix or vector.

Content MathML

<apply><transpose/>
  <ci type="matrix">A</ci>
</apply>

A

Sample Presentation

<msup><mi>A</mi><mi>T</mi></msup>

A^{T}

$\msup{A}{T}$

4.4.9.6 Selector `<selector/>`

Class	nary-linalg
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	vector_selector, matrix_selector

The selector element is the operator for indexing into vectors, matrices and lists. It accepts one or more arguments. The first argument identifies the vector, matrix or list from which the selection is taking place, and the second and subsequent arguments, if any, indicate the kind of selection taking place.

When selector is used with a single argument, it should be interpreted as giving the sequence of all elements in the list, vector or matrix given. The ordering of elements in the sequence for a matrix is understood to be first by column, then by row; so the resulting list is of matrix rows given entry by entry. That is, for a matrix (a_i,j), where the indices denote row and column, respectively, the ordering would be a_1,1, a_1,2, ... a_2,1, a_2,2 ... etc.

When two arguments are given, and the first is a vector or list, the second argument specifies the index of an entry in the list or vector. If the first argument is a matrix then the second argument specifies the index of a matrix row.

When three arguments are given, the last one is ignored for a list or vector, and in the case of a matrix, the second and third arguments specify the row and column indices of the selected element.

Content MathML

<apply><selector/><ci type="vector">V</ci><cn>1</cn></apply>

V 1

Sample Presentation

<msub><mi>V</mi><mn>1</mn></msub>

V_{1}

$\msub{V}{{1}}$

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><selector/>
    <matrix>
      <matrixrow><cn>1</cn><cn>2</cn></matrixrow>
      <matrixrow><cn>3</cn><cn>4</cn></matrixrow>
    </matrix>
    <cn>1</cn>
  </apply>
  <matrix>
    <matrixrow><cn>1</cn><cn>2</cn></matrixrow>
  </matrix>
</apply>

1234112

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <msub>
  <mrow>
   <mo>(</mo>
   <mtable>
    <mtr><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>2</mn></mtd></mtr>
    <mtr><mtd><mn>3</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>4</mn></mtd></mtr>
   </mtable>
   <mo>)</mo>
  </mrow>
  <mn>1</mn>
 </msub>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mo>(</mo>
  <mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>2</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable>
  <mo>)</mo>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

{(\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{matrix})}_{1} = (\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 \end{matrix})

$\msub{\left({\begin{matrix} 1\endcell 2\\ 3\endcell 4\end{matrix}}\right)}{1}=\left(\begin{matrix} 1\endcell 2\end{matrix}\right)$

4.4.9.7 Vector product `<vectorproduct/>`

Class	binary-linalg
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	vectorproduct

This element represents the vector product. It takes two three-dimensional vector arguments and represents as value a three-dimensional vector.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><vectorproduct/>
    <ci type="vector"> A </ci>
    <ci type="vector"> B </ci>
 </apply>
  <apply><times/>
    <ci>a</ci>
    <ci>b</ci>
    <apply><sin/><ci>&#x3b8;</ci></apply>
    <ci type="vector"> N </ci>
  </apply>
</apply>

A B a b θ N

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#xd7;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mi>a</mi>
  <mo>&#x2062;</mo>
  <mi>b</mi>
  <mo>&#x2062;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>&#x3b8;</mi></mrow>
  <mo>&#x2062;</mo>
  <mi>N</mi>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

A \times B = a b \sin θ N

${{A\unicode{215}B}={a\unicode{8290}b\unicode{8290}{\mathop{{\minormal{sin}}}\unicode{952}}\unicode{8290}N}}$

4.4.9.8 Scalar product `<scalarproduct/>`

Class	binary-linalg
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	scalarproduct

This element represents the scalar product function. It takes two vector arguments and returns a scalar value.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><scalarproduct/>
    <ci type="vector">A</ci>
    <ci type="vector">B</ci>
  </apply>
  <apply><times/>
    <ci>a</ci>
    <ci>b</ci>
    <apply><cos/><ci>&#x3b8;</ci></apply>
  </apply>
</apply>

A B a b θ

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mrow>
  <mi>a</mi>
  <mo>&#x2062;</mo>
  <mi>b</mi>
  <mo>&#x2062;</mo>
  <mrow><mi>cos</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>&#x3b8;</mi></mrow>
 </mrow>
</mrow>

A . B = a b \cos θ

${{A.B}={a\unicode{8290}b\unicode{8290}{\mathop{{\minormal{cos}}}\unicode{952}}}}$

4.4.9.9 Outer product `<outerproduct/>`

Class	binary-linalg
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	outerproduct

This element represents the outer product function. It takes two vector arguments and returns as value a matrix.

