Abstract

This document specifies VoiceXML, the Voice Extensible Markup Language. VoiceXML is designed for creating audio dialogs that feature synthesized speech, digitized audio, recognition of spoken and DTMF key input, recording of spoken input, telephony, and mixed initiative conversations. Its major goal is to bring the advantages of Web-based development and content delivery to interactive voice response applications.

Status of this Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested parties, and it has been endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionaility and interoperability of the Web.

This specification is part of the W3C Speech Interface Framework and has been developed within the W3C Voice Browser Activity by participants in the Voice Browser Working Group (W3C Members only).

The design of VoiceXML 2.0 has been widely reviewed (see the disposition of comments) and satisfies the Working Group's technical requirements. A list of implementations is included in the VoiceXML 2.0 implementation report, along with the associated test suite.

Comments are welcome on www-voice@w3.org (archive). See W3C mailing list and archive usage guidelines.

The W3C maintains a list of any patent disclosures related to this work.

Conventions of this Document

In this document, the key words "must", "must not", "required", "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "recommended", "may", and "optional" are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] and indicate requirement levels for compliant VoiceXML implementations.

Table of Contents

Abbreviated Contents

• 1. Overview
• 2. Dialog Constructs
• 3. User Input
• 4. System Output
• 5. Control flow and scripting
• 6. Environment and Resources
• Appendices

Full Contents

• 1. Overview
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Background
    • 1.2.1 Architectural Model
    • 1.2.2 Goals of VoiceXML
    • 1.2.3 Scope of VoiceXML
    • 1.2.4 Principles of Design
    • 1.2.5 Implementation Platform Requirements
  • 1.3 Concepts
    • 1.3.1 Dialogs and Subdialogs
    • 1.3.2 Sessions
    • 1.3.3 Applications
    • 1.3.4 Grammars
    • 1.3.5 Events
    • 1.3.6 Links
  • 1.4 VoiceXML Elements
  • 1.5 Document Structure and Execution
    • 1.5.1 Execution within one Document
    • 1.5.2 Executing a Multi-Document Application
    • 1.5.3 Subdialogs
    • 1.5.4 Final Processing
• 2. Dialog Constructs
  • 2.1 Forms
    • 2.1.1 Form Interpretation
    • 2.1.2 Form Items
    • 2.1.3 Form Item Variables and Conditions
    • 2.1.4 Directed Forms
    • 2.1.5 Mixed Initiative Forms
    • 2.1.6 Form Interpretation Algorithm
  • 2.2 Menus
    • 2.2.1 menu element
    • 2.2.2 choice element
    • 2.2.3 DTMF in Menus
    • 2.2.4 enumerate element
    • 2.2.5 Grammar Generation
    • 2.2.6 Interpretation Model
  • 2.3 Form Items
    • 2.3.1 field element
    • 2.3.2 block element
    • 2.3.3 initial element
    • 2.3.4 subdialog element
    • 2.3.5 object element
    • 2.3.6 record element
    • 2.3.7 transfer element
  • 2.4 Filled
  • 2.5 Links
• 3. User Input
  • 3.1 Grammars
    • 3.1.1 Speech Grammars
    • 3.1.2 DTMF Grammars
    • 3.1.3 Scope of Grammars
    • 3.1.4 Activation of Grammars
    • 3.1.5 Semantic Interpretation of Input
    • 3.1.6 Mapping Semantic Interpretation Results to VoiceXML forms
• 4. System Output
  • 4.1 Prompt
    • 4.1.1 Speech Markup
    • 4.1.2 Basic Prompts
    • 4.1.3 Audio Prompting
    • 4.1.4 <value> Element
    • 4.1.5 Bargein
    • 4.1.6 Prompt Selection
    • 4.1.7 Timeout
    • 4.1.8 Prompt Queueing and Input Collection
• 5. Control flow and scripting
  • 5.1 Variables and Expressions
    • 5.1.1 Declaring Variables
    • 5.1.2 Variable Scopes
    • 5.1.3 Referencing Variables
    • 5.1.4 Standard Session Variables
    • 5.1.5 Standard Application Variables
  • 5.2 Event Handling
    • 5.2.1 throw element
    • 5.2.2 catch element
    • 5.2.3 Shorthand Notation
    • 5.2.4 catch Element Selection
    • 5.2.5 Default catch elements
    • 5.2.6 Event Types
  • 5.3 Executable Content
    • 5.3.1 var element
    • 5.3.2 assign element
    • 5.3.3 clear element
    • 5.3.4 if, elseif, else elements
    • 5.3.5 prompts
    • 5.3.6 reprompt element
    • 5.3.7 goto element
    • 5.3.8 submit element
    • 5.3.9 exit element
    • 5.3.10 return element
    • 5.3.11 disconnect element
    • 5.3.12 script element
    • 5.3.13 log element
• 6. Environment and Resources
  • 6.1 Resource Fetching
    • 6.1.1 Fetching
    • 6.1.2 Caching
    • 6.1.3 Prefetching
    • 6.1.4 Protocols
  • 6.2 Metadata Information
    • 6.2.1 meta element
    • 6.2.2 metadata element
  • 6.3 property element
    • 6.3.1 Platform-Specific Properties
    • 6.3.2 Generic Speech Recognizer Properties
    • 6.3.3 Generic DTMF Recognizer Properties
    • 6.3.4 Prompt and Collect Properties
    • 6.3.5 Fetching Properties
    • 6.3.6 Miscellaneous Properties
  • 6.4 param element
  • 6.5 Value Designations
• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Glossary of Terms
  • Appendix B. VoiceXML Document Type Definition
  • Appendix C. Form Interpretation Algorithm
  • Appendix D. Timing Properties
  • Appendix E. Audio File Formats
  • Appendix F. Conformance
  • Appendix G. Internationalization
  • Appendix H. Accessibility
  • Appendix I. Privacy
  • Appendix J. Changes from VoiceXML 1.0
  • Appendix K. Reusability
  • Appendix L. Acknowledgements
  • Appendix M. References
  • Appendix N. Media Type and File Suffix
  • Appendix O. VoiceXML XML Schema Definition
  • Appendix P. Builtin Grammar Types

1. Overview

This document defines VoiceXML, the Voice Extensible Markup Language. Its background, basic concepts and use are presented in Section 1. The dialog constructs of form, menu and link, and the mechanism (Form Interpretation Algorithm) by which they are interpreted are then introduced in Section 2. User input using DTMF and speech grammars is covered in Section 3, while Section 4 covers system output using speech synthesis and recorded audio. Mechanisms for manipulating dialog control flow, including variables, events, and executable elements, are explained in Section 5. Environment features such as parameters and properties as well as resource handling are specified in Section 6. The appendices provide additional information including the VoiceXML Schema, a detailed specification of the Form Interpretation Algorithm and timing, audio file formats, and statements relating to conformance, internationalization, accessibility and privacy.

The origins of VoiceXML began in 1995 as an XML-based dialog design language intended to simplify the speech recognition application development process within an AT&T project called Phone Markup Language (PML). As AT&T reorganized, teams at AT&T, Lucent and Motorola continued working on their own PML-like languages.

In 1998, W3C hosted a conference on voice browsers. By this time, AT&T and Lucent had different variants of their original PML, while Motorola had developed VoxML, and IBM was developing its own SpeechML. Many other attendees at the conference were also developing similar languages for dialog design; for example, such as HP's TalkML and PipeBeach's VoiceHTML.

The VoiceXML Forum was then formed by AT&T, IBM, Lucent, and Motorola to pool their efforts. The mission of the VoiceXML Forum was to define a standard dialog design language that developers could use to build conversational applications. They chose XML as the basis for this effort because it was clear to them that this was the direction technology was going.

In 2000, the VoiceXML Forum released VoiceXML 1.0 to the public. Shortly thereafter, VoiceXML 1.0 was submitted to the W3C as the basis for the creation of a new international standard. VoiceXML 2.0 is the result of this work based on input from W3C Member companies, other W3C Working Groups, and the public.

Developers familiar with VoiceXML 1.0 are particularly directed to Changes from Previous Public Version which summarizes how VoiceXML 2.0 differs from VoiceXML 1.0.

1.1 Introduction

VoiceXML is designed for creating audio dialogs that feature synthesized speech, digitized audio, recognition of spoken and DTMF key input, recording of spoken input, telephony, and mixed initiative conversations. Its major goal is to bring the advantages of Web-based development and content delivery to interactive voice response applications.

Here are two short examples of VoiceXML. The first is the venerable "Hello World":

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0">
  <form>
    <block>Hello World!</block>
  </form>
</vxml>

The top-level element is <vxml>, which is mainly a container for dialogs. There are two types of dialogs: forms and menus. Forms present information and gather input; menus offer choices of what to do next. This example has a single form, which contains a block that synthesizes and presents "Hello World!" to the user. Since the form does not specify a successor dialog, the conversation ends.

Our second example asks the user for a choice of drink and then submits it to a server script:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0">
  <form>
  <field name="drink">
     <prompt>Would you like coffee, tea, milk, or nothing?</prompt>
     <grammar src="drink.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
  </field>
  <block>
     <submit next="http://www.drink.example.com/drink2.asp"/>
  </block>
 </form>
</vxml>

A field is an input field. The user must provide a value for the field before proceeding to the next element in the form. A sample interaction is:

C (computer): Would you like coffee, tea, milk, or nothing?

H (human): Orange juice.

C: I did not understand what you said. (a platform-specific default message.)

C: Would you like coffee, tea, milk, or nothing?

H: Tea

C: (continues in document drink2.asp)

1.2 Background

This section contains a high-level architectural model, whose terminology is then used to describe the goals of VoiceXML, its scope, its design principles, and the requirements it places on the systems that support it.

1.2.1 Architectural Model

The architectural model assumed by this document has the following components:

Figure 1: Architectural Model

A document server (e.g. a Web server) processes requests from a client application, the VoiceXML Interpreter, through the VoiceXML interpreter context. The server produces VoiceXML documents in reply, which are processed by the VoiceXML interpreter. The VoiceXML interpreter context may monitor user inputs in parallel with the VoiceXML interpreter. For example, one VoiceXML interpreter context may always listen for a special escape phrase that takes the user to a high-level personal assistant, and another may listen for escape phrases that alter user preferences like volume or text-to-speech characteristics.

The implementation platform is controlled by the VoiceXML interpreter context and by the VoiceXML interpreter. For instance, in an interactive voice response application, the VoiceXML interpreter context may be responsible for detecting an incoming call, acquiring the initial VoiceXML document, and answering the call, while the VoiceXML interpreter conducts the dialog after answer. The implementation platform generates events in response to user actions (e.g. spoken or character input received, disconnect) and system events (e.g. timer expiration). Some of these events are acted upon by the VoiceXML interpreter itself, as specified by the VoiceXML document, while others are acted upon by the VoiceXML interpreter context.

1.2.2 Goals of VoiceXML

VoiceXML's main goal is to bring the full power of Web development and content delivery to voice response applications, and to free the authors of such applications from low-level programming and resource management. It enables integration of voice services with data services using the familiar client-server paradigm. A voice service is viewed as a sequence of interaction dialogs between a user and an implementation platform. The dialogs are provided by document servers, which may be external to the implementation platform. Document servers maintain overall service logic, perform database and legacy system operations, and produce dialogs. A VoiceXML document specifies each interaction dialog to be conducted by a VoiceXML interpreter. User input affects dialog interpretation and is collected into requests submitted to a document server. The document server replies with another VoiceXML document to continue the user's session with other dialogs.

VoiceXML is a markup language that:

• Minimizes client/server interactions by specifying multiple interactions per document.

• Shields application authors from low-level, and platform-specific details.

• Separates user interaction code (in VoiceXML) from service logic (e.g. CGI scripts).

• Promotes service portability across implementation platforms. VoiceXML is a common language for content providers, tool providers, and platform providers.

• Is easy to use for simple interactions, and yet provides language features to support complex dialogs.

While VoiceXML strives to accommodate the requirements of a majority of voice response services, services with stringent requirements may best be served by dedicated applications that employ a finer level of control.

1.2.3 Scope of VoiceXML

The language describes the human-machine interaction provided by voice response systems, which includes:

• Output of synthesized speech (text-to-speech).

• Output of audio files.

• Recognition of spoken input.

• Recognition of DTMF input.

• Recording of spoken input.

• Control of dialog flow.

• Telephony features such as call transfer and disconnect.

The language provides means for collecting character and/or spoken input, assigning the input results to document-defined request variables, and making decisions that affect the interpretation of documents written in the language. A document may be linked to other documents through Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs).

1.2.4 Principles of Design

VoiceXML is an XML application [XML].

1. The language promotes portability of services through abstraction of platform resources.

2. The language accommodates platform diversity in supported audio file formats, speech grammar formats, and URI schemes. While producers of platforms may support various grammar formats the language requires a common grammar format, namely the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS], to facilitate interoperability. Similarly, while various audio formats for playback and recording may be supported, the audio formats described in Appendix E must be supported

3. The language supports ease of authoring for common types of interactions.

4. The language has well-defined semantics that preserves the author's intent regarding the behavior of interactions with the user. Client heuristics are not required to determine document element interpretation.

5. The language recognizes semantic interpretations from grammars and makes this information available to the application.

6. The language has a control flow mechanism.

7. The language enables a separation of service logic from interaction behavior.

8. It is not intended for intensive computation, database operations, or legacy system operations. These are assumed to be handled by resources outside the document interpreter, e.g. a document server.

9. General service logic, state management, dialog generation, and dialog sequencing are assumed to reside outside the document interpreter.

10. The language provides ways to link documents using URIs, and also to submit data to server scripts using URIs.

11. VoiceXML provides ways to identify exactly which data to submit to the server, and which HTTP method (GET or POST) to use in the submittal.

12. The language does not require document authors to explicitly allocate and deallocate dialog resources, or deal with concurrency. Resource allocation and concurrent threads of control are to be handled by the implementation platform.

1.2.5 Implementation Platform Requirements

This section outlines the requirements on the hardware/software platforms that will support a VoiceXML interpreter.

Document acquisition. The interpreter context is expected to acquire documents for the VoiceXML interpreter to act on. The "http" URI scheme must be supported. In some cases, the document request is generated by the interpretation of a VoiceXML document, while other requests are generated by the interpreter context in response to events outside the scope of the language, for example an incoming phone call. When issuing document requests via http, the interpreter context identifies itself using the "User-Agent" header variable with the value "<name>/<version>", for example, "acme-browser/1.2"

Audio output. An implementation platform must support audio output using audio files and text-to-speech (TTS). The platform must be able to freely sequence TTS and audio output. If an audio output resource is not available, an error.noresource event must be thrown. Audio files are referred to by a URI. The language specifies a required set of audio file formats which must be supported (see Appendix E); additional audio file formats may also be supported.

Audio input. An implementation platform is required to detect and report character and/or spoken input simultaneously and to control input detection interval duration with a timer whose length is specified by a VoiceXML document. If an audio input resource is not available, an error.noresource event must be thrown.

• It must report characters (for example, DTMF) entered by a user. Platforms must support the XML form of DTMF grammars described in the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS]. They should also support the Augmented BNF (ABNF) form of DTMF grammars described in the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS].

• It must be able to receive speech recognition grammar data dynamically. It must be able to use speech grammar data in the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS]. It should be able to receive speech recognition grammar data in the ABNF form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS], and may support other formats such as the JSpeech Grammar Format [JSGF] or proprietary formats. Some VoiceXML elements contain speech grammar data; others refer to speech grammar data through a URI. The speech recognizer must be able to accommodate dynamic update of the spoken input for which it is listening through either method of speech grammar data specification.

• It must be able to record audio received from the user. The implementation platform must be able to make the recording available to a request variable. The language specifies a required set of recorded audio file formats which must be supported (see Appendix E); additional formats may also be supported.

Transfer The platform should be able to support making a third party connection through a communications network, such as the telephone.

1.3 Concepts

A VoiceXML document (or a set of related documents called an application) forms a conversational finite state machine. The user is always in one conversational state, or dialog, at a time. Each dialog determines the next dialog to transition to. Transitions are specified using URIs, which define the next document and dialog to use. If a URI does not refer to a document, the current document is assumed. If it does not refer to a dialog, the first dialog in the document is assumed. Execution is terminated when a dialog does not specify a successor, or if it has an element that explicitly exits the conversation.

1.3.1 Dialogs and Subdialogs

There are two kinds of dialogs: forms and menus. Forms define an interaction that collects values for a set of form item variables. Each field may specify a grammar that defines the allowable inputs for that field. If a form-level grammar is present, it can be used to fill several fields from one utterance. A menu presents the user with a choice of options and then transitions to another dialog based on that choice.

A subdialog is like a function call, in that it provides a mechanism for invoking a new interaction, and returning to the original form. Variable instances, grammars, and state information are saved and are available upon returning to the calling document. Subdialogs can be used, for example, to create a confirmation sequence that may require a database query; to create a set of components that may be shared among documents in a single application; or to create a reusable library of dialogs shared among many applications.

1.3.2 Sessions

A session begins when the user starts to interact with a VoiceXML interpreter context, continues as documents are loaded and processed, and ends when requested by the user, a document, or the interpreter context.

1.3.3 Applications

An application is a set of documents sharing the same application root document. Whenever the user interacts with a document in an application, its application root document is also loaded. The application root document remains loaded while the user is transitioning between other documents in the same application, and it is unloaded when the user transitions to a document that is not in the application. While it is loaded, the application root document's variables are available to the other documents as application variables, and its grammars remain active for the duration of the application, subject to the grammar activation rules discussed in Section 3.1.4.

Figure 2 shows the transition of documents (D) in an application that share a common application root document (root).

Figure 2: Transitioning between documents in an application.

1.3.4 Grammars

Each dialog has one or more speech and/or DTMF grammars associated with it. In machine directed applications, each dialog's grammars are active only when the user is in that dialog. In mixed initiative applications, where the user and the machine alternate in determining what to do next, some of the dialogs are flagged to make their grammars active (i.e., listened for) even when the user is in another dialog in the same document, or on another loaded document in the same application. In this situation, if the user says something matching another dialog's active grammars, execution transitions to that other dialog, with the user's utterance treated as if it were said in that dialog. Mixed initiative adds flexibility and power to voice applications.

1.3.5 Events

VoiceXML provides a form-filling mechanism for handling "normal" user input. In addition, VoiceXML defines a mechanism for handling events not covered by the form mechanism.

Events are thrown by the platform under a variety of circumstances, such as when the user does not respond, doesn't respond intelligibly, requests help, etc. The interpreter also throws events if it finds a semantic error in a VoiceXML document. Events are caught by catch elements or their syntactic shorthand. Each element in which an event can occur may specify catch elements. Furthermore, catch elements are also inherited from enclosing elements "as if by copy". In this way, common event handling behavior can be specified at any level, and it applies to all lower levels.

1.3.6 Links

A link supports mixed initiative. It specifies a grammar that is active whenever the user is in the scope of the link. If user input matches the link's grammar, control transfers to the link's destination URI. A link can be used to throw an event or go to a destination URI.

1.4 VoiceXML Elements

1.5 Document Structure and Execution

A VoiceXML document is primarily composed of top-level elements called dialogs. There are two types of dialogs: forms and menus. A document may also have <meta> and <metadata> elements, <var> and <script> elements, <property> elements, <catch> elements, and <link> elements.

1.5.1 Execution within One Document

Document execution begins at the first dialog by default. As each dialog executes, it determines the next dialog. When a dialog doesn't specify a successor dialog, document execution stops.

Here is "Hello World!" expanded to illustrate some of this. It now has a document level variable called "hi" which holds the greeting. Its value is used as the prompt in the first form. Once the first form plays the greeting, it goes to the form named "say_goodbye", which prompts the user with "Goodbye!" Because the second form does not transition to another dialog, it causes the document to be exited.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0">
 <meta name="author" content="John Doe"/>
 <meta name="maintainer" content="hello-support@hi.example.com"/>
 <var name="hi" expr="'Hello World!'"/>
 <form>
  <block>
     <value expr="hi"/>
     <goto next="#say_goodbye"/>
  </block>
 </form>
 <form id="say_goodbye">
  <block>
     Goodbye!
  </block>
 </form>
</vxml>

Alternatively the forms can be combined:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0">
 <meta name="author" content="John Doe"/>
 <meta name="maintainer" content="hello-support@hi.example.com"/>
 <var name="hi" expr="'Hello World!'"/>
 <form>
  <block>
     <value expr="hi"/> Goodbye!
  </block>
 </form>
</vxml>

Attributes of <vxml> include:

Language information is inherited down the document hierarchy: the value of "xml:lang" is inherited by elements which also define the "xml:lang" attribute, such as <grammar> and <prompt>, unless these elements specify an alternative value.

1.5.2 Executing a Multi-Document Application

Normally, each document runs as an isolated application. In cases where you want multiple documents to work together as one application, you select one document to be the application root document, and the rest to be application leaf documents. Each leaf document names the root document in its <vxml> element.

When this is done, every time the interpreter is told to load and execute a leaf document in this application, it first loads the application root document if it is not already loaded. The application root document remains loaded until the interpreter is told to load a document that belongs to a different application. Thus one of the following two conditions always holds during interpretation:

• The application root document is loaded and the user is executing in it: there is no leaf document.

• The application root document and a single leaf document are both loaded and the user is executing in the leaf document.

If there is a chain of subdialogs defined in separate documents, then there may be more than one leaf document loaded although execution will only be in one of these documents.

When a leaf document load causes a root document load, none of the dialogs in the root document are executed. Execution begins in the leaf document.

There are several benefits to multi-document applications.

• The root document's variables are available for use by the leaf documents, so that information can be shared and retained.
• Root document <property> elements specify default values for properties used in the leaf documents.
• Common ECMAScript code can be defined in root document <script> elements and used in the leaf documents.
• Root document <catch> elements define default event handling for the leaf documents.
• Document-scoped grammars in the root document are active when the user is in a leaf document, so that the user is able to interact with forms, links, and menus in the root document.

Here is a two-document application illustrating this:

Application root document (app-root.vxml)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0">
 <var name="bye" expr="'Ciao'"/>
 <link next="operator_xfer.vxml">
   <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" root="root" version="1.0">
     <rule id="root" scope="public">operator</rule>
  </grammar>
 </link>
</vxml>

Leaf document (leaf.vxml)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0" application="app-root.vxml">
 <form id="say_goodbye">
  <field name="answer">
     <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
     <prompt>Shall we say <value expr="application.bye"/>?</prompt>
     <filled>
       <if cond="answer">
        <exit/>
       </if>
       <clear namelist="answer"/>
     </filled>
  </field>
 </form>
</vxml>

In this example, the application is designed so that leaf.vxml must be loaded first. Its application attribute specifies that app-root.vxml should be used as the application root document. So, app-root.vxml is then loaded, which creates the application variable bye and also defines a link that navigates to operator-xfer.vxml whenever the user says "operator". The user starts out in the say_goodbye form:

C: Shall we say Ciao?

H: Si.

C: I did not understand what you said. (a platform-specific default message.)

C: Shall we say Ciao?

H: Ciao

C: I did not understand what you said.

H: Operator.

C: (Goes to operator_xfer.vxml, which transfers the caller to a human operator.)

Note that when the user is in a multi-document application, at most two documents are loaded at any one time: the application root document and, unless the user is actually interacting with the application root document, an application leaf document. A root document's <vxml> element does not have an application attribute specified. A leaf document's <vxml> element does have an application attribute specified. An interpreter always has an application root document loaded; it does not always have an application leaf document loaded.

The name of the interpreter's current application is the application root document's absolute URI. The absolute URI includes a query string, if present, but it does not include a fragment identifier. The interpreter remains in the same application as long as the name remains the same. When the name changes, a new application is entered and its root context is initialized. The application's root context consists of the variables, grammars, catch elements, scripts, and properties in application scope.

During a user session an interpreter transitions from one document to another as requested by <choice>, <goto> <link>, <subdialog>, and <submit> elements. Some transitions are within an application, others are between applications. The preservation or initialization of the root context depends on the type of transition:

Root to Leaf Within Application

A root to leaf transition within the same application occurs when the current document is a root document and the target document's application attribute's value resolves to the same absolute URI as the name of the current application. The application root document and its context are preserved.

Leaf to Leaf Within Application

A leaf to leaf transition within the same application occurs when the current document is a leaf document and the target document's application attribute's value resolves to the same absolute URI as the name of the current application. The application root document and its context are preserved.

Leaf to Root Within Application

A leaf to root transition within the same application occurs when the current document is a leaf document and the target document's absolute URI is the same as the name of the current application. The current application root document and its context are preserved when the transition is caused by a <choice>, <goto>, or <link> element. The root context is initialized when a <submit> element causes the leaf to root transition, because a <submit> always results in a fetch of its URI.

Root to Root

A root to root transition occurs when the current document is a root document and the target document is a root document, i.e. it does not have an application attribute. The root context is initialized with the application root document returned by the caching policy in Section 6.1.2. The caching policy is consulted even when the name of the target application and the current application are the same.

Subdialog

A subdialog invocation occurs when a root or leaf document executes a <subdialog> element. As discussed in Section 2.3.4, subdialog invocation creates a new execution context. The application root document and its context in the calling document's execution context are preserved untouched during subdialog execution, and are used again once the subdialog returns. A subdialog's new execution context has its own root context and, possibly, leaf context. When the subdialog is invoked with a non-empty URI reference, the caching policy in Section 6.1.2 is used to acquire the root and leaf documents that will be used to initialize the new root and leaf contexts. If a subdialog is invoked with an empty URI reference and a fragment identifier, e.g. "#sub1", the root and leaf documents remain unchanged, and therefore the current root and leaf documents will be used to initialize the new root and leaf contexts.

Inter-Application Transitions

All other transitions are between applications which cause the application root context to be initialized with the next application's root document.

If a document refers to a non-existent application root document, an error.badfetch event is thrown. If a document's application attribute refers to a document that also has an application attribute specified, an error.semantic event is thrown.

The following diagrams illustrate the effect of the transitions between root and leaf documents on the application root context. In these diagrams, boxes represent documents, box texture changes identify root context initialization, solid arrows symbolize transitions to the URI in the arrow's label, dashed vertical arrows indicate an application attribute whose URI is the arrow's label.

Figure 3: Transitions that Preserve the Root Context

In this diagram, all the documents belong to the same application. The transitions are identified by the numbers 1-4 across the top of the figure. They are:

1. A transition to URI A results in document 1, the application context is initialized from document 1's content. Assume that this is the first document in the session. The current application's name is A.
2. Document 1 specifies a transition to URI B, which yields document 2. Document 2's application attribute equals URI A. The root is document 1 with its context preserved. This is a root to leaf transition within the same application.
3. Document 2 specifies a transition to URI C, which yields another leaf document, document 3. Its application attribute also equals URI A. The root is document 1 with its context preserved. This is a leaf to leaf transition within the same application.
4. Document 3 specifies a transition to URI A using a <choice>, <goto>, or <link>. Document 1 is used with its root context intact. This is a leaf to root transition within the same application.

The next diagram illustrates transitions which initialize the root context.

Figure 4: Transitions that Initialize the Root Context

5. Document 1 specifies a transition to its own URI A. The resulting document 4 does not have an application attribute, so it is considered a root document, and the root context is initialized. This is a root to root transition.
6. Document 4 specifies a transition to URI D, which yields a leaf document 5. Its application attribute is different: URI E. A new application is being entered. URI E produces the root document 6. The root context is initialized from the content of document 6. This is an inter-application transition.
7. Document 5 specifies a transition to URI A. The cache check returns document 4 which does not have an application attribute and therefore belongs to application A, so the root context is initialized. Initialization occurs even though this application and this root document were used earlier in the session. This is an inter-application transition.

1.5.3 Subdialogs

A subdialog is a mechanism for decomposing complex sequences of dialogs to better structure them, or to create reusable components. For example, the solicitation of account information may involve gathering several pieces of information, such as account number, and home telephone number. A customer care service might be structured with several independent applications that could share this basic building block, thus it would be reasonable to construct it as a subdialog. This is illustrated in the example below. The first document, app.vxml, seeks to adjust a customer's account, and in doing so must get the account information and then the adjustment level. The account information is obtained by using a subdialog element that invokes another VoiceXML document to solicit the user input. While the second document is being executed, the calling dialog is suspended, awaiting the return of information. The second document provides the results of its user interactions using a <return> element, and the resulting values are accessed through the variable defined by the name attribute on the <subdialog> element.

Customer Service Application (app.vxml)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0">
  <form id="billing_adjustment">
    <var name="account_number"/>
    <var name="home_phone"/>
    <subdialog name="accountinfo" src="acct_info.vxml#basic">
      <filled>
        <!-- Note the variable defined by "accountinfo" is
          returned as an ECMAScript object and it contains two
          properties defined by the variables specified in the
          "return" element of the subdialog. -->

        <assign name="account_number" expr="accountinfo.acctnum"/>
        <assign name="home_phone" expr="accountinfo.acctphone"/>
      </filled>
    </subdialog>

    <field name="adjustment_amount">
     <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/currency.grxml"/>
      <prompt>
        What is the value of your account adjustment?
      </prompt>
      <filled>
        <submit  next="/cgi-bin/updateaccount"/>
      </filled>
    </field>
  </form>
</vxml>

Document Containing Account Information Subdialog (acct_info.vxml)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   version="2.0">
  <form id="basic">
    <field name="acctnum">
      <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/digits.grxml"/>
      <prompt> What is your account number? </prompt>
    </field>
    <field name="acctphone">
      <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/phone_numbers.grxml"/>
      <prompt> What is your home telephone number? </prompt>
      <filled>
        <!-- The values obtained by the two fields are supplied
          to the calling dialog by the "return" element. -->
        <return namelist="acctnum acctphone"/>
      </filled>
    </field>
  </form>
</vxml>

Subdialogs add a new execution context when they are invoked.The subdialog could be a new dialog within the existing document, or a new dialog within a new document.

Subdialogs can be composed of several documents. Figure 5 shows the execution flow where a sequence of documents (D) transitions to a subdialog (SD) and then back.

Figure 5: Subdialog composed of several documents
returning from the last subdialog document.

The execution context in dialog D2 is suspended when it invokes the subdialog SD1 in document sd1.vxml. This subdialog specifies execution is to be transfered to the dialog in sd2.vxml (using <goto>). Consequently, when the dialog in sd2.vxml returns, control is returned directly to dialog D2.

Figure 6 shows an example of a multi-document subdialog where control is transferred from one subdialog to another.

Figure 6: Subdialog composed of several documents
returning from the first subdialog document.

The subdialog in sd1.vxml specifies that control is to be transfered to a second subdialog, SD2, in sd2.vxml. When executing SD2, there are two suspended contexts: the dialog context in D2 is suspending awaiting SD1 to return; and the dialog context in SD1 awaiting SD2 to return. When SD2 returns, control is returned to the SD1. It in turn returns control to dialog D2.

1.5.4 Final Processing

Under certain circumstances (in particular, while the VoiceXML interpreter is processing a disconnect event) the interpreter may continue executing in the final processing state after there is no longer a connection to allow the interpreter to interact with the end user. The purpose of this state is to allow the VoiceXML application to perform any necessary final cleanup, such as submitting information to the application server. For example, the following <catch> element will catch the connection.disconnect.hangup event and execute in the final processing state:

<catch event="connection.disconnect.hangup">
    <submit namelist="myExit" next="http://mysite/exit.jsp"/>
</catch>

While in the final processing state the application must remain in the transitioning state and may not enter the waiting state (as described in Section 4.1.8). Thus for example the application should not enter <field>, <record>, or <transfer> while in the final processing state. The VoiceXML interpreter must exit if the VoiceXML application attempts to enter the waiting state while in the final processing state.

Aside from this restriction, execution of the VoiceXML application continues normally while in the final processing state. Thus for example the application may transition between documents while in the final processing state, and the interpreter must exit if no form item is eligible to be selected (as described in Section 2.1.1).

2. Dialog Constructs

2.1 Forms

Forms are the key component of VoiceXML documents. A form contains:

• A set of form items, elements that are visited in the main loop of the form interpretation algorithm. Form items are subdivided into input items that can be 'filled' by user input and control items that cannot.

• Declarations of non-form item variables.

• Event handlers.

• "Filled" actions, blocks of procedural logic that execute when certain combinations of input item variables are assigned.

Form attributes are:

This section describes some of the concepts behind forms, and then gives some detailed examples of their operation.

2.1.1 Form Interpretation

Forms are interpreted by an implicit form interpretation algorithm (FIA). The FIA has a main loop that repeatedly selects a form item and then visits it. The selected form item is the first in document order whose guard condition is not satisfied. For instance, a field's default guard condition tests to see if the field's form item variable has a value, so that if a simple form contains only fields, the user will be prompted for each field in turn.

Interpreting a form item generally involves:

• Selecting and playing one or more prompts;

• Collecting a user input, either a response that fills in one or more input items, or a throwing of some event (help, for instance); and

• Interpreting any <filled> actions that pertained to the newly filled in input items.

The FIA ends when it interprets a transfer of control statement (e.g. a <goto> to another dialog or document, or a <submit> of data to the document server). It also ends with an implied <exit> when no form item remains eligible to select.

The FIA is described in more detail in Section 2.1.6.

2.1.2 Form Items

Form items are the elements that can be visited in the main loop of the form interpretation algorithm. Input items direct the FIA to gather a result for a specific element. When the FIA selects a control item, the control item may contain a block of procedural code to execute, or it may tell the FIA to set up the initial prompt-and-collect for a mixed initiative form.

2.1.2.1 Input Items

An input item specifies an input item variable to gather from the user. Input items have prompts to tell the user what to say or key in, grammars that define the allowed inputs, and event handlers that process any resulting events. An input item may also have a <filled> element that defines an action to take just after the input item variable is filled. Input items consist of:

2.1.2.2 Control Items

There are two types of control items:

2.1.3 Form Item Variables and Conditions

Each form item has an associated form item variable, which by default is set to undefined when the form is entered. This form item variable will contain the result of interpreting the form item. An input item's form item variable is also called an input item variable, and it holds the value collected from the user. A form item variable can be given a name using the name attribute, or left nameless, in which case an internal name is generated.

Each form item also has a guard condition, which governs whether or not that form item can be selected by the form interpretation algorithm. The default guard condition just tests to see if the form item variable has a value. If it does, the form item will not be visited.

Typically, input items are given names, but control items are not. Generally form item variables are not given initial values and additional guard conditions are not specified. But sometimes there is a need for more detailed control. One form may have a form item variable initially set to hide a field, and later cleared (e.g., using <clear>) to force the field's collection. Another field may have a guard condition that activates it only when it has not been collected, and when two other fields have been filled. A block item could execute only when some condition holds true. Thus, fine control can be exercised over the order in which form items are selected and executed by the FIA, however in general, many dialogs can be constructed without resorting to this level of complexity.

In summary, all form items have the following attributes:

2.1.4 Directed Forms

The simplest and most common type of form is one in which the form items are executed exactly once in sequential order to implement a computer-directed interaction. Here is a weather information service that uses such a form.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="weather_info">
 <block>Welcome to the weather information service.</block>
 <field name="state">
  <prompt>What state?</prompt>
  <grammar src="state.grxml"  type="application/srgs+xml"/>
  <catch event="help">
     Please speak the state for which you want the weather.
  </catch>
 </field>
 <field name="city">
  <prompt>What city?</prompt>
  <grammar src="city.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
  <catch event="help">
     Please speak the city for which you want the weather.
  </catch>
 </field>
 <block>
  <submit next="/servlet/weather" namelist="city state"/>
 </block>
</form>
</vxml>

This dialog proceeds sequentially:

C (computer): Welcome to the weather information service. What state?

H (human): Help

C: Please speak the state for which you want the weather.

H: Georgia

C: What city?

H: Tblisi

C: I did not understand what you said. What city?

H: Macon

C: The conditions in Macon Georgia are sunny and clear at 11 AM ...

The form interpretation algorithm's first iteration selects the first block, since its (hidden) form item variable is initially undefined. This block outputs the main prompt, and its form item variable is set to true. On the FIA's second iteration, the first block is skipped because its form item variable is now defined, and the state field is selected because the dialog variable state is undefined. This field prompts the user for the state, and then sets the variable state to the answer. A detailed description of the filling of form item variables from a field-level grammar may be found in Section 3.1.6. The third form iteration prompts and collects the city field. The fourth iteration executes the final block and transitions to a different URI.

Each field in this example has a prompt to play in order to elicit a response, a grammar that specifies what to listen for, and an event handler for the help event. The help event is thrown whenever the user asks for assistance. The help event handler catches these events and plays a more detailed prompt.

Here is a second directed form, one that prompts for credit card information:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="get_card_info">
 <block>We now need your credit card type, number,
    and expiration date.</block>
 <field name="card_type">
  <prompt count="1">What kind of credit card
    do you have?</prompt>
  <prompt count="2">Type of card?</prompt>
  <!-- This is an inline grammar. -->
  <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" root="r2" version="1.0">
    <rule id="r2" scope="public">
       <one-of>
       <item>visa</item>
       <item>master <item repeat="0-1">card</item></item>
       <item>amex</item>
       <item>american express</item>
       </one-of>
    </rule>
  </grammar>
  <help> Please say Visa, MasterCard, or American Express.</help>
 </field>

 <field name="card_num">
  <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/digits.grxml"/>
  <prompt count="1">What is your card number?</prompt>
  <prompt count="2">Card number?</prompt>
  <catch event="help">
  <if cond="card_type =='amex' || card_type =='american express'">
       Please say or key in your 15 digit card number.
     <else/>
       Please say or key in your 16 digit card number.
     </if>
  </catch>
  <filled>
     <if cond="(card_type == 'amex' || card_type =='american express') 
          &amp;&amp; card_num.length != 15">
       American Express card numbers must have 15 digits.
       <clear namelist="card_num"/>
       <throw event="nomatch"/>
     <elseif cond="card_type != 'amex'
                &amp;&amp; card_type !='american express'
                &amp;&amp; card_num.length != 16"/>
       MasterCard and Visa card numbers have 16 digits.
       <clear namelist="card_num"/>
       <throw event="nomatch"/>
     </if>
  </filled>
 </field>

 <field name="expiry_date">
   <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/digits.grxml"/>
   <prompt count="1">What is your card's expiration date?</prompt>
   <prompt count="2">Expiration date?</prompt>
  <help>
     Say or key in the expiration date, for example one two oh one.
  </help>
  <filled>
     <!-- validate the mmyy -->
     <var name="mm"/>
     <var name="i" expr="expiry_date.length"/>
     <if cond="i == 3">
       <assign name="mm" expr="expiry_date.substring(0,1)"/>
     <elseif cond="i == 4"/>
       <assign name="mm" expr="expiry_date.substring(0,2)"/>
     </if>
     <if cond="mm == '' || mm &lt; 1 || mm &gt; 12">
       <clear namelist="expiry_date"/>
       <throw event="nomatch"/>
     </if>
  </filled>
 </field>

 <field name="confirm">
  <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
  <prompt>
      I have <value expr="card_type"/> number
      <value expr="card_num"/>, expiring on
      <value expr="expiry_date"/>.
      Is this correct?
  </prompt>
  <filled>
    <if cond="confirm">
      <submit next="place_order.asp"
        namelist="card_type card_num expiry_date"/>
    </if>
    <clear namelist="card_type card_num expiry_date confirm"/>
  </filled>
 </field>
</form>
</vxml>

Note that the grammar alternatives 'amex' and 'american express' return literal values which need to be handled separately in the conditional expressions. Section 3.1.5 describes how semantic attachments in the grammar can be used to return a single representation of these inputs.

The dialog might go something like this:

C: We now need your credit card type, number, and expiration date.

C: What kind of credit card do you have?

H: Discover

C: I did not understand what you said. (a platform-specific default message.)

C: Type of card? (the second prompt is used now.)

H: Shoot. (fortunately treated as "help" by this platform)

C: Please say Visa, MasterCard, or American Express.

H: Uh, Amex. (this platform ignores "uh")

C: What is your card number?

H: One two three four ... wait ...

C: I did not understand what you said.

C: Card number?

H: (uses DTMF) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 #

C: What is your card's expiration date?

H: one two oh one

C: I have Amex number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 expiring on 1 2 0 1. Is this correct?

H: Yes

Fields are the major building blocks of forms. A field declares a variable and specifies the prompts, grammars, DTMF sequences, help messages, and other event handlers that are used to obtain it. Each field declares a VoiceXML form item variable in the form's dialog scope. These may be submitted once the form is filled, or copied into other variables.

Each field has its own speech and/or DTMF grammars, specified explicitly using <grammar> elements, or implicitly using the type attribute. The type attribute is used for builtin grammars, like digits, boolean, or number.

Each field can have one or more prompts. If there is one, it is repeatedly used to prompt the user for the value until one is provided. If there are many, prompts are selected for playback according to the prompt selection algorithm (see Section 4.1.6). The count attribute can be used to determine which prompts to use on each attempt. In the example, prompts become shorter. This is called tapered prompting.

The <catch event="help"> elements are event handlers that define what to do when the user asks for help. Help messages can also be tapered. These can be abbreviated, so that the following two elements are equivalent:

<catch event="help">
 Please say visa, mastercard, or amex.
</catch>

<help>
 Please say visa, mastercard, or amex.
</help>

The <filled> element defines what to do when the user provides a recognized input for that field. One use is to specify integrity constraints over and above the checking done by the grammars, as with the date field above.

2.1.5 Mixed Initiative Forms

The last section talked about forms implementing rigid, computer-directed conversations. To make a form mixed initiative, where both the computer and the human direct the conversation, it must have one or more form-level grammars. The dialog may be written in several ways. One common authoring tyle combines an <initial> element that prompts for a general response with <field> elements that prompt for specific information. This is illustrated in the example below. More complex techniques, such as using the 'cond' attribute on <field> elements, may achieve a similar effect.

If a form has form-level grammars:

• Its input items can be filled in any order.

• More than one input item can be filled as a result of a single user utterance.

Only input items (and not control items) can be filled as a result of matching a form-level grammar. The filling of field variables when using a form-level grammar is described in Section 3.1.6.

Also, the form's grammars can be active when the user is in other dialogs. If a document has two forms on it, say a car rental form and a hotel reservation form, and both forms have grammars that are active for that document, a user could respond to a request for hotel reservation information with information about the car rental, and thus direct the computer to talk about the car rental instead. The user can speak to any active grammar, and have input items set and actions taken in response.

Example. Here is a second version of the weather information service, showing mixed initiative. It has been "enhanced" for illustrative purposes with advertising and with a confirmation of the city and state:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="weather_info">

 <grammar src="cityandstate.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>

 <!-- Caller can't barge in on today's advertisement. -->
 <block>
  <prompt bargein="false">
     Welcome to the weather information service.
     <audio src="http://www.online-ads.example.com/wis.wav"/>
  </prompt>
 </block>

 <initial name="start">
  <prompt>
     For what city and state would you like the weather?
  </prompt>
  <help> 
    Please say the name of the city and
    state for which you would like a weather report.
  </help>
  <!-- If user is silent, reprompt once, then
   try directed prompts. -->
  <noinput count="1"> <reprompt/></noinput>
  <noinput count="2"> <reprompt/>
    <assign name="start" expr="true"/></noinput>
 </initial>

 <field name="state">
  <prompt>What state?</prompt>
  <help>
    Please speak the state for which you want the weather.
  </help>
 </field>

 <field name="city">
  <prompt>Please say the city in <value expr="state"/> 
                for which you want the weather.</prompt>
  <help>Please speak the city for which you
    want the weather.</help>
  <filled>
     <!-- Most of our customers are in LA. -->
     <if cond="city == 'Los Angeles' &amp;&amp; state == undefined">
       <assign name="state" expr="'California'"/>
     </if>
  </filled>
 </field>

 <field name="go_ahead" modal="true">
  <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
  <prompt>Do you want to hear the weather for
    <value expr="city"/>, <value expr="state"/>?
  </prompt>
  <filled>
     <if cond="go_ahead">
       <prompt bargein="false">
         <audio src="http://www.online-ads.example.com/wis2.wav"/>
       </prompt>
       <submit next="/servlet/weather" namelist="city state"/>
     </if>
     <clear namelist="start city state go_ahead"/>
  </filled>
 </field>
</form>
</vxml>

Here is a transcript showing the advantages for even a novice user:

C: Welcome to the weather information service. Buy Joe's Spicy Shrimp Sauce.

C: For what city and state would you like the weather?

H: Uh, California.

C: Please say the city in California for which you want the weather.

H: San Francisco, please.

C: Do you want to hear the weather for San Francisco, California?

H: No

C: For what city and state would you like the weather?

H: Los Angeles.

C: Do you want to hear the weather for Los Angeles, California?

H: Yes

C: Don't forget, buy Joe's Spicy Shrimp Sauce tonight!

C: Mostly sunny today with highs in the 80s. Lows tonight from the low 60s ...

The go_ahead field has its modal attribute set to true. This causes all grammars to be disabled except the ones defined in the current form item, so that the only grammar active during this field is the grammar for boolean.

An experienced user can get things done much faster (but is still forced to listen to the ads):

C: Welcome to the weather information service. Buy Joe's Spicy Shrimp Sauce.

C: What ...

H (barging in): LA

C: Do you ...

H (barging in): Yes

C: Don't forget, buy Joe's Spicy Shrimp Sauce tonight!

C: Mostly sunny today with highs in the 80s. Lows tonight from the low 60s ...

2.1.5.1 Controlling the order of field collection.

The form interpretation algorithm can be customized in several ways. One way is to assign a value to a form item variable, so that its form item will not be selected. Another is to use <clear> to set a form item variable to undefined; this forces the FIA to revisit the form item again.

Another method is to explicitly specify the next form item to visit using <goto nextitem>. This forces an immediate transfer to that form item even if any cond attribute present evaluates to "false". No variables, conditions or counters in the targeted form item will be reset. The form item's prompt will be played even if it has already been visited. If the <goto nextitem> occurs in a <filled> action, the rest of the <filled> action and any pending <filled> actions will be skipped.