Content MathML

<apply><outerproduct/>
  <ci type="vector">A</ci>
  <ci type="vector">B</ci>
</apply>

A B

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#x2297;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow>

A \otimes B

${A\unicode{8855}B}$

4.4.10 Constant and Symbol Elements

This section explains the use of the Constant and Symbol elements.

4.4.10.1 integers `<integers/>`

Class	constant-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	Z

This element represents the set of integers, positive, negative and zero.

Content MathML

<apply><in/>
  <cn type="integer"> 42 </cn>
  <integers/>
</apply>

42

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>42</mn><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi></mrow>

42 \in Z

${{42}\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{Z}}}$

4.4.10.2 reals `<reals/>`

Class	constant-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	R

This element represents the set of real numbers.

Content MathML

<apply><in/>
  <cn type="real"> 44.997</cn>
  <reals/>
</apply>

44.997

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mn>44.997</mn><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>

44.997 \in R

${{44.997}\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{R}}}$

4.4.10.3 Rational Numbers `<rationals/>`

Class	constant-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	Q

This element represents the set of rational numbers.

Content MathML

<apply><in/>
  <cn type="rational"> 22 <sep/>7</cn>
  <rationals/>
</apply>

22 7

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow>
 <mo>&#x2208;</mo>
 <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>

22 / 7 \in Q

${{{22}/{7}}\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{Q}}}$

4.4.10.4 Natural Numbers `<naturalnumbers/>`

Class	constant-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	N

This element represents the set of natural numbers (including zero).

Content MathML

<apply><in/>
  <cn type="integer">1729</cn>
  <naturalnumbers/>
</apply>

1729

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mn>1729</mn><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>

1729 \in N

${{1729}\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{N}}}$

4.4.10.5 complexes `<complexes/>`

Class	constant-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	C

This element represents the set of complex numbers.

Content MathML

<apply><in/>
  <cn type="complex-cartesian">17<sep/>29</cn>
  <complexes/>
</apply>

17 29

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mn>17</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>29</mn><mo>&#x2062;</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow>
 <mo>&#x2208;</mo>
 <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>

17 + 29 i \in C

${{{17}+{29}\unicode{8290}i}\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{C}}}$

4.4.10.6 primes `<primes/>`

Class	constant-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	P

This element represents the set of positive prime numbers.

Content MathML

<apply><in/>
  <cn type="integer">17</cn>
  <primes/>
</apply>

17

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mn>17</mn><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi></mrow>

17 \in P

${{17}\unicode{8712}{\midoublestruck{P}}}$

4.4.10.7 Exponential e `<exponentiale/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	e

This element represents the base of the natural logarithm, approximately 2.718.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><ln/><exponentiale/></apply>
  <cn>1</cn>
</apply>

1

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mi>e</mi></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mn>1</mn>
</mrow>

\ln e = 1

${{\mathop{{\minormal{ln}}}e}={1}}$

4.4.10.8 Imaginary i `<imaginaryi/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	i

This element represents the mathematical constant which is the square root of -1, commonly written i

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><power/><imaginaryi/><cn>2</cn></apply>
  <cn>-1</cn>
</apply>

2 -1

Sample Presentation

<mrow><msup><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>-1</mn></mrow>

i^{2} = -1

${\msup{i}{{2}}={\mn{-1}}}$

4.4.10.9 Not A Number `<notanumber/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	NaN

This element represents the notion of not-a-number, i.e. the result of an ill-posed floating computation. See [IEEE754].

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><divide/><cn>0</cn><cn>0</cn></apply>
  <notanumber/>
</apply>

00

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mi>NaN</mi>
</mrow>

0 / 0 = NaN

${{{0}/{0}}={\minormal{NaN}}}$

4.4.10.10 True `<true/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	true

This element represents the Boolean value true, i.e. the logical constant for truth.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><or/>
    <true/>
     <ci type="boolean">P</ci>
  </apply>
  <true/>
</apply>

P

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>true</mi><mo>&#x2228;</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mi>true</mi>
</mrow>

true \lor P = true

${{{\minormal{true}}\unicode{8744}P}={\minormal{true}}}$

4.4.10.11 False `<false/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	false

This element represents the Boolean value false, i.e. the logical constant for falsehood.