Here is an example <goto nextitem> executed in response to the exit event:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<link event="exit">
 <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/exit.grxml"/>
</link>

<form id="survey_2000_03_30">
  <catch event="exit">
    <reprompt/>
    <goto nextitem="confirm_exit"/>
  </catch>
  <block>
   <prompt>
     Hello, you have been called at random to answer questions
     critical to U.S. foreign policy.
   </prompt>
  </block>

  <field name="q1">
   <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
   <prompt>Do you agree with the IMF position on
     privatizing certain functions of Burkina Faso's
     agriculture ministry?</prompt>
  </field>

  <field name="q2">
    <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
    <prompt>If this privatization occurs, will its
      effects be beneficial mainly to Ouagadougou and
      Bobo-Dioulasso?</prompt>
  </field>

  <field name="q3">
    <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
    <prompt>Do you agree that sorghum and millet output
      might thereby increase by as much as four percent per
      annum?</prompt>
  </field>

  <block>
    <submit next="register" namelist="q1 q2 q3"/>
  </block>

  <field name="confirm_exit">
    <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
    <prompt>You have elected to exit.  Are you
      sure you want to do this, and perhaps adversely affect
      U.S. foreign policy vis-a-vis sub-Saharan Africa for
      decades to come?</prompt>
    <filled>
      <if cond="confirm_exit">
        Okay, but the U.S. State Department is displeased.
        <exit/>
      <else/>
        Good, let's pick up where we left off.
        <clear namelist="confirm_exit"/>
      </if>
    </filled>
    <catch event="noinput nomatch">
      <throw event="exit"/>
    </catch>
  </field>
</form>
</vxml>

If the user says "exit" in response to any of the survey questions, an exit event is thrown by the platform and caught by the <catch> event handler. This handler directs that confirm_exit be the next visited field. The confirm_exit field would not be visited during normal completion of the survey because the preceding <block> element transfers control to the registration script.

2.1.6 Form Interpretation Algorithm

We've presented the form interpretation algorithm (FIA) at a conceptual level. In this section we describe it in more detail. A more formal description is provided in Appendix C.

2.1.6.1 Initialization Phase

Whenever a form is entered, it is initialized. Internal prompt counter variables (in the form's dialog scope) are reset to 1. Each variable (form-level <var> elements and form item variables) is initialized, in document order, to undefined or to the value of the relevant expr attribute.

2.1.6.2 Main Loop

The main loop of the FIA has three phases:

The select phase: the next unfilled form item is selected for visiting.

The collect phase: the selected form item is visited, which prompts the user for input, enables the appropriate grammars, and then waits for and collects an input (such as a spoken phrase or DTMF key presses) or an event (such as a request for help or a no input timeout).

The process phase: an input is processed by filling form items and executing <filled> elements to perform actions such as input validation. An event is processed by executing the appropriate event handler for that event type.

Note that the FIA may be given an input (a set of grammar slot/slot value pairs) that was collected while the user was in a different form's FIA. In this case the first iteration of the main loop skips the select and collect phases, and goes right to the process phase with that input. Also note that if an error occurs in the select or collect phase that causes an event to be generated, the event is thrown and the FIA moves directly into the process phase.

2.1.6.2.1 Select phase

The purpose of the select phase is to select the next form item to visit. This is done as follows:

If a <goto> from the last main loop iteration's process phase specified a <goto nextitem>, then the specified form item is selected.

Otherwise the first form item whose guard condition is false is chosen to be visited. If an error occurs while checking guard conditions, the event is thrown which skips the collect phase, and is handled in the process phase.

If no guard condition is false, and the last iteration completed the form without encountering an explicit transfer of control, the FIA does an implicit <exit> operation (similarly, if execution proceeds outside of a form, such as when an error is generated outside of a form, and there is no explicit transfer of control, the interpreter will perform an implicit <exit> operation).

2.1.6.2.2 Collect phase

The purpose of the collect phase is to collect an input or an event. The selected form item is visited, which performs actions that depend on the type of form item:

If a <field> or <record> is visited, the FIA selects and queues up any prompts based on the item's prompt counter and the prompt conditions. Then it activates and listens for the field level grammar(s) and any active higher-level grammars, and waits for the item to be filled or for some event to be generated.

If a <transfer> is visited, the prompts are queued based on the item's prompt counter and the prompt conditions. The item grammars are activated. The queue is played before the transfer is executed.

If a <subdialog> or <object> is visited, the prompts are queued based on the item's prompt counter and the prompt conditions. Grammars are not activated. Instead, the input collection behavior is specified by the executing context for the subdialog or object. The queue is not played before the subdialog or object is executed, but instead should be played during the subsequent input collection.

If an <initial> is visited, the FIA selects and queues up prompts based on the <initial>'s prompt counter and prompt conditions. Then it listens for the form level grammar(s) and any active higher-level grammars. It waits for a grammar recognition or for an event.

A <block> element is visited by setting its form item variable to true, evaluating its content, and then bypassing the process phase. No input is collected, and the next iteration of the FIA's main loop is entered.

2.1.6.2.3 Process phase

The purpose of the process phase is to process the input or event collected during the previous phases, as follows:

• If an event (such as a noinput or a hangup) occurred, then the applicable catch element is identified and executed. Selection of the applicable catch element starts in the scope of the current form item and then proceeds outward by enclosing dialog scopes. This can cause the FIA to terminate (e.g. if it transitions to a different dialog or document or it does an <exit>), or it can cause the FIA to go into the next iteration of the main loop (e.g. as when the default help event handler is executed).
• If an input matches a grammar from a <link> then that link's transition is executed, or its event is thrown. If the <link> throws an event, the event is processed in the context of the current form item (e.g. <initial>, <field>, <transfer>, and so forth).
• If an input matches a grammar in a form other than the current form, then the FIA terminates, the other form is initialized, and that form's FIA is started with this input in its process phase.

If an input matches a grammar in this form, then:

• The semantic result from the grammar is mapped into one or more form item variables as described in Section 3.1.6.
• The <filled> actions triggered by these assignments are identified as described in Section 2.4.
• Each identified <filled> action is executed in document order. If a <submit>, <disconnect>, <exit>, <return>, <goto> or <throw> is encountered, the remaining <filled> elements are not executed, and the FIA either terminates or continues in the next main loop iteration. <reprompt> does not terminate the FIA (the name suggests an action), but rather just sets a flag that affects the treatment of prompts on the subsequent iteration of the FIA. If an event is thrown during the execution of a <filled>, event handler selection starts in the scope of the <filled>, which could be a form item or the form itself, and then proceeds outward by enclosing dialog scopes.

After completion of the process phase, interpretation continues by returning to the select phase.

A more detailed form interpretation algorithm can be found in Appendix C.

2.2 Menus

A menu is a convenient syntactic shorthand for a form containing a single anonymous field that prompts the user to make a choice and transitions to different places based on that choice. Like a regular form, it can have its grammar scoped such that it is active when the user is executing another dialog. The following menu offers the user three choices:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<menu>
  <prompt>
    Welcome home. Say one of: <enumerate/>
  </prompt>
  <choice next="http://www.sports.example.com/vxml/start.vxml">
     Sports
  </choice>
  <choice next="http://www.weather.example.com/intro.vxml">
     Weather
  </choice>
  <choice next="http://www.stargazer.example.com/voice/astronews.vxml">
     Stargazer astrophysics news
  </choice>
  <noinput>Please say one of <enumerate/></noinput>
</menu>
</vxml>

This dialog might proceed as follows:

C: Welcome home. Say one of: sports; weather; Stargazer astrophysics news.

H: Astrology.

C: I did not understand what you said. (a platform-specific default message.)

C: Welcome home. Say one of: sports; weather; Stargazer astrophysics news.

H: sports.

C: (proceeds to http://www.sports.example.com/vxml/start.vxml)

2.2.1 menu element

This identifies the menu, and determines the scope of its grammars. The menu element's attributes are:

2.2.2 choice element

The <choice> element serves several purposes:

• It may specify a speech grammar, defined either using a <grammar> element or automatically generated by the process described in Section 2.2.5.

• It may specify a DTMF grammar, as discussed in Section 2.2.3.

• The contents may be used to form the <enumerate> prompt string. This is described in Section 2.2.4.

• And it specifies either an event to be thrown or the URI to go to when the choice is selected.

The choice element's attributes are:

Exactly one of "next", "expr", "event" or "eventexpr" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown. Exactly one of "message" or "messageexpr" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

If a <grammar> element is specified in <choice>, then the external grammar is used instead of an automatically generated grammar. This allows the developer to precisely control the <choice> grammar; for example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<menu>
  <choice next="http://www.sports.example.com/vxml/start.vxml">
    <grammar src="sports.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
    Sports
  </choice>
  <choice next="http://www.weather.example.com/intro.vxml">
   <grammar src="weather.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
   Weather
  </choice>
  <choice next="http://www.stargazer.example.com/voice/astronews.vxml">
   <grammar src="astronews.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
   Stargazer astrophysics
  </choice>
</menu>
</vxml>

2.2.3 DTMF in Menus

Menus can rely purely on speech, purely on DTMF, or both in combination by including a <property> element in the <menu>. Here is a DTMF-only menu with explicit DTMF sequences given to each choice, using the choice's dtmf attribute:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<menu>
  <property name="inputmodes" value="dtmf"/>
  <prompt>
   For sports press 1, For weather press 2, For Stargazer
   astrophysics press 3.
  </prompt>
  <choice dtmf="1" next="http://www.sports.example.com/vxml/start.vxml"/>
  <choice dtmf="2" next="http://www.weather.example.com/intro.vxml"/>
  <choice dtmf="3" next="http://www.stargazer.example.com/astronews.vxml"/>
</menu>
</vxml>

Alternatively, you can set the <menu>'s dtmf attribute to true to assign sequential DTMF digits to each of the first nine choices that have not specified their own DTMF sequences: the first choice has DTMF "1", and so on:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<menu dtmf="true">
  <property name="inputmodes" value="dtmf"/>
  <prompt>
   For sports press 1, For weather
   press 2, For Stargazer astrophysics press 3.
  </prompt>
  <choice next="http://www.sports.example.com/vxml/start.vxml"/>
  <choice next="http://www.weather.example.com/intro.vxml"/>
  <choice dtmf="0" next="#operator"/>
  <choice next="http://www.stargazer.example.com/voice/astronews.vxml"/>
</menu>
</vxml>

2.2.4 enumerate element

The <enumerate> element is an automatically generated description of the choices available to the user. It specifies a template that is applied to each choice in the order they appear in the menu. If it is used with no content, a default template that lists all the choices is used, determined by the interpreter context. If it has content, the content is the template specifier. This specifier may refer to two special variables: _prompt is the choice's prompt, and _dtmf is a normalized representation (i.e. a single whitespace between DTMF tokens) of the choice's assigned DTMF sequence (note that if no DTMF sequence is assigned to the choice element, or if a <grammar> element is specified in <choice>, then the _dtmf variable is assigned the ECMAScript undefined value ). For example, if the menu were rewritten as

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<menu dtmf="true">
  <prompt>
    Welcome home.
    <enumerate>
     For <value expr="_prompt"/>, press <value
     expr="_dtmf"/>.
   </enumerate>
   </prompt>
   <choice next="http://www.sports.example.com/vxml/start.vxml">
      sports </choice>
   <choice next="http://www.weather.example.com/intro.vxml">
      weather </choice>
   <choice next="http://www.stargazer.example.com/voice/astronews.vxml">
      Stargazer astrophysics news
   </choice>
</menu>
</vxml>

then the menu's prompt would be:

C: Welcome home. For sports, press 1. For weather, press 2. For Stargazer astrophysics news, press 3.

The <enumerate> element may be used within the prompts and the catch elements associated with <menu> elements and with <field> elements that contain <option> elements, as discussed in Section 2.3.1.3. An error.semantic event is thrown if <enumerate> is used elsewhere (for example, <enumerate> within an <enumerate>).

2.2.5 Grammar Generation

Any choice phrase specifies a set of words and phrases to listen for. A choice phrase is constructed from the PCDATA of the elements contained directly or indirectly in a <choice> element of a <menu>, or in the <option> element of a <field>.

If the accept attribute is "exact" then the user must say the entire phrase in the same order in which they occur in the choice phrase.

If the accept attribute is "approximate", then the choice may be matched when a user says a subphrase of the expression. For example, in response to the prompt "Stargazer astrophysics news" a user could say "Stargazer", "astrophysics", "Stargazer news", "astrophysics news", and so on. The equivalent grammar may be language and platform dependent.

As an example of using "exact" and "approximate" in different choices, consider this example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<menu accept="approximate">
  <choice next="http://www.stargazer.example.com/voice/astronews.vxml"> 
   Stargazer Astrophysics News </choice>
  <choice accept="exact"
  next="http://www.physicsweekly.com/voice/example.vxml"> 
   Physics Weekly  </choice>
  <choice accept="exact"
  next="http://www.particlephysics.com/voice/example.vxml"> 
  Particle Physics Update </choice>
  <choice next="http://www.astronomytoday.com/voice/example.vxml"> 
  Astronomy Today </choice>
</menu>
</vxml>

Because "approximate" is specified for the first choice, the user may say a subphrase when matching the first choice; for instance, "Stargazer" or "Astrophysics News". However, because "exact" is specified in the second and third choices, only a complete phrase will match: "Physics Weekly" and "Particle Physics Update".

2.2.6 Interpretation Model

A menu behaves like a form with a single field that does all the work. The menu prompts become field prompts. The menu event handlers become the field event handlers. The menu grammars become form grammars. As with forms, grammar matches in menu will update the application.lastresult$ array. These variables are described in Section 5.1.5. Generated grammars must always produce simple results whose interpretation and utterance values are identical.

Upon entry, the menu's grammars are built and enabled, and the prompt is played. When the user input matches a choice, control transitions according to the value of the next, expr, event or eventexpr attribute of the <choice>, only one of which may be specified. If an event attribute is specified but its event handler does not cause the interpreter to exit or transition control, then the FIA will clear the form item variable of the menu's anonymous field, causing the menu to be executed again.

2.3 Form Items

A form item is an element of a <form> that can be visited during form interpretation. These elements are <field>, <block>, <initial>, <subdialog>, <object>, <record>, and <transfer>.

All form items have the following characteristics:

• They have a result variable, specified by the name attribute. This variable may be given an initial value with the expr attribute.

• They have a guard condition specified with the cond attribute. A form item is visited if it is not filled and its cond is not specified or evaluates, after conversion to boolean, to true.

Form items are subdivided into input items, those that define the form's input item variables, and control items, those that help control the gathering of the form's input items. Input items (<field>, <subdialog>, <object>, <record>, and <transfer>) generally may contain the following elements:

• <filled> elements containing some action to execute after the result input item variable is filled in.

• <property> elements to specify properties that are in effect for this input item (the <initial> form item can also contain this element).

• <prompt> elements to specify prompts to be played when this element is visited.

• <grammar> elements to specify allowable spoken and character input for this input item (<subdialog> and <object> cannot contain this element).

• <catch> elements and catch shorthands that are in effect for this input item (the <initial> form item can also contain this element).

Each input item may have an associated set of shadow variables. Shadow variables are used to return results from the execution of an input item, other than the value stored under the name attribute. For example, it may be useful to know the confidence level that was obtained as a result of a recognized grammar in a <field> element. A shadow variable is referenced as name$.shadowvar where name is the value of the form item's name attribute, and shadowvar is the name of a specific shadow variable. Shadow variables are writeable and can be modified by the application. For example, the <field> element returns a shadow variable confidence. The example below illustrates how this shadow variable is accessed.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="get_state">
<field name="state">
  <prompt> Please say the name of a state. </prompt>
  <grammar src="http://mygrammars.example.com/states.gram"
              type="application/srgs"/>
  <filled>
    <if cond="state$.confidence &lt; 0.4">
      <throw event="nomatch"/>
    </if>
  </filled>
</field>
</form>
</vxml>

In the example, the confidence of the result is examined, and the result is rejected if the confidence is too low.

2.3.1 field element

A field specifies an input item to be gathered from the user. The field element's attributes are:

The shadow variables of a <field> element with the name name are given in Table 10. The values of the utterance, inputmode and interpretation shadow variables must be the same as those in application.lastresult$ (see Section 5.1.5).

2.3.1.1. Fields Using Explicit Grammars

Explicit grammars can be specified via a URI, which can be absolute or relative:

<field name="flavor">
  <prompt>What is your favorite ice cream?</prompt>
  <grammar src="../grammars/ice_cream.grxml"
           type="application/srgs+xml"/>
</field>

Grammars can be specified inline, for example using a W3C ABNF grammar:

<field name="flavor">
  <prompt>What is your favorite flavor?</prompt>
  <help>Say one of vanilla, chocolate, or strawberry.</help>
  <grammar mode="voice" type="application/srgs">
   #ABNF 1.0;
   $options = vanilla | chocolate | strawberry
  </grammar>
</field>

If both the <grammar> src attribute and an inline grammar are specified, then an error.badfetch is thrown.

2.3.1.2. Explicit Grammars with Platform-specific Builtins

Platform support for builtin resources such as speech grammars, DTMF grammars and audio files is optional. These resources are accessed using platform-specific URIs, such as "http://localhost:5000/grammar/boolean", or platform-specific schemes such as the commonly used 'builtin' scheme, "builtin:grammar/boolean".

If a platform supports access to builtin resources, then it should support access to fundamental builtin grammars (see Appendix P); for example

<grammar src="builtin:grammar/boolean"/>
<grammar src="builtin:dtmf/boolean"/>

where the first <grammar> references the builtin boolean speech grammar, and the second references the builtin boolean DTMF grammar.

By definition the following:

<field type="sample">
   <prompt>Prompt for builtin grammar</prompt>
</field>

is equivalent to the following platform-specific builtin grammars :

<field>
   <grammar src="builtin:grammar/sample"/>
   <grammar src="builtin:dtmf/sample"/> 
   <prompt>Prompt for builtin grammar</prompt>
</field>

where sample is one of the fundamental builtin field types (e.g., boolean, date, etc.).

In addition, platform-specific builtin URI schemes may be used to access grammars that are supported by particular interpreter contexts. It is recommended that platform-specific builtin grammar names begin with the string "x-", as this namespace will not be used in future versions of the standard.

Examples of platform-specific builtin grammars:

<grammar src="builtin:grammar/x-sample"/>
<grammar src="builtin:dtmf/x-sample"/>

2.3.1.3. Fields Using Option Lists

When a simple set of alternatives is all that is needed to specify the legal input values for a field, it may be more convenient to use an option list than a grammar. An option list is represented by a set of <option> elements contained in a <field> element. Each <option> element contains PCDATA that is used to generate a speech grammar. This follows the grammar generation method described for <choice> in Section 2.2.5 . Attributes may be used to specify a DTMF sequence for each option and to control the value assigned to the field's form item variable. When an option is chosen, the value attribute determines the interpretation value for the field's shadow variable and for application.lastresult$.

The following field offers the user three choices and assigns the value of the value attribute of the selected option to the maincourse variable:

<field name="maincourse">
  <prompt>
      Please select an entree. Today, we are featuring <enumerate/>
  </prompt>

  <option dtmf="1" value="fish"> swordfish </option>
  <option dtmf="2" value="beef"> roast beef </option>
  <option dtmf="3" value="chicken"> frog legs </option>

  <filled>
    <submit next="/cgi-bin/maincourse.cgi"
        method="post" namelist="maincourse"/>
  </filled>
</field>

This conversation might sound like:

C: Please select an entree. Today, we're featuring swordfish; roast beef; frog legs.

H: frog legs

C: (assigns "chicken" to "maincourse", then submits "maincourse=chicken" to /maincourse.cgi)

The following example shows proper and improper use of <enumerate> in a catch element of a form with several fields containing <option> elements:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form>
  <block>
    We need a few more details to complete your order.
  </block>
  <field name="color">
    <prompt>Which color?</prompt>
    <option>red</option>
    <option>blue</option>
    <option>green</option>
  </field>
  <field name="size">
    <prompt>Which size?</prompt>
    <option>small</option>
    <option>medium</option>
    <option>large</option>
  </field>
  <field name="quantity">
    <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/number.grxml"/>
    <prompt>How many?</prompt>
  </field>
  <block>
    Thank you.  Your order is being processed.
    <submit next="details.cgi" namelist="color size quantity"/>
  </block>
  <catch event="help nomatch">
    Your options are <enumerate/>.
  </catch>
</form>
</vxml>

A scenario might be:

C: We need a few more details to complete your order. Which color?

H: help. (throws "help" event caught by form-level <catch>)

C: Your options are red, blue, green.

H: red.

C: Which size?

H: 7 (throws "nomatch" event caught by form-level <catch>)

C: Your options are small, medium, large.

H: small.

In the steps above, the <enumerate/> in the form-level catch had something to enumerate: the <option> elements in the "color" and "size" <field> elements. The next <field>, however, is different:

C: How many?

H: a lot. (throws "nomatch" event caught by form-level <catch>)

The form-level <catch>'s use of <enumerate> causes an "error.semantic" event to be thrown because the "quantity" <field> does not contain any <option> elements that can be enumerated.

One solution is to add a field-level <catch> to the "quantity" <field>:

<catch event="help nomatch">
       Please say the number of items to be ordered.
</catch>

The "nomatch" event would then be caught locally, resulting in the following possible completion of the scenario:

C: Please say the number of items to be ordered.

H: 50

C: Thank you. Your order is being processed.

The <enumerate> element is also discussed in Section 2.2.4.

The attributes of <option> are:

The use of <option> does not preclude the simultaneous use of <grammar>. The result would be the match from either 'grammar', not unlike the occurrence of two <grammar> elements in the same <field> representing a disjunction of choices.

2.3.2 block element

This element is a form item. It contains executable content that is executed if the block's form item variable is undefined and the block's cond attribute, if any, evaluates to true.

<block>
   Welcome to Flamingo, your source for lawn ornaments.
</block>

The form item variable is automatically set to true just before the block is entered. Therefore, blocks are typically executed just once per form invocation.

Sometimes you may need more control over blocks. To do this, you can name the form item variable, and set or clear it to control execution of the <block>. This variable is declared in the dialog scope of the form.

Attributes of <block> include:

2.3.3. initial element

In a typical mixed initiative form, an <initial> element is visited when the user is initially being prompted for form-wide information, and has not yet entered into the directed mode where each field is visited individually. Like input items, it has prompts, catches, and event counters. Unlike input items, <initial> has no grammars, and no <filled> action. For instance:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="get_from_and_to_cities">
   <grammar src="http://www.directions.example.com/grammars/from_to.grxml" 
       type="application/srgs+xml"/>
   <block>
       Welcome to the Driving Directions By Phone.
   </block>
   <initial name="bypass_init">
     <prompt>
       Where do you want to drive from and to?
     </prompt>
     <nomatch count="1">
        Please say something like "from Atlanta Georgia to Toledo Ohio".
     </nomatch>
     <nomatch count="2">
        I'm sorry, I still don't understand.
        I'll ask you for information one piece at a time.
        <assign name="bypass_init" expr="true"/>
        <reprompt/>
     </nomatch>
   </initial>
   <field name="from_city">
     <grammar src="http://www.directions.example.com/grammars/city.grxml" 
              type="application/srgs+xml"/>
     <prompt>From which city are you leaving?</prompt>
   </field>
   <field name="to_city">
     <grammar src="http://www.directions.example.com/grammars/city.grxml" 
              type="application/srgs+xml"/>
     <prompt>Which city are you going to?</prompt>
   </field>
</form>
</vxml>

If an event occurs while visiting an <initial>, then one of its event handlers executes. As with other form items, <initial> continues to be eligible to be visited while its form item variable is undefined and while its cond attribute is true. If one or more of the input item variables is set by user input, then all <initial> form item variables are set to true, before any <filled> actions are executed.

An <initial> form item variable can be manipulated explicitly to disable, or re-enable the <initial>'s eligibility to the FIA. For example, in the program above, the <initial>'s form item variable is set on the second nomatch event. This causes the FIA to no longer consider the <initial> and to choose the next form item, which is a <field> to prompt explicitly for the origination city. Similarly, an <initial>'s form item variable could be cleared, so that <initial> gets selected again by the FIA.

More than one <initial> may be specified in the same form. When the form is entered only the first <initial> in document order that is eligible according to its cond attribute will be visited. After the first form item variable is filled, all <initial> form item variables are set to true so that they are not visited. Explicitly clearing the <initial>s can allow them to be reused, and even allow a different <initial> to be selected on subsequent iterations of the FIA.

The cond attribute can also be used to select which <initial> to use in a given iteration. An application could provide multiple <initial>s but mark them for use only under special circumstances by using their cond attribute; for example, if the cond attribute were used to test for novice versus advanced operation mode, and only use the <initial>s in advanced mode. Furthermore, if the first <initial> in document order specified a value for its cond attribute which was never fulfilled, then it would never be executed. If all <initial>s had cond values which prevented their selection, then none would be executed.

Normal grammar scoping rules apply when visiting an <initial>, as described in Section 3.1.3.. In particular, no grammars scoped to a <field> are active.

Note: explicit assignment of values to input item variables does not affect the value of an <initial>'s form item variable.

Attributes of <initial> include:

2.3.4 subdialog element

Subdialogs are a mechanism for reusing common dialogs and building libraries of reusable applications.

The <subdialog> element invokes a 'called' dialog (known as the subdialog) identified by its src or srcexpr attribute in the 'calling' dialog. The subdialog executes in a new execution context that includes all the declarations and state information for the subdialog, the subdialog's document, and the subdialog's application root (if present), with counters reset, and variables initialized. The subdialog proceeds until the execution of a <return> or <exit> element, or until no form items remain eligible for the FIA to select (equivalent to an <exit>). A <return> element causes control and data to be returned to the calling dialog (Section 5.3.10). When the subdialog returns, its execution context is deleted, and execution resumes in the calling dialog with any appropriate <filled> elements.

The subdialog context and the context of the called dialog are independent, even if the dialogs are in the same document. Variables in the scope chain of the calling dialog are not shared with the called subdialog: there is no sharing of variable instances between execution contexts. Even when the subdialog is specified in the same document as the calling dialog, its execution context contains different variable instances. When the subdialog and calling dialog are in different documents but share a root document, the subdialog's root variables are likewise different instances. All variable bindings applied in the subdialog context are lost on return to the calling context.

Within the subdialog context, however, normal scoping rules for grammars, events and variables apply. Active grammars in a subdialog include default grammars defined by the interpreter context and appropriately scoped grammars in <link>, <menu> and <form> elements in the subdialog's document and its root document. Event handling and variable binding likewise follow the standard scoping hierarchy.

From a programming perspective, subdialogs behave differently from subroutines because the calling and called contexts are independent. While a subroutine can access variable instances in its calling routine, a subdialog cannot access the same variable instance defined in its calling dialog. Similarly, subdialogs do not follow the event percolation model in languages like Java where an event thrown in a method automatically percolates up to the calling context if not handled in the called context. Events thrown in a subdialog are treated by event handlers defined within its context; they can only be passed to the calling context by a local event handler which explicitly returns the event to the calling context (see Section 5.3.10).

The subdialog is specified by the URI reference in the <subdialog>'s src or srcexpr attribute (see [RFC2396]). If this URI reference contains an absolute or relative URI, which may include a query string, then that URI is fetched and the subdialog is found in the resulting document. If the <subdialog> has a namelist attribute, then those variables are added to the query string of the URI.

If the URI reference contains only a fragment (i.e., no absolute or relative URI), and if there is no namelist attribute, then there is no fetch: the subdialog is found in the current document.

The URI reference's fragment, if any, specifies the subdialog to invoke. When there is no fragment, the subdialog invoked is the lexically first dialog in the document.

If the URI reference is not valid (i.e. the dialog or document does not exist), an error.badfetch must be thrown. Note that for errors which occur during a dialog or document transition, the scope in which errors are handled is platform specific.

The attributes are:

Exactly one of "src" or "srcexpr" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

The <subdialog> element may contain elements common to all form items, and may also contain <param> elements. The <param> elements of a <subdialog> specify the parameters to pass to the subdialog. These parameters must be declared as <var> elements in the form executed as the subdialog or an error.semantic will be thrown. When a subdialog initializes, the subdialog's form level <var> elements are initialized in document order to the value specified by the <param> element with the corresponding name. The parameter values are computed by evaluating the <param> expr attribute in the context of the <param> element. An expr attribute in the <var> element is ignored in this case. If no corresponding <param> is specified to <var> element, an expr attribute is used as a default value, or the variable is undefined if the expr attribute is unspecified as with the regular <form> element.

In the example below, the birthday of an individual is used to validate their driver's license. The src attribute of the subdialog refers to a form that is within the same document. The <param> element is used to pass the birthday value to the subdialog.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<!-- form dialog that calls a subdialog -->
<form>
  <subdialog name="result" src="#getdriverslicense">
   <param name="birthday" expr="'2000-02-10'"/>
   <filled>
     <submit next="http://myservice.example.com/cgi-bin/process"/>
   </filled>
  </subdialog>
</form>

<!-- subdialog to get drivers license -->
<form id="getdriverslicense">
  <var name="birthday"/>
  <field name="drivelicense">
   <grammar src="http://grammarlib/drivegrammar.grxml"
      type="application/srgs+xml"/>
   <prompt> Please say your drivers license number. </prompt>
   <filled>
     <if cond="validdrivelicense(drivelicense,birthday)">
       <var name="status" expr="true"/>
     <else/>
       <var name="status" expr="false"/>
     </if>
     <return namelist="drivelicense status"/>
   </filled>
  </field>
</form>
</vxml>

The driver's license value is returned to calling dialog, along with a status variable in order to indicate whether the license is valid or not.

This example also illustrates the convenience of using <param> as a means for forwarding data to the subdialog as a means of instantiating values in the subdialog without using server side scripting. An alternate solution that uses scripting, is shown below.

Document with form that calls a subdialog

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
  <form>
   <field name="birthday">
     <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/date.grxml"/>
     What is your birthday?
   </field>
   <subdialog name="result"
          src="/cgi-bin/getlib#getdriverslicense"
          namelist="birthday">
     <filled>
       <submit next="http://myservice.example.com/cgi-bin/process"/>
     </filled>
   </subdialog>
  </form>
</vxml>

Document containing the subdialog (generated by /cgi-bin/getlib)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
  <form id="getdriverslicense">
    <var name="birthday" expr="'1980-02-10'"/>
    <!-- Generated by server script -->
   <field name="drivelicense">
     <grammar src="http://grammarlib/drivegrammar.grxml"
        type="application/srgs+xml"/>
     <prompt>
       Please say your drivers license number.
     </prompt>
     <filled>
       <if cond="validdrivelicense(drivelicense,birthday)">
         <var name="status" expr="true"/>
       <else/>
         <var name="status" expr="false"/>
       </if>
       <return namelist="drivelicense status"/>
     </filled>
   </field>
  </form>
</vxml>

In the above example, a server side script had to generate the document and embed the birthday value.

One last example is shown below that illustrates a subdialog to capture general credit card information. First the subdialog is defined in a separate document; it is intended to be reusable across different applications. It returns a status, the credit card number, and the expiry date; if a result cannot be obtained, the status is returned with value "no_result".

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
   <!-- Example of subdialog to collect credit card information. -->
   <!-- file is at http://www.somedomain.example.com/ccn.vxml -->
   <form id="getcredit">
     <var name="status" expr="'no_result'"/>

     <field name="creditcardnum">
       <prompt>
         What is your credit card number?
       </prompt>
       <help>
         I am trying to collect your credit card information.
         <reprompt/>
       </help>
       <nomatch>
         <return namelist="status"/>
       </nomatch>
       <grammar src="ccn.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
     </field>

     <field name="expirydate">
       <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/date.grxml"/>
       <prompt>
         What is the expiry date of this card?
       </prompt>
       <help>
         I am trying to collect the expiry date of the credit
         card number you provided.
         <reprompt/>
       </help>
       <nomatch>
         <return namelist="status"/>
       </nomatch>
     </field>

     <block>
       <assign name="status" expr="'result'"/>
       <return namelist="status creditcardnum expirydate"/>
     </block>
   </form>
</vxml>

An application that includes a calling dialog is shown below. It obtains the name of a software product and operating system using a mixed initiative dialog, and then solicits credit card information using the subdialog.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
  <!-- Example main program -->
  <!-- http://www.somedomain.example.com/main.vxml -->
  <!-- calls subdialog ccn.vxml -->

  <!-- assume this gets defined by some dialog -->
  <var name="username"/>

  <form id="buysoftware">
    <var name="ccn"/>
    <var name="exp"/>
    <grammar src="buysoftware.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
    <initial name="start">
      <prompt>
        Please tell us the software product you wish to buy
        and the operating system on which it must run.
      </prompt>
      <noinput>
        <assign name="start" expr="true"/>
      </noinput>
    </initial>

    <field name="product">
      <prompt>
        Which software product would you like to buy?
      </prompt>
    </field>

    <field name="operatingsystem">
      <prompt>
        Which operating system does this software need to run on?
      </prompt>
    </field>

    <subdialog name="cc_results"
        src="http://somedomain.example.com/ccn.vxml">
      <filled>
        <if cond="cc_results.status=='no_result'">
          Sorry, your credit card information could not be
          Obtained. This order is cancelled.
          <exit/>
        <else/>
          <assign name="ccn" expr="cc_results.creditcardnum"/>
          <assign name="exp" expr="cc_results.expirydate"/>
        </if>
      </filled>
    </subdialog>

    <block>
      We will now process your order. Please hold.
      <submit next="www.somedomain.example.com/process_order.asp"
              namelist="username product operatingsystem ccn exp"/>
    </block>
  </form>
</vxml>

2.3.5. object element

A VoiceXML implementation platform may expose platform-specific functionality for use by a VoiceXML application via the <object> element. The <object> element makes direct use of its own content during initialization (e.g. <param> child element) and execution. As a result, <object> content cannot be treated as alternative content. Notice that like other input items, <object> has prompts and catch elements. It may also have <filled> actions.

For example, a platform-specific credit card collection object could be accessed like this:

<object
    name="debit"
    classid="method://credit-card/gather_and_debit"
    data="http://www.recordings.example.com/prompts/credit/jesse.jar">
  <param name="amount" expr="document.amt"/>
  <param name="vendor" expr="vendor_num"/>
</object>

In this example, the <param> element (Section 6.4) is used to pass parameters to the object when it is invoked. When this <object> is executed, it returns an ECMAScript object as the value of its form item variable. This <block> presents the values returned from the credit card object:

<block>
   <prompt>
     The card type is <value expr="debit.card"/>.
   </prompt>

   <prompt>
     The card number is <value expr="debit.card_no"/>.
   </prompt>

   <prompt>
     The expiration date is <value expr="debit.expiry_date"/>.
   </prompt>

   <prompt>
     The approval code is <value expr="debit.approval_code"/>.
   </prompt>

   <prompt>The confirmation number is
     <value expr="debit.conf_no"/>.
   </prompt>
</block>

As another example, suppose that a platform has a feature that allows the user to enter arbitrary text messages using a telephone keypad.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="gather_pager_message">
  <object name="message"
      classid="builtin://keypad-text-input">
   <prompt>
     Enter your message by pressing your keypad once
     per letter.  For a space, enter star.  To end the
     message, press the pound sign.
   </prompt>
  </object>

  <block>
    <assign name="document.pager_message" expr="message.text"/>
    <goto next="#confirm_pager_message"/>
  </block>
</form>
</vxml>

The user is first prompted for the pager message, then keys it in. The <block> copies the message to the variable document.pager_message.

Attributes of <object> include:

There is no requirement for implementations to provide platform-specific objects, although implementations must handle the <object> element by throwing error.unsupported.objectname if the particular platform-specific object is not supported (note that 'objectname' in error.unsupported.objectname is a fixed string, so not substituted with the name of the unsupported object). If an implementation does this, it is considered to be supporting the <object> element.

The object itself is responsible for determining whether parameter names or values it receives are invalid. If so, the <object> element throws an error. The error may be either object-specific or one of the standard errors listed in Section 5.2.6.

2.3.6. record element

The <record> element is an input item that collects a recording from the user. A reference to the recorded audio is stored in the input item variable, which can be played back (using the expr attribute on <audio>) or submitted to a server, as shown in this example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
   <form>
     <property name="bargein" value="true"/>
     <block>
       <prompt>
         Riley is not available to take your call.
       </prompt>
     </block>
     <record  name="msg" beep="true" maxtime="10s"
       finalsilence="4000ms" dtmfterm="true" type="audio/x-wav">
       <prompt timeout="5s">
         Record a message after the beep.
       </prompt>
       <noinput>
         I didn't hear anything, please try again.
       </noinput>
     </record>

     <field name="confirm">
       <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
       <prompt>
          Your message is <audio expr="msg"/>.
       </prompt>
       <prompt>
         To keep it, say yes.  To discard it, say no.
       </prompt>
       <filled>
         <if cond="confirm">
           <submit next="save_message.pl" enctype="multipart/form-data"
               method="post" namelist="msg"/>
         </if>
         <clear/>
       </filled>
     </field>
   </form>
</vxml>

The user is prompted to record a message, and then records it. The recording terminates when one of the following conditions is met: the interval of final silence occurs, a DTMF key is pressed, the maximum recording time is exceeded, or the caller hangs up. The recording is played back, and if the user approves it, is sent on to the server for storage using the HTTP POST method. Notice that like other input items, <record> has grammar, prompt and catch elements. It may also have <filled> actions.

Figure 7: Timing of prompts, audio recording, and DTMF input

When a user hangs up during recording, the recording terminates and a connection.disconnect.hangup event is thrown. However, audio recorded up until the hangup is available through the <record> variable. Applications, such as simple voicemail services, can then return audio data to a server even after disconnection:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form>
   <record  name="msg" beep="true" maxtime="10s"
       finalsilence="4000ms" dtmfterm="true" type="audio/x-wav">
       <prompt timeout="5s">
         Record a message after the beep.
       </prompt>
       <noinput>
         I didn't hear anything, please try again.
       </noinput>
       <catch event="connection.disconnect.hangup">
           <submit next="./voicemail_server.asp"/>
       </catch>
   </record>
</form>
</vxml>

A recording begins at the earliest after the playback of any prompts (including the 'beep' tone if defined). As an optimization, a platform may begin recording when the user starts speaking.

A timeout interval is defined to begin immediately after prompt playback (including the 'beep' tone if defined) and its duration is determined by the 'timeout' property. If the timeout interval is exceeded before recording begins, then a <noinput> event is thrown.

A maxtime interval is defined to begin when recording begins and its duration is determined by a 'maxtime' attribute. If the maxtime interval is exceeded before recording ends, then the recording is terminated and the maxtime shadow variable is set to 'true'.

A recording ends when an event is thrown, DTMF or speech input matches an active grammar, or the maxtime interval is exceeded. As an optimization, a platform may end recording after a silence interval (set by the 'finalsilence' attribute) indicating the user has stopped speaking.

If no audio is collected during execution of <record>, then the record variable remains unfilled (note). This can occur, for example, when DTMF or speech input is received during prompt playback or before the timeout interval expires. In particular, if no audio is collected before the user terminates recording with DTMF input matching a local DTMF grammar (or when the dtmfterm attribute is set to true), then the record variable is not filled (so shadow variables are not set), and the FIA applies as normal without a noinput event being thrown. However, information about the input may be available in these situations via application.lastresult$ as described in Section 5.1.5.

The <record> element contains a 'dtmfterm' attribute as a developer convenience. A 'dtmfterm' attribute with the value 'true' is equivalent to the definition of a local DTMF grammar which matches any DTMF input. The dtmfterm attribute has priority over specified local DTMF grammars.

Any DTMF keypress matching an active grammar terminates recording. DTMF keypresses not matching an active grammar are ignored (and therefore do not terminate or otherwise affect recording) and may optionally be removed from the signal by the platform.

Platform support for recognition of speech grammars during recording is optional. If the platform supports simultaneous recognition and recording, then spoken input matching an active non-local speech grammar terminates recording and the FIA is invoked, transferring execution to the element containing the grammar. The 'terminating' speech input is accessible via application.lastresult$. The audio of the recognized 'terminating' speech input is not available and is not part of the recording. Note that, unlike DTMF, speech recognition input cannot be used just to terminate recording: if local speech grammars are specified, they are treated as inactive (i.e. they are ignored), even if the platform supports simultaneous recognition and recording.

If the termination grammar matched is a local grammar, the recording is placed in the record variable. Otherwise, the record variable is left unfilled (note) and the form interpretation algorithm is invoked. In each case, application.lastresult$ is assigned.

note Although the record variable is not filled with a recording in this case, a match of a non-local grammar may nevertheless result in an assignment of some value to the record variable (see Section 3.1.6).

The attributes of <record> are:

The <record> element has the following shadow variables set after the recording has been made:

2.3.7. transfer element

The <transfer> element directs the interpreter to connect the caller to another entity (e.g. telephone line or another voice application). During the transfer operation, the current interpreter session is suspended.

There are a variety of ways an implementation platform can initiate a transfer, including "bridge", "blind", network-based redirect (sometimes referred to as "take back and transfer"), "switchhook transfer", etc. Bridge and blind transfer types are supported; the others are highly dependent upon specific platform and network features and configuration and therefore are outside the scope of this specification.

The <transfer> element is optional, though platforms should support it. Platforms that support <transfer> may support bridge or blind transfer types, or both. Platforms that support either type of transfer may optionally support bargein input modes of DTMF, speech recognition, or both, during the call transfer to drop the far-end. Blind transfer attempts can only be cancelled up to the point the outgoing call begins.

Attributes are:

Exactly one of "dest" or "destexpr" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown. Likewise, exactly one of "aai" or "aaiexpr" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

2.3.7.1 Blind Transfer

With a blind transfer, an attempt is made to connect the original caller with the callee. Any prompts preceding the <transfer>, as well as prompts within the <transfer>, are queued and played before the transfer attempt begins; bargein properties apply as normal.

Figure 8: Audio Connections during a blind transfer: <transfer bridge="false">

Any audio source specified by the transferaudio attribute is ignored since no audio can be played from the platform to the caller during the transfer attempt. Whether the connection is successful or not, the implementation platform cannot regain control of the connections.

Connection status is not available. For example, it is not possible to know whether the callee was busy, when a successful call ends, etc. However, some error conditions may be reported if known to the platform, such as if the caller is not authorized to call the destination, or if the destination URI is malformed. These are platform-specific, but should follow the naming convention of other transfer form item variable values.

The caller can cancel the transfer attempt before the outgoing call begins by barging in with a speech or DTMF command that matches an active grammar during the playback of any queued audio.

In this case, the form item variable is set, and the following shadow variables are set:

Also, the application.lastresult$ variable will be filled as described in Section 5.1.5.

If the caller disconnects by hanging up during a call transfer attempt before the connection to the callee begins, a connection.disconnect.hangup event will be thrown, and dialog execution will transition to a handler for the hangup event (if one exists). The form item variable, and thus shadow variables, will not be set.

Once the transfer begins and the interpreter disconnects from the session, the platform throws connection.disconnect.transfer and document interpretation continues normally.

Any connection between the caller and callee remains in place regardless of document execution.

2.3.7.2 Bridge Transfer

For a bridge transfer, the platform connects the caller to the callee in a full duplex conversation.

Figure 9: Audio Connections during a bridge transfer: <transfer bridge="true">

Any prompts preceding the <transfer>, as well as prompts within the <transfer>, are queued and played before the transfer attempt begins. The bargein control applies normally. Specification of bargeintype is ignored; "hotword" is set by default.

The caller can cancel the transfer attempt before the outgoing call begins by barging in with a speech or DTMF command that matches an active grammar during the playback of any queued audio.

2.3.7.2.1 Listening for user input during a transfer

Platforms may optionally support listening for caller commands to terminate the transfer by specifying one or more grammars inside the <transfer> element. The <transfer> element is modal in that no grammar defined outside its scope is active. The platform will monitor during playing of prompts and during the entire length of the transfer connecting and talking phases:

• DTMF input from the caller matching an included DTMF grammar
• an utterance from the caller matching an included speech grammar

A successful match will terminate the transfer (the connection to the callee); document interpretation continues normally. An unsuccessful match is ignored. If no grammars are specified, the platform will not listen to input from the caller.

The platform does not monitor in-band signals or voice input from the callee.

2.3.7.2.2 Handling caller, callee, or network disconnections

While attempting to connect to the callee, the platform monitors call progress indicators (in-band and/or out-of-band, depending upon the particular connection type and protocols). For the duration of a successful transfer, the platform monitors for (out-of-band) telephony events, such as disconnect, on both call legs.

If the callee disconnects, the caller resumes his session with the interpreter. If the caller disconnects, the platform disconnects the callee, and document interpretation continues normally. If both the caller and callee are disconnected by the network, document interpretation continues normally.

The possible outcomes for a bridge transfer before the connection to the callee is established are:

The possible outcomes for a bridge transfer after the connection to the callee is established are:

If the caller disconnects by hanging up (either during a call transfer or call transfer attempt), the connection to the callee (if one exists) is dropped, a connection.disconnect.hangup event will be thrown, and dialog execution will transition to a handler for the hangup event (if one exists). The form item variable, and thus shadow variables, will not be set.

If execution of <transfer> continues normally, then its form item variable is set, and the following shadow variables will be set:

If the transfer was terminated by speech recognition input, then application.lastresult$ is assigned as usual.

2.3.7.2.3 Audio during bridge transfer attempt

During a bridge transfer, it might be desirable to play audio to the caller while the platform attempts to connect to the callee. For example, an advertisement ("Buy Joe's Spicy Shrimp Sauce") or informational message ("Your call is very important to us; please wait while we connect you to the next available agent.") might be provided in place of call progress information (ringing, busy, network announcements, etc.).

At the point the outgoing call begins, audio specified by transferaudio begins playing. Playing of transferaudio terminates when the answer status of the far-end connection is determined. This status isn't always known, since the far-end switch can play audio (such as a special information tone, busy tone, network busy tone, or a recording saying the connection can't be made) with out actually "answering" the call.

If a specified audio file play duration is shorter than the time it takes to connect the far-end, the caller may hear silence, platform-specific audio, or call progress information, depending upon the platform.