Content MathML

<apply><eq/>
  <apply><and/>
    <false/>
    <ci type="boolean">P</ci>
  </apply>
  <false/>
</apply>

P

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mrow><mi>false</mi><mo>&#x2227;</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow>
 <mo>=</mo>
 <mi>false</mi>
</mrow>

false \land P = false

${{{\minormal{false}}\unicode{8743}P}={\minormal{false}}}$

4.4.10.12 Empty Set `<emptyset/>`

Class	constant-set
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	emptyset, emptyset

This element is used to represent the empty set, that is the set which contains no members.

Content MathML

<apply><neq/>
  <integers/>
  <emptyset/>
</apply>

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi><mo>&#x2260;</mo><mi>&#x2205;</mi>
</mrow>

Z \neq \emptyset

${{\midoublestruck{Z}}\unicode{8800}\unicode{8709}}$

Mapping to Strict Markup

In some situations, it may be clear from context that emptyset corresponds to the emptyset However, as there is no method other than annotation for an author to explicitly indicate this, it is always acceptable to translate to the emptyset symbol from the set1 CD.

4.4.10.13 pi `<pi/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	pi

This element represents pi, approximately 3.142, which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

Content MathML

<apply><approx/>
  <pi/>
  <cn type="rational">22<sep/>7</cn>
</apply>

22 7

Sample Presentation

<mrow>
 <mi>&#x3c0;</mi>
 <mo>&#x2243;</mo>
 <mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow>
</mrow>

π ≃ 22 / 7

${\unicode{960}\unicode{8771}{{22}/{7}}}$

4.4.10.14 Euler gamma `<eulergamma/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	gamma

This element denotes the gamma constant, approximately 0.5772.

Content MathML

<apply><approx/>
  <eulergamma/>
  <cn>0.5772156649</cn>
</apply>

0.5772156649

Sample Presentation

<mrow><mi>&#x3b3;</mi><mo>&#x2243;</mo><mn>0.5772156649</mn></mrow>

γ ≃ 0.5772156649

${\unicode{947}\unicode{8771}{0.5772156649}}$

4.4.10.15 infinity `<infinity/>`

Class	constant-arith
Attributes	CommonAtt, DefEncAtt
Content	Empty
OM Symbols	infinity

This element represents the notion of infinity.

Content MathML

<infinity/>

Sample Presentation

<mi>&#x221e;</mi>

\infty

$\unicode{8734}$

4.5 Deprecated Content Elements

4.5.1 Declare `<declare>`

MathML2 provided the declare element to bind properties like types to symbols and variables and to define abbreviations for structure sharing. This element is deprecated in MathML 3. Structure sharing can obtained via the share element (see Section 4.2.7 Structure Sharing <share> for details).

4.6 The Strict Content MathML Transformation

MathML 3 assigns semantics to content markup by defining a mapping to Strict Content MathML. Strict MathML, in turn, is in one-to-one correspondence with OpenMath, and the subset of OpenMath expressions obtained from content MathML expressions in this fashion all have well-defined semantics via the standard OpenMath Content Dictionary set. Consequently, the mapping of arbitrary content MathML expressions to equivalent Strict Content MathML plays a key role in underpinning the meaning of content MathML.

The mapping of arbitrary content MathML into Strict content MathML is defined algorithmically. The algorithm is described below as a collection of rewrite rules applying to specific non-Strict constructions. The individual rewrite transformations have been described in detail in context above. The goal of this section is to outline the complete algorithm in one place.

The algorithm is a sequence of nine steps. Each step is applied repeatedly to rewrite the input until no further application is possible. Note that in many programming languages, such as XSLT, the natural implementation is as a recursive algorithm, rather than the multi-pass implementation suggested by the description below. The translation to XSL is straightforward and produces the same eventual Strict Content MathML. However, because the overall structure of the multi-pass algorithm is clearer, that is the formulation given here.