2.3.7.3 Transfer Errors and Events

One of the following events may be thrown during a transfer:

If a transfer attempt could not be made, one of the following errors will be thrown:

2.3.7.4 Example

The following example attempts to perform a bridge transfer the caller to a another party, and wait for that conversation to terminate. Prompts may be included before or within the <transfer> element. This may be used to inform the caller of what is happening, with a notice such as "Please wait while we transfer your call." The <prompt> within the <block>, and the <prompt> within <transfer> are queued and played before actually performing the transfer. After the audio queue is flushed, the outgoing call is initiated. By default, the caller is connected to the outgoing telephony channel. The "transferaudio" attribute specifies an audio file to be played to the caller in place of audio from the far-end until the far-end answers. If the audio source is longer than the connect time, the audio will stop playing immediately upon far-end answer.

Figure 10: Sequence and timing during an example of a bridge transfer

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="xfer">
   <var name="mydur" expr="0"/>
   <block>
     <!-- queued and played before starting the transfer -->
     <prompt>
        Calling Riley. Please wait.
     </prompt>
   </block>

   <!-- Play music while attempting to connect to far-end -->
   <!-- "hotword" bargeintype during transferaudio only -->
   <!-- Wait up to 60 seconds for the far end to answer  -->
   <transfer name="mycall" dest="tel:+1-555-123-4567"
      transferaudio="music.wav" connecttimeout="60s" bridge="true">

     <!-- queued and played before starting the transfer -->
     <!-- bargein properties apply during this prompt -->
     <prompt>
        Say cancel to disconnect this call at any time.
     </prompt>

     <!-- specify an external grammar to listen for "cancel" command -->
     <grammar src="cancel.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>

     <filled>
       <assign name="mydur" expr="mycall$.duration"/>
         <if cond="mycall == 'busy'">
           <prompt>
             Riley's line is busy. Please call again later.
           </prompt>
         <elseif cond="mycall == 'noanswer'"/>
           <prompt>
             Riley can't answer the phone now. Please call
             again later.
           </prompt>
         </if>
     </filled>
   </transfer>

   <!-- submit call statistics to server -->
   <block>
      <submit namelist="mycall mydur" next="/cgi-bin/report"/>
   </block>
</form>
</vxml>

2.4 Filled

The <filled> element specifies an action to perform when some combination of input items are filled. It may occur in two places: as a child of the <form> element, or as a child of an input item.

As a child of a <form> element, the <filled> element can be used to perform actions that occur when a combination of one or more input items is filled. For example, the following <filled> element does a cross-check to ensure that a starting city field differs from the ending city field:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="get_starting_and_ending_cities">
  <field name="start_city">
      <grammar src="http://www.grammars.example.com/voicexml/city.grxml" 
        type="application/srgs+xml"/>
      <prompt>What is the starting city?</prompt>
  </field>
  <field name="end_city">
      <grammar src="http://www.grammars.example.com/voicexml/city.grxml" 
        type="application/srgs+xml"/>
      <prompt>What is the ending city?</prompt>
  </field>
  <filled mode="all" namelist="start_city end_city">
    <if cond="start_city == end_city">
      <prompt>
        You can't fly from and to the same city.
      </prompt>
      <clear/>
    </if>
  </filled>
</form>
</vxml>

If the <filled> element appears inside an input item, it specifies an action to perform after that input item is filled in:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="get_city">
  <field name="city">
    <grammar type="application/srgs+xml"
      src="http://www.ship-it.example.com/grammars/served_cities.grxml"/>
    <prompt>What is the city?</prompt>
    <filled>
      <if cond="city == 'Novosibirsk'">
        <prompt>
          Note, Novosibirsk service ends next year.
        </prompt>
      </if>
    </filled>
  </field>
</form>
</vxml>

After each gathering of the user's input, all the input items mentioned in the input are set, and then the interpreter looks at each <filled> element in document order (no preference is given to ones in input items vs. ones in the form). Those whose conditions are matched by the utterance are then executed in order, until there are no more, or until one transfers control or throws an event.

Attributes include:

2.5 Links

A <link> element may have one or more grammars which are scoped to the element containing the <link>. A "scope" attribute on the element containing the <link> has no effect on the scope of the <link> grammars (for example, when a <link> is contained in a <form> with scope="document", the <link> grammars are scoped to the form, not to the document). Grammar elements contained in the <link> are not permitted to specify scope (see Section 3.1.3 for details). When one of these grammars is matched, the link activates, and either:

• Transitions to a new document or dialog (like <goto>), or

• Throws an event (like <throw>).

For instance, this link activates when you say "books" or press "2".

<link next="http://www.voicexml.org/books/main.vxml">
  <grammar mode="voice" version="1.0" root="root">
    <rule id="root" scope="public">
       <one-of>
         <item>books</item> 
         <item>VoiceXML books</item> 
       </one-of>
    </rule>
  </grammar>
  <grammar mode="dtmf" version="1.0" root="r2">
     <rule id="r2" scope="public"> 2 </rule>
  </grammar>
</link>

This link takes you to a dynamically determined dialog in the current document:

<link expr="'#' + document.helpstate">
  <grammar mode="voice" version="1.0" root="root">
     <rule id="root" scope="public"> help </rule>
  </grammar>
</link>

The <link> element can be a child of <vxml>, <form>, or of the form items <field> and <initial>. A link at the <vxml> level has grammars that are active throughout the document. A link at the <form> level has grammars active while the user is in that form. If an application root document has a document-level link, its grammars are active no matter what document of the application is being executed.

If execution is in a modal form item, then link grammars at the form, document or application level are not active.

You can also define a link that, when matched, throws an event instead of going to a new document. This event is thrown at the current location in the execution, not at the location where the link is specified. For example, if the user matches this link's grammar or enters '2' on the keypad, a help event is thrown in the form item the user was visiting and is handled by the best qualified <catch> in the item's scope (see Section 5.2.4 for further details):

<link dtmf="2" event="help">
  <grammar mode="voice" version="1.0" root="r5">
    <rule id="r5" scope="public">
       <one-of>
         <item>arrgh</item> 
         <item>alas all is lost</item> 
         <item>fie ye froward machine</item> 
         <item>I don't get it</item> 
       </one-of>
    </rule>
  </grammar>
</link>

When a link is matched, application.lastresult$ is assigned. This allows callflow decisions to be made downstream based on the actual semantic result. An example appears in Section 5.1.5.

Attributes of <link> are:

Exactly one of "next", "expr", "event" or "eventexpr" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown. Exactly one of "message" or "messageexpr" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

3. User Input

3.1 Grammars

3.1.1 Speech Grammars

The <grammar> element is used to provide a speech grammar that

• specifies a set of utterances that a user may speak to perform an action or supply information, and

• for a matching utterance, returns a corresponding semantic interpretation. This may be a simple value (such as a string), a flat set of attribute-value pairs (such as day, month, and year), or a nested object (for a complex request).

The <grammar> element is designed to accommodate any grammar format that meets these two requirements. VoiceXML platforms must support at least one common format, the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS]. VoiceXML platforms should support the Augmented BNF (ABNF) Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS]. VoiceXML platforms may choose to support grammar formats other than SRGS. For instance, a platform might use the <grammar> element's support for PCDATA to inline a proprietary grammar definition or use the "src" and "type" attributes for an external one.

VoiceXML platforms must be a Conforming XML Form Grammar Processor as defined in the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS]. While this requires a platform to process documents with one or more "xml:lang" attributes defined, it does not require that the platform must be multi-lingual. When an unsupported language is encountered, the platform throws an error.unsupported.language event which specifies the unsupported language in its message variable.

Elements of XML Form of SRGS

The following elements are defined in the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] and are available in VoiceXML 2.0. This document does not redefine these elements. Refer to the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] for definitions and examples.

3.1.1.1 Inline Grammars

The <grammar> element may be used to specify an inline grammar or an external grammar. An inline grammar is specified by the content of a <grammar> element and defines an entire grammar:

<grammar type="media-type" mode="voice">
     inline speech grammar
</grammar>

It may be necessary in this case to enclose the content in a CDATA section [XML]. For inline grammars the type parameter specifies a media type that governs the interpretation of the content of the <grammar> element.

The following is an example of inline grammar defined by the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS].

<grammar mode="voice" xml:lang="en-US" version="1.0" root="command">
  <!-- Command is an action on an object -->
  <!-- e.g. "open a window" -->
  <rule id="command" scope="public">
    <ruleref uri="#action"/> <ruleref uri="#object"/>
  </rule>

  <rule id="action">
    <one-of>
      <item> open </item>
      <item> close </item>
      <item> delete </item>
      <item> move </item>
    </one-of>
  </rule>

  <rule id="object">
   <item repeat="0-1">
      <one-of> <item> the </item> <item> a </item> </one-of>
    </item>
    <one-of>
      <item> window </item>
      <item> file </item>
      <item> menu </item>
    </one-of>
  </rule>
</grammar>

The following is the equivalent example of the inline grammar defined by the ABNF Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS]. Because VoiceXML platforms are not required to support this format it may be less portable.

<grammar mode="voice" type="application/srgs">
#ABNF 1.0;
language en-US;
mode voice;
root $command;
  public $command = $action $object;
  $action = open | close | delete | move;
  $object = [the | a] (window | file | menu);
</grammar>

3.1.1.2 External Grammars

An external grammar is specified by an element of the form

<grammar src="URI" type="media-type"/>

The media type is optional in this case because the interpreter context will attempt to determine the type dynamically as described in Section 3.1.1.4.

If the src attribute is defined and there is an inline grammar as content of a grammar element then an error.badfetch event is thrown.

The following is an example of a reference to an external grammar written in the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS].

<grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="http://www.grammar.example.com/date.grxml"/>

The following example is the equivalent grammar reference for a grammar that is authored using the ABNF Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS].

<grammar type="application/srgs" src="http://www.grammar.example.com/date.gram"/>

3.1.1.3 Grammar Weight

A weight for the grammar can be specified by the weight attribute:

<grammar weight="0.6" src="form.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>

Grammar elements, including those in link, field and form elements, can have a weight attribute. The grammar can be inline, external or built-in.

Weights follow the definition of weights on alternatives in the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS §2.4.1]. A weight is a simple positive floating point values without exponentials. Legal formats are "n", "n.", ".n" and "n.n" where "n" is a sequence of one or many digits.

A weight is nominally a multiplying factor in the likelihood domain of a speech recognition search. A weight of "1.0" is equivalent to providing no weight at all. A weight greater than "1.0" positively biases the grammar and a weight less than "1.0" negatively biases the grammar. If unspecified, the default weight for any grammar is "1.0". If no weight is specified for any grammar element then all grammars are equally likely.

<link event="help">
  <grammar weight="0.5" mode="voice" version="1.0" root="help">
   <rule id="help" scope="public">
      <item repeat="0-1">Please</item> help
   </rule>  
  </grammar>
</link>

<form>
  <grammar src="form.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
  <field name="expireDate">
     <grammar weight="1.2" src="http://www.example.org/grammar/date"/>
  </field>
</form>

In the example above, the semantics of weights is equivalent to the following XML grammar.

<grammar root="r1" type="application/srgs+xml">
<rule id="r1">
  <one-of>
    <item weight="0.5"> <ruleref uri="#help"/> </item>
    <item weight="1.0"> <ruleref uri="form.grxml"/> </item>
    <item weight="1.2"> <ruleref uri="http://www.example.org/grammar/date"/></item>
  </one-of>
</rule>

<rule id="help">
  <item repeat="0-1">Please</item> help
</rule>
</grammar>

Implicit grammars, such as those in options, do not support weights - use the <grammar> element instead for control over grammar weight.

Grammar weights only affect grammar processing. They do not directly affect the post processing of grammar results, including grammar precedence when user input matches multiple active grammar (see Section 3.1.4).

A weight has no effect on DTMF grammars (See Section 3.1.2). Any weight attribute specified in a grammar element whose mode attribute is dtmf is ignored.

<!-- weight will be ignored -->
<grammar mode="dtmf" weight="0.3" src="http://www.example.org/dtmf/number"/> 

Appropriate weights are difficult to determine, and guessing weights does not always improve recognition performance. Effective weights are usually obtained by study of real speech and textual data on a particular platform. Furthermore, a grammar weight is platform specific. Note that different ASR engines may treat the same weight value differently. Therefore, the weight value that works well on particular platform may generate different results on other platforms.

3.1.1.4 Grammar Element

Attributes of <grammar> inherited from the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] are:

The use and interpretation of these attributes is determined as follows:

1. Inline XML Form of SRGS: determined by W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification which states that the version attribute is required and must have the value is "1.0"; that the root attribute is required and its value identifies which rule to activate; and other attributes are optional (see [SRGS] for further details).
2. Inline ABNF Form of SRGS: any specified attributes must be ignored by the platform
3. External XML and ABNF Forms of SRGS: any specified attributes must be ignored by the platform
4. all other grammar types: the use and interpretation of any specified attributes is platform-dependent

Attributes of <grammar> added by VoiceXML 2.0 are:

Either an "src" attribute or a inline grammar (but not both) must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

The <grammar> element is also extended in VoiceXML 2.0 to allow PCDATA for inline grammar formats besides the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS].

When referencing an external grammar, the value of the src attribute is a URI specifying the location of the grammar with an optional fragment for the rulename. Section 2.2 of the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] defines several forms of rule reference. The following are the forms that are permitted on a grammar element in VoiceXML:

• Reference to a named rule in an external grammar: src attribute is an absolute or relative URI reference to a grammar which includes a fragment with a rulename. This form of rule reference to an external grammar follows the behavior defined in Section 2.2.2 of [SRGS]. If the URI cannot be fetched or if the rulename is not defined in the grammar or is not a public (activatable) rule of that grammar then an error.badfetch is thrown.
• Reference to the root rule of an external grammar: src attribute is an absolute or relative URI reference to a grammar but does not include a fragment identifying a rulename. This form implicitly references the root rule of the grammar as defined in Section 2.2.2 of [SRGS]. If the URI cannot be fetched or if the grammar cannot be referenced by its root (see Section 4.7 of [SRGS]) then an error.badfetch is thrown.

The following are the forms of rule reference defined by [SRGS] that are not supported in VoiceXML 2.0.

• Local rule reference: a fragment-only URI is not permitted. (See definition in Section 2.2.1 of [SRGS]). A fragment-only URI value for the src attribute causes an error.semantic event.
• Reference to special rules: although an inline grammar may reference the special rules of SRGS (NULL, VOID, GARBAGE) there is no support for special rule references on the grammar element itself. (See definitions in Section 2.2.3 of [SRGS]). There is no syntactic support for this form so no error can be generated.

3.1.2 DTMF Grammars

The <grammar> element can be used to provide a DTMF grammar that

• specifies a set of key presses that a user may use to perform an action or supply information, and

• for matching DTMF input, returns a corresponding semantic interpretation. This may be a simple value (such as a string), a flat set of attribute-value pairs (such as day, month, and year), or a nested object (for a complex request).

VoiceXML platforms are required to support the DTMF grammar XML format defined in Appendix D of the [SRGS] to advance application portability.

A DTMF grammar is distinguished from a speech grammar by the mode attribute on the <grammar> element. An "xml:lang" attribute has no effect on DTMF grammar handling. In other respects speech and DTMF grammars are handled identically including the ability to define the grammar inline, or by an external grammar reference. The media type handling, scoping and fetching are also identical.

The following is an example of a simple inline XML DTMF grammar that accepts as input either "1 2 3" or "#".

<grammar mode="dtmf" version="1.0" root="root">
  <rule id="root" scope="public">
    <one-of>
      <item> 1 2 3 </item>
      <item> # </item>
    </one-of>
  </rule>
</grammar>

3.1.3 Scope of Grammars

Input item grammars are always scoped to the containing input item; that is, they are active only when the containing input item was chosen during the select phase of the FIA. Grammars contained in input items cannot specify a scope; if they do, an error.badfetch is thrown.

Link grammars are given the scope of the element that contains the link. Thus, if they are defined in the application root document, links are also active in any other loaded application document. Grammars contained in links cannot specify a scope; if they do, an error.badfetch is thrown.

Form grammars are by default given dialog scope, so that they are active only when the user is in the form. If they are given scope document, they are active whenever the user is in the document. If they are given scope document and the document is the application root document, then they are also active whenever the user is in another loaded document in the same application. A grammar in a form may be given document scope either by specifying the scope attribute on the form element or by specifying the scope attribute on the <grammar> element. If both are specified, the grammar assumes the scope specified by the <grammar> element.

Menu grammars are also by default given dialog scope, and are active only when the user is in the menu. But they can be given document scope and be active throughout the document, and if their document is the application root document, also be active in any other loaded document belonging to the application. Grammars contained in menu choices cannot specify a scope; if they do, an error.badfetch is thrown.

Sometimes a form may need to have some grammars active throughout the document, and other grammars that should be active only when in the form. One reason for doing this is to minimize grammar overlap problems. To do this, each individual <grammar> element can be given its own scope if that scope should be different than the scope of the <form> element itself:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form scope="document"> 
  <grammar type="application/srgs"> 
    #ABNF 1.0;
    language en-gb;
    mode voice;
    root $command;
    public $command = one | two | three;
  </grammar> 
  <grammar type="application/srgs" scope="dialog"> 
    #ABNF 1.0;
    language en-gb;
    mode voice;
    root $command2;
    public $command2 = four | five | six;
  </grammar> 
</form>
</vxml>

3.1.4 Activation of Grammars

When the interpreter waits for input as a result of visiting an input item, the following grammars are active:

• grammars for that input item, including grammars contained in links in that input item;

• grammars for its form, including grammars contained in links in that form;

• grammars contained in links in its document, and grammars for menus and other forms in its document which are given document scope;

• grammars contained in links in its application root document, and grammars for menus and forms in its application root document which are given document scope.

• grammars defined by platform default event handlers, such as help, exit and cancel.

In the case that an input matches more than one active grammar, the list above defines the precedence order. If the input matches more than one active grammar with the same precedence, the precedence is determined using document order: the first grammar in document order has highest priority. If no grammars are active when an input is expected, the platform must throw an error.semantic event. The error will be thrown in the context of the executing element. Menus behave with regard to grammar activation like their equivalent forms (see Section 2.2.1).

If the form item is modal (i.e., its modal attribute is set to true), all grammars except its own are turned off while waiting for input. If the input matches a grammar in a form or menu other than the current form or menu, control passes to the other form or menu. If the match causes control to leave the current form, all current form data is lost.

Grammar activation is not affected by the inputmodes property. For instance, if the inputmodes property restricts input to just voice, DTMF grammars will still be activated, but cannot be matched.

3.1.5 Semantic Interpretation of Input

The Speech Recognition Grammar Specification defines a tag element which contains content for semantic interpretation of speech and DTMF grammars (see Section 2.6 of [SRGS]).

The Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition specification [SISR] describes a syntax and semantics for tags and specifies how a semantic interpretation for user input can be computed using the content of tags associated with the matched tokens and rules. The semantic interpretation may be mapped into VoiceXML as described in Section 3.1.6.

3.1.6 Mapping Semantic Interpretation Results to VoiceXML forms

The semantic interpretation returned from a Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] grammar must be mapped into one or more VoiceXML ECMAScript variables. The process by which this occurs differs slightly for form- and field-level results; these differences will be explored in the next sections. The format of the semantic interpretation, using either the proposed Natural Language Semantics Markup Language [NLSML] or the ECMAScript-like output format of [SISR], has no impact on this discussion. For the purposes of this discussion, the actual result returned from the recognizer is assumed to have been mapped into an ECMAScript-like format which is identical to the representation in application.lastresult$.interpretation as discussed in Section 5.1.5.

It is possible that a grammar will match but not return a semantic interpretation. In this case, the platform will use the raw text string for the utterance as the semantic result. Otherwise, this case is handled exactly as if the semantic interpretation consisted of a simple value.

Every input item has an associated slot name which may be used to extract part of the full semantic interpretation. The slot name is the value of the 'slot' attribute, if present (only possible for <field> elements), or else the value of the 'name' attribute (for <field>s without a slot attribute, and for other input items as well). If neither slot nor name is present, then the slot name is undefined.

The slot name is used during the Process Phase of the FIA to determine whether or not an input item matches. A match occurs when either the slot name is the same as a top-level property or a slot name is used to select a sub-property. A property having an undefined value (i.e. ECMAScript undefined) will not match. Likewise, slot names which are undefined will never match. Examples are given in Section 3.1.6.3. Note that it is possible for a specific slot value to fill more than one input item if the slot names of the input items are the same.

The next sections concern mapping form-level and field-level results. There is also a brief discussion of other issues such as the NL Semantics  to ECMAScript mapping, transitioning information from ASR results to VoiceXML, and dealing with mismatches between the interpretation result and the VoiceXML form.

3.1.6.1 Mapping form-level results

Grammars specified at the form-level produce a form-level result which may fill multiple input items simultaneously. This may occur anytime, whether in an <initial> element or in an input item, that the user's input matches an active form-level grammar.

Consider the interpretation result from the sentence "I would like a coca cola and three large pizzas with pepperoni and mushrooms." The semantic interpretation may be copied into application.lastresult$.interpretation as

{
     drink: "coke",
     pizza: {
          number: "3",
          size: "large",
           topping: [
                "pepperoni",
                "mushrooms"
           ]
      }
}

The following table illustrates how this result from a form-level grammar would be assigned to various input items within the form. Note that all input items that can be filled in from the interpretation are filled in simultaneously. The existing values of matching input item variables will be overwritten, and these items will be marked for <filled> processing during the FIA's Process Phase as described in Section 2.4 and Appendix C.

The <field ... slot="pizza.foo"> examples above can be explained by rules that are compatible with and are straightforward extensions of the VoiceXML 1.0 "name" and "slot" attributes:

1. The "slot" attribute of a <field> is a (very restricted) ECMAScript expression that selects some portion of the result to be assigned to the field. In addition to selecting the top-level result property, the attribute can select properties at arbitrary levels of nesting, using a dot-separated list of element/property names, as in "pizza.number" and "order.pizza.topping".
2. If the "slot" attribute of a field is used to select a sub-property of the result and that sub-property does not exist in the result, then the field does not match the result (see Section 3.1.6).

3.1.6.2 Mapping a field-level result

Grammars specified within an input item produce a field-level result which may fill only the particular input item in which they are contained. These grammars are active only when the FIA is visiting that specific input item. This is useful, for instance, in directed dialogs where a user is prompted individually for each input item.

A field-level result fills the associated input item in the following manner:

• If the interpretation is a simple result, this is assigned to the input item variable.
• If the interpretation is a structure and the slot name matches a property, this property's value is assigned to the input item variable.
• Otherwise, the full semantic result is assigned.

This process allows an input item to extract a particular property from the semantic interpretation. This may be combined with <filled> for achieve even greater control.

<field name="getdate">
  <prompt>On what date would you like to fly?</prompt>

  <grammar src="http://server.example.com/date.grxml"/>
  <!-- this grammar always returns an object containing
       string values for the properties day, month, and year -->

  <filled>
    <assign name="getdate.datestring" 
            expr="getdate.year + getdate.month + getdate.day"/>
  </filled>
</field>

3.1.6.3 Additional examples

A matching slot name allows an input item to extract part of a semantic interpretation. Consider this modified result from the earlier pizza example.

application.lastresult$.interpretation =
{ drink: { size: 'large', liquid: 'coke' },
  pizza: { number: '3', size: 'large',
           topping: ['pepperoni', 'mushroom' ] }, 
  sidedish: undefined
}

The table below revisits the definition of when the slot name matches a property in the result.

It is also possible to compare the behaviors of form-level and field-level results. For this purpose, consider the following document:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
    <form id="exampleForm">
      <grammar src="formlevel.grxml"/>
      <initial> Say something. </initial>

      <field name="x">
        <grammar src="fieldx.grxml"/>
      </field>

      <field name="z" slot="y">
        <grammar src="fieldz.grxml"/>
      </field>
    </form>
  </vxml>

This defines two input item variables, 'x' and 'z'. The corresponding slot names are 'x' and 'y' respectively. The next table describes the assignment of these variables depending on which grammar is recognized and what semantic result is returned. The shorthand valueX is used to indicate 'the structured object or simple result value associated with the property x'.

At the form level, simple results like the string 'hello' cannot match any input items; structured objects assign all input item variables with matching slot names. At the field level, simple results are always assigned to the input item variable; structured objects will extract the matching property, if it exists, or will otherwise be assigned the entire semantic result.

3.1.6.4 Additional issues

1. Mapping from NL semantics to ECMAScript: If the NL Semantics Markup Language ([NLSML]) is used, a mapping needs to be defined from the NLSML representation to ECMAScript objects. Since both types of representation have similar nested structures, this mapping is fairly straightforward. This mapping is discussed in detail in the NL Semantics specification.

2. Transitioning semantic results from ASR to VoiceXML: The result of processing the semantic tags of a W3C ASR grammar is the value of the attribute of the root rule when all semantic attachment evaluations have been completed. In addition, the root rule (like all non-terminals) has an associated "text" variable which contains the series of tokens in the utterance that is governed by that non-terminal. In the process of making ASR results available to VoiceXML documents, the VoiceXML platform is not only responsible for filling in the VoiceXML fields based on the value of the attribute of the root rule, as described above, but also for filling in the shadow variables of the field. The name$.utterance shadow variable of the field should be the same as the "text" variable value for the ASR root rule. The platform is also responsible for instantiating the value of the shadow variable "name$.confidence" based on information supplied by the ASR platform, as well as the value of "name$.inputmode" based on whether DTMF or speech was processed. Finally, the platform is responsible for making this same information available in the "application.lastresult$" variable, defined in Section 5.1.5 (specifically, "application.lastresult$.utterance", "application.lastresult$.inputmode", and "application.lastresult$.interpretation"), with the exception of application.lastresult$.confidence, which the platform sets to the confidence of the entire utterance interpretation.

3. Mismatches between semantic results and VoiceXML fields: Mapping semantic results to VoiceXML depends on a tight coordination between the ASR grammar and the VoiceXML markup. Since in the current framework there's nothing that enforces consistency between a grammar and the associated VoiceXML dialog, mismatches can occur due to developer oversight. Since the dialog's behaviour during these mismatches is difficult to distinguish from certain normal situations, verifying consistency of information is extremely important. Some examples of mismatches:

• The semantic results contain extra information that doesn't correspond to the VoiceXML fields.This could occur either due to developer error or if a richer grammar is being used than is required by the VoiceXML application. This extra information will be ignored.
• The VoiceXML application expects information in the result that isn't present. This could also be due to developer error, or it may be that the user simply didn't supply a value for a particular slot. In this case the normal FIA applies and the missing value would be elicited from the user. If the problem was in fact caused by a developer error, and the grammar is actually incapable of recognizing the correct value, the FIA will keep eliciting the missing value until it invokes whatever provisions the platform and application have in place for repeated nomatch failures.
• Finally, information might be present in both the VoiceXML and the ASR result, but in inconsistent formats. For example, an ASR grammar might provide a structured object for the drink which includes the size and whether the drink is diet or non-diet, but the VoiceXML form might only expect a string consisting of the name of the drink. The system's behaviour in these situations would depend on what is being done with the results. For example, a structured object might be sent to a server side script that's expecting a string, and the consequences of this would depend on the server script.

In order to address these potential problems, the committee is looking at various approaches to ensuring consistency between the grammar and the VoiceXML.

4. System Output

4.1 Prompts

The <prompt> element controls the output of synthesized speech and prerecorded audio. Conceptually, prompts are instantaneously queued for play, so interpretation proceeds until the user needs to provide an input. At this point, the prompts are played, and the system waits for user input. Once the input is received from the speech recognition subsystem (or the DTMF recognizer), interpretation proceeds.

The <prompt> element has the following attributes:

4.1.1 Speech Markup

The content of the <prompt> element is modelled on the W3C Speech Synthesis Markup Language 1.0 [SSML].

The following speech markup elements are defined in [SSML] and are available in VoiceXML 2.0. Refer to the W3C Speech Synthesis Markup Language 1.0 [SSML] for definitions and examples.

When used in VoiceXML, additional properties are defined for the <audio> (Section 4.1.3) and <say-as> (Appendix P) elements. VoiceXML also allows <enumerate> and <value> elements to appear within the <prompt> element.

The VoiceXML platform must be a Conforming Speech Synthesis Markup Language Processor as defined in the [SSML]. While this requires a platform to process documents with one or more "xml:lang" attributes defined, it does not require that the platform must be multi-lingual. When an unsupported language is encountered, the platform throws an error.unsupported.language event which specifies the language in its message variable.

4.1.2 Basic Prompts

You've seen prompts in the previous examples:

<prompt>Please say your city.</prompt>

You can leave out the <prompt> ... </prompt> if:

• There is no need to specify a prompt attribute (like bargein), and

• The prompt consists entirely of PCDATA (contains no speech markups) or consists of just an <audio> or <value> element.

For instance, these are also prompts:

Please say your city.

<audio src="say_your_city.wav"/>

But in this example, the enclosing prompt elements are required due to the embedded speech markups:

<prompt>Please <emphasis>say</emphasis> your city.</prompt>

When prompt content is specified without an explicit <prompt> element, then the prompt attributes are defined as specified in Table 34.

4.1.3 Audio Prompting

Prompts can consist of any combination of prerecorded files, audio streams, or synthesized speech:

<prompt>
   Welcome to the Bird Seed Emporium.
   <audio src="rtsp://www.birdsounds.example.com/thrush.wav"/>
   We have 250 kilogram drums of thistle seed for
   <say-as interpret-as="currency">$299.95</say-as>

   plus shipping and handling this month.
   <audio src="http://www.birdsounds.example.com/mourningdove.wav"/>
</prompt>

Audio can be played in any prompt. The audio content can be specified via a URI, and in VoiceXML it can also be in an audio variable previously recorded:

<prompt>
   Your recorded greeting is
   <audio expr="greeting"/>
   To rerecord, press 1.
   To keep it, press pound.
   To return to the main menu press star M.
   To exit press star, star X.
</prompt>

The <audio> element can have alternate content in case the audio sample is not available:

<prompt>
   <audio src="welcome.wav"> 
     <emphasis>Welcome</emphasis> to the Voice Portal. 
   </audio>
</prompt>

If the audio file cannot be played (e.g. 'src' referencing or 'expr' evaluating to an invalid URI, a file with an unsupported format, etc), the content of the audio element is played instead. The content may include text, speech markup, or another audio element. If the audio file cannot be played and the content of the audio element is empty, no audio is played and no error event is thrown.

If <audio> contains an 'expr' attribute evaluating to ECMAScript undefined, then the element, including its alternate content, is ignored. This allows a developer to specify <audio> elements with dynamically assigned content which, if the element is not required, can be ignored by assigning its 'expr' a null value. For example, the following code shows how this could be used to play back a hand of cards using concatenated audio clips:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form>
  <!-- script contains the function sayCard(type,position)
       which takes as input the type of card description (audio or text) and
       its position in an array, and returns the selected card description in
       the specified array position; if there is no description in the 
       requested array position, then returns ECMAScript undefined
  --> 
  
  <script src="cardgame.js"/>

  <field name="takecard">
       <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
       <prompt>
           <audio src="you_have.wav">You have the following cards: </audio>
           <!-- maximum of hand of 5 cards is described -->
           <audio expr="sayCard(audio,1)"><value expr="sayCard(text,1)"/></audio>
           <audio expr="sayCard(audio,2)"><value expr="sayCard(text,2)"/></audio>
           <audio expr="sayCard(audio,3)"><value expr="sayCard(text,3)"/></audio>
           <audio expr="sayCard(audio,4)"><value expr="sayCard(text,4)"/></audio>
           <audio expr="sayCard(audio,5)"><value expr="sayCard(text,5)"/></audio>
           <audio src="another.wav">Would you like another card?</audio>
        </prompt>
        <filled>
              <if cond="takecard">
                  <script>takeAnotherCard()</script>
                  <clear/>
              <else/>
                  <goto next="./make_bid.vxml"/>
              </if>
        </filled>
   </field>
</form>
</vxml>

Attributes of <audio> defined in [SSML] are:

Attributes of <audio> defined only in VoiceXML are:

Exactly one of "src" or "expr" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

Note that it is a platform optimization to stream audio: i.e. the platform may begin processing audio content as it arrives and not to wait for full retrieval. The "prefetch" fetchhint can be used to request full audio retrieval prior to playback.

4.1.4 <value> Element

The <value> element is used to insert the value of an expression into a prompt. It has one attribute:

For example if n is 12, the prompt

<prompt>
  <value expr="n*n"/> is the square of <value expr="n"/>.
</prompt>

will result in the text string "144 is the square of 12" being passed to the speech synthesis engine.

The manner in which the value attribute is played is controlled by the surrounding speech synthesis markup. For instance, a value can be played as a date in the following example:

<var name="date" expr="'2000/1/20'"/>
<prompt>
    <say-as interpret-as="date">
        <value expr="date"/>
    </say-as>
</prompt>

The text inserted by the <value> element is not subject to any special interpretation; in particular, it is not parsed as an [SSML] document or document fragment. XML special characters (&, >, and <) are not treated specially and do not need to be escaped. The equivalent effect may be obtained by literally inserting the text computed by the <value> element in a CDATA section. For example, when the following variable assignment:

<script> 
    <![CDATA[ 
        e1 = 'AT&T';
    ]]>
</script> 

is referenced in a prompt element as

  <prompt> The price of <value expr="e1"/> is $1. </prompt>

the following output is produced.

 The price of AT&T is $1.

4.1.5 Bargein

If an implementation platform supports bargein, the application author can specify whether a user can interrupt, or "bargein" on, a prompt using speech or DTMF input. This speeds up conversations, but is not always desired. If the application author requires that the user must hear all of a warning, legal notice, or advertisement, bargein should be disabled. This is done with the bargein attribute:

<prompt bargein="false"><audio src="legalese.wav"/></prompt>

Users can interrupt a prompt whose bargein attribute is true, but must wait for completion of a prompt whose bargein attribute is false. In the case where several prompts are queued, the bargein attribute of each prompt is honored during the period of time in which that prompt is playing. If bargein occurs during any prompt in a sequence, all subsequent prompts are not played (even those whose bargein attribute is set to false). If the bargein attribute is not specified, then the value of the bargein property is used if set.

When the bargein attribute is false, input is not buffered while the prompt is playing, and any DTMF input buffered in a transition state is deleted from the buffer (Section 4.1.8 describes input collection during transition states).

Note that not all speech recognition engines or implementation platforms support bargein. For a platform to support bargein, it must support at least one of the bargein types described in Section 4.1.5.1.

4.1.5.1 Bargein type

When bargein is enabled, the bargeintype attribute can be used to suggest the type of bargein the platform will perform in response to voice or DTMF input. Possible values for this attribute are:

If the bargeintype attribute is not specified, then the value of the bargeintype property is used. Implementations that claim to support bargein are required to support at least one of these two types. Mixing these types within a single queue of prompts can result in unpredictable behavior and is discouraged.

In the case of "speech" bargeintype, the exact meaning of "speech input" is necessarily implementation-dependent, due to the complexity of speech recognition technology. It is expected that the prompt will be stopped as soon as the platform is able to reliably determine that the input is speech. Stopping the prompt as early as possible is desireable because it avoids the "stutter" effect in which a user stops in mid-utterance and re-starts if he does not believe that the system has heard him.

4.1.6 Prompt Selection

Tapered prompts are those that may change with each attempt. Information-requesting prompts may become more terse under the assumption that the user is becoming more familiar with the task. Help messages become more detailed perhaps, under the assumption that the user needs more help. Or, prompts can change just to make the interaction more interesting.

Each input item, <initial>, and menu has an internal prompt counter that is reset to one each time the form or menu is entered. Whenever the system selects a given input item in the select phase of FIA and FIA does perform normal selection and queuing of prompts (i.e., as described in Section 5.3.6, the previous iteration of FIA did not end with a catch handler that had no reprompt), the input item's associated prompt counter is incremented. This is the mechanism supporting tapered prompts.

For instance, here is a form with a form level prompt and field level prompts:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="tapered">
  <block>
    <prompt bargein="false">
      Welcome to the ice cream survey.
    </prompt>
  </block>
  <field name="flavor">
  <grammar mode="voice" version="1.0" root="root">
    <rule id="root" scope="public">
      <one-of>
        <item>vanilla </item>
        <item>chocolate</item>
        <item>strawberry</item>
     </one-of>
    </rule>
   </grammar>
   <prompt count="1">What is your favorite flavor?</prompt>
   <prompt count="3">Say chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry.</prompt>
   <help>Sorry, no help is available.</help>
  </field>
</form>
</vxml>

A conversation using this form follows:

C: Welcome to the ice cream survey.

C: What is your favorite flavor? (the "flavor" field's prompt counter is 1)

H: Pecan praline.

C: I do not understand.

C: What is your favorite flavor? (the prompt counter is now 2)

H: Pecan praline.

C: I do not understand.

C: Say chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry. (prompt counter is 3)

H: What if I hate those?

C: I do not understand.

C: Say chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry. (prompt counter is 4)

H: ...

This is just an example to illustrate the use of prompt counters. A polished form would need to offer a more extensive range of choices and to deal with out of range values in more flexible way.

When it is time to select a prompt, the prompt counter is examined. The child prompt with the highest count attribute less than or equal to the prompt counter is used. If a prompt has no count attribute, a count of "1" is assumed.

A conditional prompt is one that is spoken only if its condition is satisfied. In this example, a prompt is varied on each visit to the enclosing form.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="another_joke">
   <var name="r" expr="Math.random()"/>
   <field name="another">
       <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
       <prompt cond="r &lt; .50">
          Would you like to hear another elephant joke?
       </prompt>
       <prompt cond="r &gt;= .50">
         For another joke say yes.  To exit say no.
       </prompt>
       <filled>
          <if cond="another">
            <goto next="#pick_joke"/>
          </if>
       </filled>
   </field>
</form>
</vxml>

When a prompt must be chosen, a set of prompts to be queued is chosen according to the following algorithm:

1. Form an ordered list of prompts consisting of all prompts in the enclosing element in document order.
2. Remove from this list all prompts whose cond evaluates to false after conversion to boolean.
3. Find the "correct count": the highest count among the prompt elements still on the list less than or equal to the current count value.
4. Remove from the list all the elements that don't have the "correct count".

All elements that remain on the list will be queued for play.

4.1.7 Timeout

The timeout attribute specifies the interval of silence allowed while waiting for user input after the end of the last prompt. If this interval is exceeded, the platform will throw a noinput event. This attribute defaults to the value specified by the timeout property (see Section 6.3.4) at the time the prompt is queued. In other words, each prompt has its own timeout value.

The reason for allowing timeouts to be specified as prompt attributes is to support tapered timeouts. For example, the user may be given five seconds for the first input attempt, and ten seconds on the next.

The prompt timeout attribute determines the noinput timeout for the following input:

<prompt count="1">
  Pick a color for your new Model T.
</prompt>

<prompt count="2" timeout="120s">
  Please choose color of your new nineteen twenty four
  Ford Model T. Possible colors are black, black, or
  black.  Please take your time.
</prompt>

If several prompts are queued before a field input, the timeout of the last prompt is used.

4.1.8 Prompt Queueing and Input Collection

A VoiceXML interpreter is at all times in one of two states:

• waiting for input in an input item (such as <field>, <record>, or <transfer>), or
• transitioning between input items in response to an input (including spoken utterances, dtmf key presses, and input-related events such as a noinput or nomatch event) received while in the waiting state. While in the transitioning state no speech input is collected, accepted or interpreted. Consequently root and document level speech grammars (such as defined in <link>s) may not be active at all times. However, DTMF input (including timing information) should be collected and buffered in the transition state. Similarly, asynchronously generated events not related directly to execution of the transition should also be buffered until the waiting state (e.g. connection.disconnect.hangup).

The waiting and transitioning states are related to the phases of the Form Interpretation Algorithm as follows:

• the waiting state is eventually entered in the collect phase of an input item (at the point at which the interpreter waits for input), and
• the transitioning state encompasses the process and select phases, the collect phase for control items (such as <block>s), and the collect phase for input items up until the point at which the interpreter waits for input.

This distinction of states is made in order to greatly simplify the programming model. In particular, an important consequence of this model is that the VoiceXML application designer can rely on all executable content (such as the content of <filled> and <block> elements) being run to completion, because it is executed while in the transitioning state, which may not be interrupted by input.

While in the transitioning state various prompts are queued, either by the <prompt> element in executable content or by the <prompt> element in form items. In addition, audio may be queued by the fetchaudio attribute. The queued prompts and audio are played either

• when the interpreter reaches the waiting state, at which point the prompts are played and the interpreter listens for input that matches one of the active grammars, or
• when the interpreter begins fetching a resource (such as a document) for which fetchaudio was specified. In this case the prompts queued before the fetchaudio are played to completion, and then, if the resource actually needs to be fetched (i.e. it is not unexpired in the cache), the fetchaudio is played until the fetch completes. The interpreter remains in the transitioning state and no input is accepted during the fetch.

Note that when a prompt's bargein attribute is false, input is not collected and DTMF input buffered in a transition state is deleted (see Section 4.1.5).

When an ASR grammar is matched, if DTMF input was consumed by a simultaneously active DTMF grammar (but did not result in a complete match of the DTMF grammar), the DTMF input may, at processor discretion, be discarded.

Before the interpreter exits all queued prompts are played to completion. The interpreter remains in the transitioning state and no input is accepted while the interpreter is exiting.

It is a permissible optimization to begin playing prompts queued during the transitioning state before reaching the waiting state, provided that correct semantics are maintained regarding processing of the input audio received while the prompts are playing, for example with respect to bargein and grammar processing.

The following examples illustrate the operation of these rules in some common cases.

Case 1

Typical non-fetching case: field, followed by executable content (such as <block> and <filled>), followed by another field.

 in document d0

    <field name="f0"/>

    <block>
        executable content e1
        queues prompts {p1}
    </block>

    <field name="f2">
        queues prompts {p2}
        enables grammars {g2}
    </field>

As a result of input received while waiting in field f0 the following actions take place:

• in transitioning state
  • execute e1 (without goto)
  • queue prompts {p1}
  • queue prompts {p2}
• in waiting state, simultaneously
  • play prompts {p1,p2}
  • enable grammars {g2} and wait for input

Case 2

Typical fetching case: field, followed by executable content (such as <block> and <filled>) ending with a <goto> that specifies fetchaudio, ending up in a field in a different document that is fetched from a server.

 in document d0

    <field name="f0"/>

    <block>
        executable content e1
        queues prompts {p1}
        ends with goto f2 in d1 with fetchaudio fa
    </block>

in document d1

    <field name="f2">
        queues prompts {p2}
        enables grammars {g2}
    </field>

As a result of input received while waiting in field f0 the following actions take place:

• in transitioning state
  • execute e1
  • queue prompts {p1}
  • simultaneously
    • fetch d1
    • play prompts {p1} to completion and then play fa until fetch completes
  • queue prompts {p2}
• in waiting state, simultaneously
  • play prompts {p2}
  • enable grammars {g2} and wait for input

Case 3

As in Case 2, but no fetchaudio is specified.

 in document d0

    <field name="f0"/>

    <block>
        executable content e1
        queues prompts {p1}
        ends with goto f2 in d1 (no fetchaudio specified)
    </block>

in document d1

    <field name="f2">
        queues prompts {p2}
        enables grammars {g2}
    </field>

As a result of input received while waiting in field f0 the following actions take place:

• in transitioning state
  • execute e1
  • queue prompts {p1}
  • fetch d1
  • queue prompts {p2}
• in waiting state, simultaneously
  • play prompts {p1, p2}
  • enable grammars {g2} and wait for input

5. Control flow and scripting

5.1 Variables and Expressions

VoiceXML variables are in all respects equivalent to ECMAScript variables: they are part of the same variable space. VoiceXML variables can be used in a <script> just as variables defined in a <script> can be used in VoiceXML. Declaring a variable using <var> is equivalent to using a 'var' statement in a <script> element. <script> can also appear everywhere that <var> can appear. VoiceXML variables are also declared by form items.

The variable naming convention is as in ECMAScript, but names beginning with the underscore character ("_") and names ending with a dollar sign ("$") are reserved for internal use. VoiceXML variables, including form item variables, must not contain ECMAScript reserved words. They must also follow ECMAScript rules for referential correctness. For example, variable names must be unique and their declaration must not include a dot - "var x.y" is an illegal declaration in ECMAScript. Variable names which violate naming conventions or ECMAScript rules cause an 'error.semantic' event to be thrown.

5.1.1 Declaring Variables

Variables are declared by <var> elements:

<var name="home_phone"/> 
<var name="pi" expr="3.14159"/> 
<var name="city" expr="'Sacramento'"/>

They are also declared by form items:

<field name="num_tickets"> 
   <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/number.grxml"/>
   <prompt>How many tickets do you wish to purchase?</prompt> 
</field>

Variables declared without an explicit initial value are initialized to the ECMAScript undefined value. Variables must be declared before being used either in VoiceXML or ECMAScript. Use of an undeclared variable results in an ECMAScript error which is thrown as an error.semantic. Variables declared using "var" in ECMAScript can be used in VoiceXML, just as declared VoiceXML variables can be used in ECMAScript.

In a form, the variables declared by <var> and those declared by form items are initialized when the form is entered. The initializations are guaranteed to take place in document order, so that this, for example, is legal:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="test"> 
   <var name="one" expr="1"/> 
   <field name="two" expr="one+1">
     <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/number.grxml"/>
   </field> 
   <var name="three" expr="two+1"/> 
   <field name="go_on" type="boolean"> 
     <prompt>Say yes or no to continue</prompt> 
   </field> 
</form>
</vxml>

When the user visits this <form>, the form's initialization first declares the variable one and sets its value to 1. Then it declares the variable two and gives it the value 2. Then the initialization logic declares the variable three and gives it the value 3. The form interpretation algorithm then enters its main interpretation loop and begins at the go_on field.