To transform an arbitrary content MathML expression into Strict Content MathML, apply each of the following rules in turn to the input expression until all instances of the target constructs have been eliminated:

Rewrite non-strict bind and elminate deprecated elements: Change the outer bind tags in binding expressions to apply if they have qualifiers or multiple children. This simplifies the algorithm by allowing the subsequent rules to be applied to non-strict binding expressions without case distinction. Note that the later rules will change the apply elements introduced in this step back to bind elements. Also in this step, deprecated reln elements are rewritten to apply, and fn elements are replaced by the child expressions they enclose.
Apply special case rules for idiomatic uses of qualifiers:
1. Rewrite derivatives with rules Rewrite: diff, Rewrite: nthdiff, and Rewrite: partialdiffdegree to explicate the binding status of the variables involved.
2. Rewrite integrals with the rules Rewrite: int, Rewrite: defint and Rewrite: defint limits to disambiguate the status of bound and free variables and of the orientation of the range of integration if it is given as a lowlimit/uplimit pair.
3. Rewrite limits as described in Rewrite: tendsto and Rewrite: limits condition.
4. Rewrite sums and products as described in Section 4.4.6.1 Sum <sum/> and Section 4.4.6.2 Product <product/>.
5. Rewrite roots as described in Section 4.4.2.11 Root <root/>.
6. Rewrite logarithms as described in Section 4.4.7.4 Logarithm <log/>.
7. Rewrite moments as described in Section 4.4.8.6 Moment (<moment/>, <momentabout>).
Rewrite Qualifiers to domainofapplication: These rules rewrite all apply constructions using bvar and qualifiers to those using only the general domainofapplication qualifier.
1. Intervals: Rewrite qualifiers given as interval and lowlimit/uplimit to intervals of integers via Rewrite: interval qualifier.
2. Multiple conditions: Rewrite multiple condition qualifiers to a single one by taking their conjunction. The resulting compound condition is then rewritten to domainofapplication according to rule Rewrite: condition.
3. Multiple domainofapplications: Rewrite multiple domainofapplication qualifiers to a single one by taking the intersection of the specified domains.
Normalize Container Markup:
1. Rewrite sets and lists by the rule Rewrite: n-ary setlist domainofapplication.
2. Rewrite interval, vectors, matrices, and matrix rows as described in Section 4.4.1.1 Interval <interval>, Section 4.4.9.1 Vector <vector>, Section 4.4.9.2 Matrix <matrix> and Section 4.4.9.3 Matrix row <matrixrow>.
3. Rewrite lambda expressions by the rules Rewrite: lambda and Rewrite: lambda domainofapplication
4. Rewrite piecewise functions as described in Section 4.4.1.9 Piecewise declaration (<piecewise>, <piece>, <otherwise>).
Apply Special Case Rules for Operators using domainofapplication Qualifiers: This step deals with the special cases for the operators introduced in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants. There are different classes of special cases to be taken into account:
1. Rewrite min, max, mean and similar n-ary/unary operators by the rules Rewrite: n-ary unary set, Rewrite: n-ary unary domainofapplication and Rewrite: n-ary unary single.
2. Rewrite the quantifiers forall and exists used with domainofapplication to expressions using implication and conjunction by the rule Rewrite: quantifier.
3. Rewrite integrals used with a domainofapplication element (with or without a bvar) according to the rules Rewrite: int and Rewrite: defint.
4. Rewrite sums and products used with a domainofapplication element (with or without a bvar) as described in Section 4.4.6.1 Sum <sum/> and Section 4.4.6.2 Product <product/>.
Eliminate domainofapplication: At this stage, any apply has at most one domainofapplication child and special cases have been addressed. As domainofapplication is not Strict Content MathML, it is rewritten
1. into an application of a restricted function via the rule Rewrite: restriction if the apply does not contain a bvar child.
2. into an application of the predicate_on_list symbol via the rules Rewrite: n-ary relations and Rewrite: n-ary relations bvar if used with a relation.
3. into a construction with the apply_to_list symbol via the general rule Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication for general n-ary operators.
4. into a construction using the suchthat symbol from the set1 content dictionary in an apply with bound variables via the Rewrite: apply bvar domainofapplication rule.
Rewrite non-strict token elements:
1. Rewrite numbers represented as cn elements where the type attribute is one of "e-notation", "rational", "complex-cartesian", "complex-polar", "constant" as strict cn via rules Rewrite: cn sep, Rewrite: cn based_integer and Rewrite: cn constant.
2. Rewrite any ci, csymbol or cn containing presentation MathML to semantics elements with rules Rewrite: cn presentation mathml and Rewrite: ci presentation mathml and the analogous rule for csymbol.
Rewrite operators: Rewrite any remaining operator defined in Section 4.4 Content MathML for Specific Operators and Constants to a csymbol referencing the symbol identified in the syntax table by the rule Rewrite: element. As noted in the descriptions of each operator element, some require special case rules to determine the proper choice of symbol. Some cases of particular note are:
1. The order of the arguments for the selector operator must be rewritten, and the symbol depends on the type of the arguments.
2. The choice of symbol for the minus operator depends on the number of the arguments.
3. The choice of symbol for some set operators depends on the values of the type of the arguments.
4. The choice of symbol for some statistical operators depends on the values of the types of the arguments.
Rewrite non-strict attributes:
1. Rewrite the type attribute: At this point, all elements that accept the type, other than ci and csymbol, should have been rewritten into Strict Content Markup equivalents without type attributes, where type information is reflected in the choice of operator symbol. Now rewrite remaining ci and csymbol elements with a type attribute to a strict expression with semantics according to rules Rewrite: ci type annotation and Rewrite: csymbol type annotation.
2. Rewrite definitionURL and encoding attributes: If the definitionURL and encoding attributes on a csymbol element can be interpreted as a reference to a content dictionary (see Section 4.2.3.2 Non-Strict uses of <csymbol> for details), then rewrite to reference the content dictionary by the cd attribute instead.
3. Rewrite attributes: Rewrite any element with attributes that are not allowed in strict markup to a semantics construction with the element without these attributes as the first child and the attributes in annotation elements by rule Rewrite: attributes.