5.1.2 Variable Scopes

5.1.3 Referencing Variables

Variables are referenced in cond and expr attributes:

<if cond="city == 'LA'"> 
   <assign name="city" expr="'Los Angeles'"/> 
<elseif cond="city == 'Philly'"/> 
   <assign name="city" expr="'Philadelphia'"/> 
<elseif cond="city =='Constantinople'"/> 
   <assign name="city" expr="'Istanbul'"/> 
</if> 

<assign name="var1" expr="var1 + 1"/> 

<if cond="i &gt; 1"> 
   <assign name="i" expr="i-1"/> 
</if>

The expression language used in cond and expr is precisely ECMAScript. Note that the cond operators "<", "<=", and "&&" must be escaped in XML (to "&lt;" and so on).

Variable references match the closest enclosing scope according to the scope chain given above. You can prefix a reference with a scope name for clarity or to resolve ambiguity. For instance to save the value of a variable associated with one of the fields in a form for use later on in a document:

<assign name="document.ssn" expr="dialog.ssn"/>

If the application root document has a variable x, it is referred to as application.x in non-root documents, and either application.x or document.x in the application root document. If the document does not have a specified application root and has a variable x, it is referred to as either application.x or document.x in the document.

5.1.4 Standard Session Variables

session.connection.local.uri

This variable is a URI which addresses the local interpreter context device.

session.connection.remote.uri

This variable is a URI which addresses the remote caller device.

session.connection.protocol.name

This variable is the name of the connection protocol. The name also represents the subobject name for protocol specific information. For instance, if session.connection.protocol.name is 'q931', session.connection.protocol.q931.uui might specify the user-to-user information property of the connection.

session.connection.protocol.version

This variable is the version of the connection protocol.

session.connection.redirect

This variable is an array representing the connection redirection paths. The first element is the original called number, the last element is the last redirected number. Each element of the array contains a uri, pi (presentation information), si (screening information), and reason property. The reason property can be either "unknown", "user busy", "no reply", "deflection during alerting", "deflection immediate response", "mobile subscriber not reachable".

session.connection.aai

This variable is application-to-application information passed during connection setup.

session.connection.originator

This variable directly references either the local or remote property (For instance, the following ECMAScript would return true if the remote party initiated the connection: var caller_initiate = connection.originator == connection.remote).

5.1.5 Standard Application Variables

application.lastresult$

This variable holds information about the last recognition to occur within this application. It is an array of elements where each element, application.lastresult$[i], represents a possible result through the following variables:

application.lastresult$[i].confidence

The whole utterance confidence level for this interpretation from 0.0-1.0. A value of 0.0 indicates minimum confidence, and a value of 1.0 indicates maximum confidence. More specific interpretation of a confidence value is platform-dependent.

application.lastresult$[i].utterance

The raw string of words that were recognized for this interpretation. The exact tokenization and spelling is platform-specific (e.g. "five hundred thirty" or "5 hundred 30" or even "530"). In the case of a DTMF grammar, this variable will contain the matched digit string.

application.lastresult$[i].inputmode

For this interpretation,the mode in which user input was provided: dtmf or voice.

application.lastresult$[i].interpretation

An ECMAScript variable containing the interpretation as described in Section 3.1.5.

Interpretations are sorted by confidence score, from highest to lowest. Interpretations with the same confidence score are further sorted according to the precedence relationship (see Section 3.1.4) among the grammars producing the interpretations. Different elements in application.lastresult$ will always differ in their utterance, interpretation, or both.

The number of application.lastresult$ elements is guaranteed to be greater than or equal to one and less than or equal to the system property "maxnbest". If no results have been generated by the system, then "application.lastresult$" shall be ECMAScript undefined.

Additionally, application.lastresult$ itself contains the properties confidence, utterance, inputmode, and interpretation corresponding to those of the 0th element in the ECMAScript array.

All of the shadow variables described above are set immediately after any recognition. In this context, a <nomatch> event counts as a recognition, and causes the value of "application.lastresult$" to be set, though the values stored in application.lastresult$ are platform dependent. In addition, the existing values of field variables are not affected by a <nomatch>. In contrast, a <noinput> event does not change the value of "application.lastresult$". After the value of "application.lastresult$" is set, the value persists (unless it is modified by the application) until the browser enters the next waiting state, when it is set to undefined. Similarly, when an application root document is loaded, this variable is set to the value undefined. The variable application.lastresult$ and all of its components are writeable and can be modified by the application.

The following example shows how application.lastresult$ can be used in a field level <catch> to access a <link> grammar recognition result and transition to different dialog states depending on confidence:

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<link event="menulinkevent">
    <grammar src="/grammars/linkgrammar.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
</link>

<form>
    <field>
        <prompt> Say something </prompt> 
        <catch event="menulinkevent">
           <if cond="application.lastresult$.confidence &lt; 0.7">
              <goto nextitem="confirmlinkdialog"/>
           <else/>
              <goto next="./main_menu.html"/>
           </if>
        </catch>
    </field>
</form>
</vxml>

The final example demonstrates how a script can be used to iterate over the array of results in application.lastresult$, where each element is represented by "application.lastresult$[i]":

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
 <form>
    <field name="color">
        <prompt> Say a color </prompt>
    <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="color.grxml" /> 
        <filled>
        <var name="confident_count" expr="0"/>
            <script>
            <![CDATA[ 
        // number of results 
         var len = application.lastresult$.length;

         // iterate through array
         for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
           // check if DTMF 
           if (application.lastresult$[i].confidence > .7) {
             confident_count++;
           }
         }
        ]]>
        </script>
        <if cond="confident_count > 1">
           <goto next="#verify"/>
        </if>   
    </filled>
    </field>
</form>
</vxml>

5.2 Event Handling

The platform throws events when the user does not respond, doesn't respond in a way that the application understands, requests help, etc. The interpreter throws events if it finds a semantic error in a VoiceXML document, or when it encounters a <throw> element. Events are identified by character strings.

Each element in which an event can occur has a set of catch elements, which include:

• <catch>

• <error>

• <help>

• <noinput>

• <nomatch>

An element inherits the catch elements ("as if by copy") from each of its ancestor elements, as needed. If a field, for example, does not contain a catch element for nomatch, but its form does, the form's nomatch catch element is used. In this way, common event handling behavior can be specified at any level, and it applies to all descendents.

The "as if by copy" semantics for inheriting catch elements implies that when a catch element is executed, variables are resolved and thrown events are handled relative to the scope where the original event originated, not relative to the scope that contains the catch element. For example, consider a catch element that is defined at document scope handling an event that originated in a <field> within the document. In such a catch element variable references are resolved relative to the <field>'s scope, and if an event is thrown by the catch element it is handled relative to the <field>. Similarly, relative URI references in a catch element are resolved against the active document and not relative to the document in which they were declared. Finally, properties are resolved relative to the element where the event originated. For example, a prompt element defined as part of a document level catch would use the innermost property value of the active form item to resolve its timeout attribute if no value is explicitly specified.

5.2.1 throw element

The <throw> element throws an event. These can be the pre-defined ones:

<throw event="nomatch"/> 
<throw event="connection.disconnect.hangup"/>

or application-defined events:

<throw event="com.att.portal.machine"/>

Attributes of <throw> are:

Exactly one of "event" or "eventexpr" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown. Exactly one of "message" or "messageexpr" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

Unless explicited stated otherwise, VoiceXML does not specify when events are thrown.

5.2.2 catch element

The catch element associates a catch with a document, dialog, or form item (except for blocks). It contains executable content.

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="launch_missiles">
  <field name="user_id" type="digits"> 
    <prompt>What is your username</prompt> 
  </field>
  <field name="password"> 
    <prompt>What is the code word?</prompt> 
    <grammar version="1.0" root="root">
     <rule id="root" scope="public">rutabaga</rule>
    </grammar>
   <help>It is the name of an obscure vegetable.</help> 
   <catch event="nomatch noinput" count="3"> 
     <prompt>Security violation!</prompt> 
     <submit next="http://www.example.com/apprehend_felon.vxml" 
                namelist="user_id"/> 
   </catch> 
  </field> 
</form>
</vxml>

The catch element's anonymous variable scope includes the special variable _event which contains the name of the event that was thrown. For example, the following catch element can handle two types of events:

<catch event="event.foo event.bar">
  <if cond="_event=='event.foo'">
    <!-- Play this for event.foo events -->
    <audio src="foo.wav"/>
  <else/>
    <!-- Play this for event.bar events -->
    <audio src="bar.wav"/>
  </if>
  <!-- Continue with common handling for either event -->
</catch>

The _event variable is inspected to select the audio to play based on the event that was thrown. The foo.wav file will be played for event.foo events. The bar.wav file will be played for event.bar events. The remainder of the catch element contains executable content that is common to the handling of both event types.

The catch element's anonymous variable scope also includes the special variable _message which contains the value of the message string from the corresponding <throw> element, or a platform-dependent value for the pre-defined events raised by the platform. If the thrown event does not specify a message, the value of _message is ECMAScript undefined.

If a <catch> element contains a <throw> element with the same event, then there may be an infinite loop:

<catch event="help"> 
   <throw event="help"/> 
</catch>

A platform could detect this situation and throw a semantic error instead.

Attributes of <catch> are:

5.2.3 Shorthand Notation

The <error>, <help>, <noinput>, and <nomatch> elements are shorthands for very common types of <catch> elements.

The <error> element is short for <catch event="error"> and catches all events of type error:

<error>
  An error has occurred -- please call again later.
  <exit/>
</error>

The <help> element is an abbreviation for <catch event="help">:

<help>No help is available.</help>

The <noinput> element abbreviates <catch event="noinput">:

<noinput>I didn't hear anything, please try again.</noinput>

And the <nomatch> element is short for <catch event="nomatch">:

<nomatch>I heard something, but it wasn't a known city.</nomatch>

These elements take the attributes:

5.2.4 catch element selection

An element inherits the catch elements ("as if by copy") from each of its ancestor elements, as needed. For example, if a <field> element inherits a <catch> element from the document

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<catch event="event.foo">
    <audio src="beep.wav"/>
</catch>

<form>
    <field name="color">
        <prompt>Please say a primary color</prompt>
    <grammar type="application/srgs">red | yellow | blue</grammar>
        <nomatch>
            <throw event="event.foo"/>
        </nomatch>
    </field>
</form>
</vxml>

then the <catch> element is implicitly copied into <field> as if defined below:

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form>
    <field>
        <prompt>Please say a primary color</prompt>
    <grammar type="application/srgs">red | yellow | blue</grammar>
        <nomatch>
            <throw event="event.foo"/>
        </nomatch>
        <catch event="event.foo">
            <audio src="beep.wav"/>
        </catch>
    </field>
</form>
</vxml>

When an event is thrown, the scope in which the event is handled and its enclosing scopes are examined to find the best qualified catch element, according to the following algorithm:

1. Form an ordered list of catches consisting of all catches in the current scope and all enclosing scopes (form item, form, document, application root document, interpreter context), ordered first by scope (starting with the current scope), and then within each scope by document order.
2. Remove from this list all catches whose event name does not match the event being thrown or whose cond evaluates to false after conversion to boolean.
3. Find the "correct count": the highest count among the catch elements still on the list less than or equal to the current count value.
4. Select the first element in the list with the "correct count".

The name of a thrown event matches the catch element event name if it is an exact match, a prefix match or if the catch event attribute is not specified (note that the event attribute cannot be specified as an empty string - event="" is syntactically invalid). A prefix match occurs when the catch element event attribute is a token prefix of the name of the event being thrown, where the dot is the token separator, all trailing dots are removed, and a remaining empty string matches everything. For example,

<catch event="connection.disconnect">
   <prompt>Caught a connection dot disconnect event</prompt>
</catch>

will prefix match the event connection.disconnect.transfer.

<catch event="com.example.myevent">
   <prompt>Caught a com dot example dot my event</prompt>
</catch>

prefix matches com.example.myevent.event1., com.example.myevent. and com.example.myevent..event1 but not com.example.myevents.event1. Finally,

<catch event=".">
   <prompt>Caught an event</prompt>
</catch>

prefix matches all events (as does <catch> without an event attribute).

Note that the catch element selection algorithm gives priority to catch elements that occur earlier in a document over those that occur later, but does not give priority to catch elements that are more specific over those that are less specific. Therefore is generally advisable to specify catch elements in order from more specific to less specific. For example, it would be advisable to specify catch elements for "error.foo" and "error" in that order, as follows:

<catch event="error.foo"> 
  <prompt>Caught an error dot foo event</prompt>
</catch> 
<catch event="error"> 
  <prompt>Caught an error event</prompt> 
</catch>

If the catch elements were specified in the opposite order, the catch element for "error.foo" would never be executed.

5.2.5 Default catch elements

The interpreter is expected to provide implicit default catch handlers for the noinput, help, nomatch, cancel, exit, and error events if the author did not specify them.

The system default behavior of catch handlers for various events and errors is summarized by the definitions below that specify (1) whether any audio response is to be provided, and (2) how execution is affected. Note: where an audio response is provided, the actual content is platform dependent.

Specific platforms will differ in the default prompts presented.

5.2.6 Event Types

There are pre-defined events, and application and platform-specific events. Events are also subdivided into plain events (things that happen normally), and error events (abnormal occurrences). The error naming convention allows for multiple levels of granularity.

A conforming browser may throw an event that extends a pre-defined event string so long as the event contains the specified pre-defined event string as a dot-separated exact initial substring of its event name. Applications that write catch handlers for the pre-defined events will be interoperable. Applications that write catch handlers for extended event names are not guaranteed interoperability. For example, if in loading a grammar file a syntax error is detected the platform must throw "error.badfetch". Throwing "error.badfetch.grammar.syntax" is an acceptable implementation.

Components of event names in italics are to be substituted with the relevant information; for example, in error.unsupported.element, element is substituted with the name of VoiceXML element which is not supported such as error.unsupported.transfer. All other event name components are fixed.

Further information about an event may be specified in the "_message" variable (see Section 5.2.2).

The pre-defined events are:

cancel

The user has requested to cancel playing of the current prompt.

connection.disconnect.hangup

The user has hung up.

connection.disconnect.transfer

The user has been transferred unconditionally to another line and will not return.

exit

The user has asked to exit.

help

The user has asked for help.

noinput

The user has not responded within the timeout interval.

nomatch

The user input something, but it was not recognized.

maxspeechtimeout

The user input was too long exceeding the 'maxspeechtimeout' property.

In addition to transfer errors (Section 2.3.7.3), the pre-defined errors are:

error.badfetch

The interpreter context throws this event when a fetch of a document has failed and the interpreter context has reached a place in the document interpretation where the fetch result is required. Fetch failures result from unsupported scheme references, malformed URIs, client aborts, communication errors, timeouts, security violations, unsupported resource types, resource type mismatches, document parse errors, and a variety of errors represented by scheme-specific error codes.

If the interpreter context has speculatively prefetched a document and that document turns out not to be needed, error.badfetch is not thrown.  Likewise if the fetch of an <audio> document fails and if there is a nested alternate <audio> document whose fetch then succeeds, or if there is nested alternate text, no error.badfetch occurs.

When an interpreter context is transitioning to a new document, the interpreter context throws error.badfetch on an error until the interpreter is capable of executing the new document, but again only at the point in time where the new document is actually needed, not before. Whether or not variable initialization is considered part of executing the new document is platform-dependent.

error.badfetch.http.response_code
error.badfetch.protocol.response_code

In the case of a fetch failure, the interpreter context must use a detailed event type telling which specific HTTP or other protocol-specific response code was encountered. The value of the response code for HTTP is defined in [RFC2616]. This allows applications to differentially treat a missing document from a prohibited document, for instance. The value of the response code for other protocols (such as HTTPS, RTSP, and so on) is dependent upon the protocol.

error.semantic

A run-time error was found in the VoiceXML document, e.g. substring bounds error, or an undefined variable was referenced.

error.noauthorization

Thrown when the application tries to perform an operation that is not authorized by the platform. Examples would include dialing an invalid telephone number or one which the user is not allowed to call, attempting to access a protected database via a platform-specific <object>, inappropriate access to builtin grammars, etc.

error.noresource

A run-time error occurred because a requested platform resource was not available during execution.

error.unsupported.builtin

The platform does not support a requested builtin type/grammar.

error.unsupported.format

The requested resource has a format that is not supported by the platform, e.g. an unsupported grammar format, or media type.

error.unsupported.language

The platform does not support the language for either speech synthesis or speech recognition.

error.unsupported.objectname

The platform does not support a particular platform-specific object. Note that 'objectname' is a fixed string and is not substituted with the name of the unsupported object.

error.unsupported.element

The platform does not support the given element, where element is a VoiceXML element defined in this specification. For instance, if a platform does not implement <transfer>, it must throw error.unsupported.transfer. This allows an author to use event handling to adapt to different platform capabilities.

Errors encountered during document loading, including transport errors (no document found, HTTP status code 404, and so on) and syntactic errors (no <vxml> element, etc) result in a badfetch error event raised in the calling document. Errors that occur after loading and before entering the initialization phase of the Form Interpretation Algorithm are handled in a platform-specific manner. Errors that occur after entering the FIA initialization phase, such as semantic errors, are raised in the new document. The handling of errors encountered during the loading of the first document in a session is platform-specific.

Application-specific and platform-specific event types should use the reversed Internet domain name convention to avoid naming conflicts. For example:

error.com.example.voiceplatform.noauth

The user is not authorized to dial out on this platform.

org.example.voice.someapplication.toomanynoinputs

The user is far too quiet.

Catches can catch specific events (cancel) or all those sharing a prefix (error.unsupported).

5.3 Executable Content

Executable content refers to a block of procedural logic. Such logic appears in:

• The <block> form item.

• The <filled> actions in forms and input items.

• Event handlers (<catch>, <help>, et cetera).

Executable elements are executed in document order in their block of procedural logic. If an executable element generates an error, that error is thrown immediately. Subsequent executable elements in that block of procedural logic are not executed.

This section covers the elements that can occur in executable content.

5.3.1 var element

This element declares a variable. It can occur in executable content or as a child of <form> or <vxml>. Examples:

<var name="phone" expr="'6305551212'"/> 
<var name="y" expr="document.z+1"/>

If it occurs in executable content, it declares a variable in the anonymous scope associated with the enclosing <block>, <filled>, or catch element. This declaration is made only when the <var> element is executed. If the variable is already declared in this scope, subsequent declarations act as assignments, as in ECMAScript.

If a <var> is a child of a <form> element, it declares a variable in the dialog scope of the <form>. This declaration is made during the form's initialization phase as described in Section 2.1.6.1. The <var> element is not a form item, and so is not visited by the Form Interpretation Algorithm's main loop.

If a <var> is a child of a <vxml> element, it declares a variable in the document scope; and if it is the child of a <vxml> element in a root document then it also declares the variable in the application scope. This declaration is made when the document is initialized; initializations happen in document order.

Attributes of <var> include:

5.3.2 assign element

The <assign> element assigns a value to a variable:

<assign name="flavor" expr="'chocolate'"/> 
<assign name="document.mycost" expr="document.mycost+14"/>

It is illegal to make an assignment to a variable that has not been explicitly declared using a <var> element or a var statement within a <script>. Attempting to assign to an undeclared variable causes an error.semantic event to be thrown.

Note that when an ECMAScript object, e.g. "obj", has been properly initialized then its properties, for instance "obj.prop1", can be assigned without explicit declaration (in fact, an attempt to declare ECMAScript object properties such as "obj.prop1" would result in an error.semantic event being thrown).

Attributes include:

5.3.3 clear element

The <clear> element resets one or more variables, including form items. For each specified variable name, the variable is resolved relative to the current scope according to Section 5.1.3 (to remove ambiguity, each variable name in the namelist may be prefixed with a scope name). Once a declared variable has been identified, its value is assigned the ECMAScript undefined value. In addition, if the variable name corresponds to a form item, then the form item's prompt counter and event counters are reset.

For example:

<clear namelist="city state zip"/>

The attribute is:

5.3.4 if, elseif, else elements

The <if> element is used for conditional logic. It has optional <else> and <elseif> elements.

<if cond="total > 1000"> 
  <prompt>This is way too much to spend.</prompt> 
  <throw event="com.xyzcorp.acct.toomuchspent"/> 
</if> 

<if cond="amount &lt; 29.95"> 
  <assign name="x" expr="amount"/> 
<else/> 
  <assign name="x" expr="29.95"/> 
</if> 

<if cond="flavor == 'vanilla'"> 
  <assign name="flavor_code" expr="'v'"/> 
<elseif cond="flavor == 'chocolate'"/> 
  <assign name="flavor_code" expr="'h'"/> 
<elseif cond="flavor == 'strawberry'"/> 
  <assign name="flavor_code" expr="'b'"/> 
<else/> 
  <assign name="flavor_code" expr="'?'"/> 
</if>

5.3.5 prompts

Prompts can appear in executable content, in their full generality, except that the <prompt> count attribute is meaningless. In particular, the cond attribute can be used in executable content. Prompts may be wrapped with <prompt> and </prompt>, or represented using PCDATA. Wherever <prompt> is allowed, the PCDATA xyz is interpreted exactly as if it had appeared as <prompt>xyz</prompt>.

<nomatch count="1"> 
  To open the pod bay door, say your code phrase clearly. 
</nomatch> 

<nomatch count="2"> 
  <prompt>
    This is your <emphasis>last</emphasis> chance.
  </prompt> 
</nomatch> 

<nomatch count="3"> 
  Entrance denied. 
  <exit/> 
</nomatch>

5.3.6 reprompt element

The FIA expects a catch element to queue appropriate prompts in the course of handling an event. Therefore, the FIA does not generally perform the normal selection and queuing of prompts on the next iteration following the execution of a catch element. However, the FIA does perform normal selection and queueing of prompts after the execution of a catch element (<catch>, <error>, <help>, <noinput>, <nomatch>) in two cases:

• if the catch element ends by executing a <goto> or <submit> to another dialog, or if it ends with a <return> from a subdialog; in this case the new dialog needs to be guaranteed that its initial prompt remains intact and cannot be suppressed or replaced by a referring dialog; or
• if a <reprompt> is executed in the catch to request that the subsequent prompts be played.

In these two cases, after the FIA selects the next form item to visit, it performs normal prompt processing, including selecting and queuing the form item's prompts and incrementing the form item's prompt counter.

For example, this noinput catch expects the next form item prompt to be selected and played:

<field name="want_ice_cream"> 
  <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
  <prompt>Do you want ice cream for dessert?</prompt> 
  <prompt count="2"> 
    If you want ice cream, say yes. 
    If you do not want ice cream, say no. 
  </prompt> 
  <noinput> 
    I could not hear you. 
    <!-- Cause the next prompt to be selected and played. --> 
    <reprompt/>
  </noinput> 
</field>

A quiet user would hear:

C: Do you want ice cream for dessert?

H: (silence)

C: I could not hear you.

C: If you want ice cream, say yes. If you don't want ice cream, say no.

H: (silence)

C: I could not hear you.

C: If you want ice cream, say yes. If you don't want ice cream, say no.

H: No

If there were no <reprompt>, the user would instead hear:

C: Do you want ice cream for dessert?

H: (silence)

C: I could not hear you.

H: (silence)

C: I could not hear you.