4 Content Markup

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 The Intent of Content Markup

4.1.2 The Structure and Scope of Content MathML Expressions

4.1.3 Strict Content MathML

4.1.4 Content Dictionaries

4.1.5 Content MathML Concepts

4.2 Content MathML Elements Encoding Expression Structure

4.2.1 Numbers <cn>

4.2.1.1 Rendering <cn>-Represented Numbers

4.2.1.2 Strict uses of <cn>

4.2.1.3 Non-Strict uses of <cn>

Rewrite: cn sep

Rewrite: cn based_integer

Rewrite: cn constant

Rewrite: cn presentation mathml

4.2.2 Content Identifiers <ci>

4.2.2.1 Strict uses of <ci>

4.2.2.2 Non-Strict uses of <ci>

Rewrite: ci type annotation

Rewrite: ci presentation mathml

4.2.2.3 Rendering Content Identifiers

4.2.3 Content Symbols <csymbol>

4.2.3.1 Strict uses of <csymbol>

4.2.3.2 Non-Strict uses of <csymbol>

Rewrite: csymbol type annotation

4.2.3.3 Rendering Symbols

4.2.4 String Literals <cs>

4.2.5 Function Application <apply>

4.2.5.1 Strict Content MathML

4.2.5.2 Rendering Applications

4.2.6 Bindings and Bound Variables <bind> and <bvar>

4.2.6.1 Bindings

4.2.6.2 Bound Variables

4.2.6.3 Renaming Bound Variables

4.2.6.4 Rendering Binding Constructions

4.2.7 Structure Sharing <share>

4.2.7.1 The share element

4.2.7.2 An Acyclicity Constraint

4.2.7.3 Structure Sharing and Binding

4.2.7.4 Rendering Expressions with Structure Sharing

4.2.8 Attribution via semantics

4.2.9 Error Markup <cerror>

4.2.10 Encoded Bytes <cbytes>

4.3 Content MathML for Specific Structures

4.3.1 Container Markup

4.3.1.1 Container Markup for Constructor Symbols

4.3.1.2 Container Markup for Binding Constructors

4.3.2 Bindings with <apply>

4.3.3 Qualifiers

4.3.3.1 Uses of <domainofapplication>, <interval>, <condition>, <lowlimit> and <uplimit>

Rewrite: interval qualifier

Rewrite: condition

Rewrite: restriction

Rewrite: apply bvar domainofapplication

4.3.3.2 Uses of <degree>

4.3.3.3 Uses of <momentabout> and <logbase>

4.3.4 Operator Classes

Rewrite: element

4.3.4.1 N-ary Operators (classes nary-arith, nary-functional, nary-logical, nary-linalg, nary-set, nary-constructor)

4.3.4.1.1 Schema Patterns

4.3.4.1.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

Rewrite: n-ary domainofapplication

4.3.4.2 N-ary Constructors for set and list (class nary-setlist-constructor)

4.3.4.2.1 Schema Patterns

4.3.4.2.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

Rewrite: n-ary setlist domainofapplication

4.3.4.3 N-ary Relations (classes nary-reln, nary-set-reln)

4.3.4.3.1 Schema Patterns

4.3.4.3.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

Rewrite: n-ary relations

Rewrite: n-ary relations bvar

4.3.4.4 N-ary/Unary Operators (classes nary-minmax, nary-stats)

4.3.4.4.1 Schema Patterns

4.3.4.4.2 Rewriting to Strict Content MathML

Rewrite: n-ary unary set

Rewrite: n-ary unary domainofapplication

Rewrite: n-ary unary single

4.3.4.5 Binary Operators (classes binary-arith, binary-logical, binary-reln, binary-linalg, binary-set)

4.3.4.5.1 Schema Patterns

4.2.1 Numbers `<cn>`

4.2.1.1 Rendering `<cn>`-Represented Numbers

4.2.1.2 Strict uses of `<cn>`

4.2.1.3 Non-Strict uses of `<cn>`

4.2.2 Content Identifiers `<ci>`

4.2.2.1 Strict uses of `<ci>`

4.2.2.2 Non-Strict uses of `<ci>`

4.2.3 Content Symbols `<csymbol>`

4.2.3.1 Strict uses of `<csymbol>`

4.2.3.2 Non-Strict uses of `<csymbol>`

4.2.4 String Literals `<cs>`

4.2.5 Function Application `<apply>`

4.2.6 Bindings and Bound Variables `<bind>` and `<bvar>`

4.2.7 Structure Sharing `<share>`

4.2.7.1 The `share` element

4.2.8 Attribution via `semantics`

4.2.9 Error Markup `<cerror>`

4.2.10 Encoded Bytes `<cbytes>`

4.3.2 Bindings with `<apply>`

4.3.3.1 Uses of `<domainofapplication>`, `<interval>`, `<condition>`, `<lowlimit>` and `<uplimit>`

4.3.3.2 Uses of `<degree>`

4.3.3.3 Uses of `<momentabout>` and `<logbase>`

4.4.1.1 Interval `<interval>`

4.4.1.2 Inverse `<inverse>`

4.4.1.3 Lambda `<lambda>`

4.4.1.4 Function composition `<compose/>`

4.4.1.5 Identity function `<ident/>`

4.4.1.6 Domain `<domain/>`

4.4.1.7 codomain `<codomain/>`

4.4.1.8 Image `<image/>`

4.4.1.9 Piecewise declaration (`<piecewise>`, `<piece>`, `<otherwise>`)

4.4.2.1 Quotient `<quotient/>`

4.4.2.2 Factorial `<factorial/>`

4.4.2.3 Division `<divide/>`

4.4.2.4 Maximum `<max/>`

4.4.2.5 Minimum `<min/>`

4.4.2.6 Subtraction `<minus/>`

4.4.2.7 Addition `<plus/>`

4.4.2.8 Exponentiation `<power/>`

4.4.2.9 Remainder `<rem/>`

4.4.2.10 Multiplication `<times/>`

4.4.2.11 Root `<root/>`

4.4.2.12 Greatest common divisor `<gcd/>`

4.4.2.13 And `<and/>`

4.4.2.14 Or `<or/>`

4.4.2.15 Exclusive Or `<xor/>`

4.4.2.16 Not `<not/>`

4.4.2.17 Implies `<implies/>`

4.4.2.18 Universal quantifier `<forall/>`

4.4.2.19 Existential quantifier `<exists/>`

4.4.2.20 Absolute Value `<abs/>`

4.4.2.21 Complex conjugate `<conjugate/>`

4.4.2.22 Argument `<arg/>`

4.4.2.23 Real part `<real/>`

4.4.2.24 Imaginary part `<imaginary/>`

4.4.2.25 Lowest common multiple `<lcm/>`

4.4.2.26 Floor `<floor/>`

4.4.2.27 Ceiling `<ceiling/>`

4.4.3.1 Equals `<eq/>`

4.4.3.2 Not Equals `<neq/>`

4.4.3.3 Greater than `<gt/>`

4.4.3.4 Less Than `<lt/>`

4.4.3.5 Greater Than or Equal `<geq/>`

4.4.3.6 Less Than or Equal `<leq/>`

4.4.3.7 Equivalent `<equivalent/>`

4.4.3.8 Approximately `<approx/>`

4.4.3.9 Factor Of `<factorof/>`

4.4.4.1 Integral `<int/>`

4.4.4.2 Differentiation `<diff/>`