H: No

Note that a consequence of skipping the prompt selection phase as described above is that the prompt counter of the form item selected by the FIA after the execution of a catch element (that does not execute a <reprompt>, or leave the dialog via <goto>, <submit> or <return>) will not be incremented.

Also note that the prompt selection phase following the execution of a catch element (that does not execute a <reprompt> or leave the dialog via <goto>, <submit> or <return>) is skipped even if the form item selected by the FIA is different from the previous form item.

The <reprompt> element has no effect outside of a catch.

5.3.7 goto element

The <goto> element is used to:

• transition to another form item in the current form,

• transition to another dialog in the current document, or

• transition to another document.

To transition to another form item, use the nextitem attribute, or the expritem attribute if the form item name is computed using an ECMAScript expression:

<goto nextitem="ssn_confirm"/> 
<goto expritem="(type==12)? 'ssn_confirm' : 'reject'"/>

To go to another dialog in the same document, use next (or expr) with only a URI fragment:

<goto next="#another_dialog"/> 
<goto expr="'#' + 'another_dialog'"/>

To transition to another document, use next (or expr) with a URI:

<goto next="http://flight.example.com/reserve_seat"/> 
<goto next="./special_lunch#wants_vegan"/>

The URI may be absolute or relative to the current document. You may specify the starting dialog in the next document using a fragment that corresponds to the value of the id attribute of a dialog. If no fragment is specified, the first dialog in that document is chosen.

Note that transitioning to another dialog in the current document causes the old dialog's variables to be lost, even in the case where a dialog is transitioning to itself. Transitioning to another document using an absolute or relative URI will likewise drop the old document level variables, even if the new document is the same one that is making the transition. However, document variables are retained when transitioning to an empty URI reference with a fragment identifier. For example, the following statements behave differently in a document with the URI http://someco.example.com/index.vxml:

<goto next="#foo"/>

<goto next="http://someco.example.com/index.vxml#foo"/>

According to [RFC2396], the fragment identifier (the part after the '#') is not part of a URI and transitioning to empty URI references plus fragment identifiers should never result in a new document fetch. Therefore "#foo" in the first statement is an empty URI reference with a fragment identifier and document variables are retained. In the second statement "#foo" is part of an absolute URI and the document variables are lost. If you want data to persist across multiple documents, store data in the application scope.

The dialog to transition to is specified by the URI reference in the <goto>'s next or expr attribute (see [RFC2396]). If this URI reference contains an absolute or relative URI, which may include a query string, then that URI is fetched and the dialog is found in the resulting document.

If the URI reference contains only a fragment (i.e., no absolute or relative URI), then there is no fetch: the dialog is found in the current document.

The URI reference's fragment, if any, names the dialog to transition to. When there is no fragment, the dialog chosen is the lexically first dialog in the document.

If the form item, dialog or document to transition to is not valid (i.e. the form item, dialog or document does not exist), an error.badfetch must be thrown. Note that for errors which occur during a dialog or document transition, the scope in which errors are handled is platform specific. For errors which occur during form item transition, the event is handled in the dialog scope.

Attributes of <goto> are:

Exactly one of "next", "expr", "nextitem" or "expritem" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

5.3.8 submit element

The <submit> element is used to submit information to the origin Web server and then transition to the document sent back in the response. Unlike <goto>, it lets you submit a list of variables to the document server via an HTTP GET or POST request. For example, to submit a set of form items to the server you might have:

<submit next="log_request" method="post"
 namelist="name rank serial_number" 
 fetchtimeout="100s" fetchaudio="audio/brahms2.wav"/>

The dialog to transition to is specified by the URI reference in the <submit>'s next or expr attribute (see [RFC2396], Section 4.2). The URI is always fetched even if it contains just a fragment. In the case of a fragment, the URI requested is the base URI of the current document. This means that the following two elements have substantially different effects:

<goto next="#get_pin"/>

<submit next="#get_pin"/>

Note that although the URI is always fetched and the resulting document is transitioned to, some <submit> requests can be satisfied by intermediate caches. This might happen, for example, if the origin Web server provides an explicit expiration time with the response.

If the dialog or document to transition to is not valid (i.e. the dialog or document does not exist), an error.badfetch must be thrown. Note that for errors which occur during a dialog or document transition, the scope in which errors are handled is platform specific.

Attributes of <submit> include:

Exactly one of "next" or "expr" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

When an ECMAScript variable is submitted to the server its value is first converted into a string before being submitted. If the variable is an ECMAScript Object the mechanism by which it is submitted is not currently defined. The mechanism of ECMAScript Object submission is reserved for future definition. Instead of submitting ECMAScript Objects directly, the application developer may explicitly submit properties of Object as in "date.month date.year".

If a <submit> contains a variable which references recorded audio but does not contain an ENCTYPE of multipart/form-data, the behavior is not specified. It is probably inappropriate to attempt to URL-encode large quantities of data.

5.3.9 exit element

Returns control to the interpreter context which determines what to do next.

<exit/>

This element differs from <return> in that it terminates all loaded documents, while <return> returns from a <subdialog> invocation. If the <subdialog> caused a new document (or application) to be invoked, then <return> will cause that document to be terminated, but execution will resume after the <subdialog>.

Note that once <exit> returns control to the interpreter context, the interpreter context is free to do as it wishes. It may play a top level menu for the user, drop the call, or transfer the user to an operator, for example.

Attributes include:

Exactly one of "expr" or "namelist" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

The <exit> element does not throw an "exit" event.

5.3.10 return element

Return ends execution of a subdialog and returns control and data to a calling dialog.

The attributes are:

Exactly one of "event", "eventexpr" or "namelist" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown. Exactly one of "message" or "messageexpr" may be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

In returning from a subdialog, an event can be thrown at the invocation point, or data is returned as an ECMAScript object with properties corresponding to the variable specified in its namelist. A return element that is encountered when not executing as a subdialog throws a semantic error.

The example below shows an event propagated from a subdialog to its calling dialog when the subdialog fails to obtain a recognizable result. It also shows data returned under normal conditions.

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form> 
  <subdialog name="result" src="#getssn"> 
    <nomatch> 
      <!-- a no match event that is returned by the
          subdialog indicates that a valid Social Securityy
          number could not be matched. --> 
      <goto next="http://myservice.example.com/ssn-problems.vxml"/> 
    </nomatch> 

    <filled> 
      <submit namelist="result.ssn" 
       next="http://myservice.example.com/cgi-bin/process"/> 
    </filled> 
  </subdialog> 
</form>
<form id="getssn"> 
  <field name="ssn"> 
      <grammar src="http://grammarlib/ssn.grxml" 
        type="application/srgs+xml"/>
      <prompt> Please say Social Securityy number.</prompt> 
      <nomatch count="3">
        <return event="nomatch"/> 
      </nomatch> 
      <filled> 
        <return namelist="ssn"/> 
      </filled> 
  </field> 
</form>
</vxml>

The subdialog event handler for <nomatch> is triggered on the third failure to match; when triggered, it returns from the subdialog, and includes the nomatch event to be thrown in the context of the calling dialog. In this case, the calling dialog will execute its <nomatch> handler, rather than the <filled> element, where the resulting action is to execute a <goto> element. Under normal conditions, the <filled> element of the subdialog is executed after a recognized Social Securityy number is obtained, and then this value is returned to the calling dialog, and is accessible as result.ssn.

5.3.11 disconnect element

Causes the interpreter context to disconnect from the user. As a result, the interpreter context will throw a connection.disconnect.hangup event and enter the final processing state (as described in Section 1.5.4). Processing the <disconnect> element will also flush the prompt queue (as described in Section 4.1.8).

5.3.12 script element

The <script> element allows the specification of a block of client-side scripting language code, and is analogous to the [HTML] <SCRIPT> element. For example, this document has a script that computes a factorial.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"> 
    <script> <![CDATA[ 
       function factorial(n) 
       {
         return (n <= 1)? 1 : n * factorial(n-1);
       } 
    ]]> </script> 

  <form id="form"> 
    <field name="fact"> 
      <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/number.grxml"/>
      <prompt>
        Tell me a number and I'll tell you its factorial.
      </prompt> 
      <filled> 
        <prompt> 
          <value expr="fact"/> factorial is 
          <value expr="factorial(fact)"/> 
        </prompt> 
      </filled> 
    </field> 
  </form> 
</vxml>

A <script> element may occur in the <vxml> and <form> elements, or in executable content (in <filled>, <if>, <block>, <catch>, or the short forms of <catch>). Scripts in the <vxml> element are evaluated just after the document is loaded, along with the <var> elements, in document order. Scripts in the <form> element are evaluated in document order, along with <var> elements and form item variables, each time execution moves into the <form> element. A <script> element in executable content is executed, like other executable elements, as it is encountered.

The <script> element has the following attributes:

Either an "src" attribute or an inline script (but not both) must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

The VoiceXML <script> element (unlike the [HTML] <SCRIPT> element) does not have a type attribute; ECMAScript is the required scripting language for VoiceXML.

Each <script> element is executed in the scope of its containing element; i.e., it does not have its own scope. This means for example that variables declared with var in the <script> element are declared in the scope of the containing element of the <script> element. (In ECMAScript terminology, the "variable object" becomes the current scope of the containing element of the <script> element).

Here is a time-telling service with a block containing a script that initializes time variables in the dialog scope of a form:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"> 
  <form> 
    <var name="hours"/> 
    <var name="minutes"/> 
    <var name="seconds"/> 
    <block> 
      <script> 
        var d = new Date(); 
        hours = d.getHours(); 
        minutes = d.getMinutes(); 
        seconds = d.getSeconds(); 
      </script> 
    </block> 
    <field name="hear_another"> 
      <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
      <prompt> 
        The time is <value expr="hours"/> hours, 
        <value expr="minutes"/> minutes, and 
        <value expr="seconds"/> seconds. 
      </prompt> 
      <prompt>Do you want to hear another time?</prompt> 
      <filled> 
        <if cond="hear_another"> 
          <clear/> 
        </if> 
      </filled> 
    </field> 
  </form> 
</vxml>

The content of a <script> element is evaluated in the same scope as a <var> element (see 5.1.2 Variable Scopes and 5.3.1 VAR).

The ECMAScript scope chain (see section 10.1.4 in [ECMASCRIPT]) is set up so that variables declared either with <var> or inside <script> are put into the scope associated with the element in which the <var> or <script> element occurs. For example, the variable declared in a <script> element under a <form> element has a dialog scope, and can be accessed as a dialog scope variable as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"> 
  <form> 
    <script> 
      var now = new Date(); <!-- this has a dialog scope-->
    </script>
    <var name="seconds" expr="now.getSeconds()"/> <!-- this has a dialog scope-->
    <block> 
      <var name="now" expr="new Date()"/> <!-- this has an anonymous scope -->
      <script> 
        var current = now.getSeconds();       <!-- "now" in the anonymous scope -->
        var approx = dialog.now.getSeconds(); <!-- "now" in the dialog scope -->
      </script> 
    </block> 
  </form> 
</vxml>

All variables must be declared before being referenced by ECMAScript scripts, or by VoiceXML elements as described in Section 5.1.1.

5.3.13 log element

The <log> element allows an application to generate a logging or debug message which a developer can use to help in application development or post-execution analysis of application performance.

The <log> element may contain any combination of text (CDATA) and <value> elements. The generated message consists of the concatenation of the text and the string form of the value of the "expr" attribute of the <value> elements.

The manner in which the message is displayed or logged is platform-dependent. The usage of label is platform-dependent. Platforms are not required to preserve white space.

ECMAScript expressions in <log> must be evaluated in document order. The use of the <log> element should have no other side-effects on interpretation.

<log>The card number was <value expr="card_num"/></log>

The <log> element has the following attributes:

6. Environment and Resources

6.1 Resource Fetching

6.1.1 Fetching

A VoiceXML interpreter context needs to fetch VoiceXML documents, and other resources, such as audio files, grammars, scripts, and objects. Each fetch of the content associated with a URI is governed by the following attributes:

When content is fetched from a URI, the fetchtimeout attribute determines how long to wait for the content (starting from the time when the resource is needed), and the fetchhint attribute determines when the content is fetched. The caching policy for a VoiceXML interpreter context utilizes the maxage and maxstale attributes and is explained in more detail below.

The fetchhint attribute, in combination with the various fetchhint properties, is merely a hint to the interpreter context about when it may schedule the fetch of a resource.  Telling the interpreter context that it may prefetch a resource does not require that the resource be prefetched; it only suggests that the resource may be prefetched. However, the interpreter context is always required to honor the safe fetchhint.

When transitioning from one dialog to another, through either a <subdialog>, <goto>, <submit>, <link>, or <choice> element, there are additional rules that affect interpreter behavior. If the referenced URI names a document (e.g. "doc#dialog"), or if query data is provided (through POST or GET), then a new document is obtained (either from a local cache, intermediate cache, or from a origin Web server). When it is obtained, the document goes through its initialization phase (i.e., obtaining and initializing a new application root document if needed, initializing document variables, and executing document scripts). The requested dialog (or first dialog if none is specified) is then initialized and execution of the dialog begins.

Generally, if a URI reference contains only a fragment (e.g., "#my_dialog"), then no document is fetched, and no initialization of that document is performed. However, <submit> always results in a fetch, and if a fragment is accompanied by a namelist attribute there will also be a fetch.

Another exception is when a URI reference in a leaf document references the application root document. In this case, the root document is transitioned to without fetching and without initialization even if the URI reference contains an absolute or relative URI (see Section 1.5.2 and [RFC2396]). However, if the URI reference to the root document contains a query string or a namelist attribute, the root document is fetched.

Elements that fetch VoiceXML documents also support the following additional attribute:

The fetchaudio attribute is useful for enhancing a user experience when there may be noticeable delays while the next document is retrieved. This can be used to play background music, or a series of announcements. When the document is retrieved, the audio file is interrupted if it is still playing. If an error occurs retrieving fetchaudio from its URI, no badfetch event is thrown and no audio is played during the fetch.

6.1.2 Caching

The VoiceXML interpreter context, like [HTML] visual browsers, can use caching to improve performance in fetching documents and other resources; audio recordings (which can be quite large) are as common to VoiceXML documents as images are to HTML pages. In a visual browser it is common to include end user controls to update or refresh content that is perceived to be stale. This is not the case for the VoiceXML interpreter context, since it lacks equivalent end user controls. Thus enforcement of cache refresh is at the discretion of the document through appropriate use of the maxage, and maxstale attributes.

The caching policy used by the VoiceXML interpreter context must adhere to the cache correctness rules of HTTP 1.1 ([RFC2616]). In particular, the Expires and Cache-Control headers must be honored. The following algorithm summarizes these rules and represents the interpreter context behavior when requesting a resource:

• If the resource is not present in the cache, fetch it from the server using get.
• If the resource is in the cache,
  • If a maxage value is provided,
    • If age of the cached resource <= maxage,
      • If the resource has expired,
        • Perform maxstale check.
      • Otherwise, use the cached copy.
    • Otherwise, fetch it from the server using get.
  • Otherwise,
    • If the resource has expired,
      • Perform maxstale check.
    • Otherwise, use the cached copy.

The "maxstale check" is:

• If maxstale is provided,
  • If cached copy has exceeded its expiration time by no more than maxstale seconds, then use the cached copy.
  • Otherwise, fetch it from the server using get.
• Otherwise, fetch it from the server using get.

Note: it is an optimization to perform a "get if modified" on a document still present in the cache when the policy requires a fetch from the server.

The maxage and maxstale properties are allowed to have no default value whatsoever. If the value is not provided by the document author, and the platform does not provide a default value, then the value is undefined and the 'Otherwise' clause of the algorithm applies. All other properties must provide a default value (either as given by the specification or by the platform).

While the maxage and maxstale attributes are drawn from and directly supported by HTTP 1.1, some resources may be addressed by URIs that name protocols other than HTTP. If the protocol does not support the notion of resource age, the interpreter context shall compute a resource's age from the time it was received. If the protocol does not support the notion of resource staleness, the interpreter context shall consider the resource to have expired immediately upon receipt.

6.1.2.1 Controlling the Caching Policy

VoiceXML allows the author to override the default caching behavior for each use of each resource (except for any document referenced by the <vxml> element's application attribute: there is no markup mechanism to control the caching policy for an application root document).

Each resource-related element may specify maxage and maxstale attributes. Setting maxage to a non-zero value can be used to get a fresh copy of a resource that may not have yet expired in the cache. A fresh copy can be unconditionally requested by setting maxage to zero.

Using maxstale enables the author to state that an expired copy of a resource, that is not too stale (according to the rules of HTTP 1.1), may be used. This can improve performance by eliminating a fetch that would otherwise be required to get a fresh copy. It is especially useful for authors who may not have direct server-side control of the expiration dates of large static files.

6.1.3 Prefetching

Prefetching is an optional feature that an interpreter context may implement to obtain a resource before it is needed. A resource that may be prefetched is identified by an element whose fetchhint attribute equals "prefetch". When an interpreter context does prefetch a resource, it must ensure that the resource fetched is precisely the one needed. In particular, if the URI is computed with an expr attribute, the interpreter context must not move the fetch up before any assignments to the expression's variables. Likewise, the fetch for a <submit> must not be moved prior to any assignments of the namelist variables.

The expiration status of a resource must be checked on each use of the resource, and, if its fetchhint attribute is "prefetch", then it is prefetched. The check must follow the caching policy specified in Section 6.1.2.

6.1.4 Protocols

The "http" URI scheme must be supported by VoiceXML platforms, the "https" protocol should be supported and other URI protocols may be supported.

6.2 Metadata Information

Metadata information is information about the document rather than the document's content. VoiceXML 2.0 provides two elements in which metadata information can be expressed: <meta> and <metadata>. The <metadata> element provides more general and powerful treatment of metadata information than <meta>.

VoiceXML does not specify required metadata information. However, it does recommend that metadata is expressed using the <metadata> element with information in Resource Description Framework (RDF) [RDF-SYNTAX] using the Dublin Core version 1.0 RDF schema [DC] (see Section 6.2.2).

6.2.1 meta element

The <meta> element specifies meta information as in [HTML]. There are two types of <meta>.

The first type specifies a metadata property of the document as a whole and is expressed by the pair of attributes, name and content. For example to specify the maintainer of a VoiceXML document:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"> 
  <meta name="maintainer" content="jpdoe@anycompany.example.com"/>
  <form>
    <block>  
       <prompt>Hello</prompt> 
    </block>
  </form>  
</vxml>

The second type of <meta> specifies HTTP response headers and is expressed by the pair of attributes http-equiv and content. In the following example, the first <meta> element sets an expiration date that prevents caching of the document; the second <meta> element sets the Date header.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"> 
  <meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0"/> 
  <meta http-equiv="Date"    content="Thu, 12 Dec 2000 23:27:21 GMT"/> 
  <form>
    <block>  
       <prompt>Hello</prompt> 
    </block>
  </form>  
</vxml>

Attributes of <meta> are:

Exactly one of "name" or "http-equiv" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

6.2.2 metadata element

The <metadata> element is container in which information about the document can be placed using a metadata schema. Although any metadata schema can be used with <metadata>, it is recommended that the RDF schema is used in conjunction with metadata properties defined in the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative.

RDF is a declarative language and provides a standard way for using XML to represent metadata in the form of statements about properties and relationships of items on the Web. Content creators should refer to W3C metadata Recommendations [RDF-SYNTAX] and [RDF-SCHEMA] as well as the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative [DC], which is a set of generally applicable core metadata properties (e.g., Title, Creator, Subject, Description, Copyrights, etc.).

The following Dublin Core metadata properties are recommended in <metadata>:

Here is an example of how <metadata> can be included in a VoiceXML document using the Dublin Core version 1.0 RDF schema [DC]:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"> 
<metadata>
   <rdf:RDF
       xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
       xmlns:rdfs = "http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/PR-rdf-schema-19990303#"
       xmlns:dc = "http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core#">

<!-- Metadata about the VoiceXML document -->
   <rdf:Description about="http://www.example.com/meta.vxml"
       dc:Title="Directory Enquiry Service"
       dc:Description="Directory Enquiry Service for London in VoiceXML"
       dc:Publisher="W3C"
       dc:Language="en"
       dc:Date="2002-02-12"
       dc:Rights="Copyright 2002 John Smith"
       dc:Format="application/voicexml+xml" >                
       <dc:Creator>
          <rdf:Seq ID="CreatorsAlphabeticalBySurname">
             <rdf:li>Jackie Crystal</rdf:li>
             <rdf:li>William Lee</rdf:li>
          </rdf:Seq>
       </dc:Creator>
   </rdf:Description>
  </rdf:RDF>
 </metadata>
 <form>
    <block>  
       <prompt>Hello</prompt> 
    </block>
 </form>  
</vxml>

6.3 property element

The <property> element sets a property value. Properties are used to set values that affect platform behavior, such as the recognition process, timeouts, caching policy, etc.

Properties may be defined for the whole application, for the whole document at the <vxml> level, for a particular dialog at the <form> or <menu> level, or for a particular form item. Properties apply to their parent element and all the descendants of the parent. A property at a lower level overrides a property at a higher level. When different values for a property are specified at the same level, the last one in document order applies. Properties specified in the application root document provide default values for properties in every document in the application; properties specified in an individual document override property values specified in the application root document.

If a platform detects that the value of a property is invalid, then it should throw an error.semantic.

In some cases, <property> elements specify default values for element attributes, such as timeout or bargein. For example, to turn off bargein by default for all the prompts in a particular form:

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"> 
<form id="no_bargein_form"> 
  <property name="bargein" value="false"/> 
  <block> 
    <prompt>
      This introductory prompt cannot be barged into.
    </prompt> 
    <prompt>
      And neither can this prompt.
    </prompt> 
    <prompt bargein="true">
      But this one <emphasis>can</emphasis> be barged into.
    </prompt> 
  </block> 
  <field type="boolean">
    <prompt>
      Please say yes or no.
    </prompt>
  </field>  
</form>
</vxml>

The <property> element has the following attributes:

6.3.1 Platform-Specific Properties

An interpreter context is free to provide platform-specific properties. For example, to set the "multiplication factor" for this platform in the scope of this document:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form>
  <property name="com.example.multiplication_factor" value="42"/> 
  <block> 
    <prompt> Welcome </prompt> 
  </block>
</form>  
</vxml>

By definition, platform-specific properties introduce incompatibilities which reduce application portability. To minimize them, the following interpreter context guidelines are strongly recommended:

• Platform-specific properties should use reverse domain names to eliminate potential collisions as in: com.example.foo, which is clearly different from net.example.foo

• An interpreter context must not throw an error.unsupported.property event when encountering a property it cannot process; rather the interpreter context must just ignore that property.

6.3.2 Generic Speech Recognizer Properties

The generic speech recognizer properties mostly are taken from the Java Speech API [JSAPI]:

6.3.3 Generic DTMF Recognizer Properties

Several generic properties pertain to DTMF grammar recognition:

6.3.4 Prompt and Collect Properties

These properties apply to the fundamental platform prompt and collect cycle:

6.3.5 Fetching Properties

These properties pertain to the fetching of new documents and resources (note that maxage and maxstale properties may have no default value - see Section 6.1.2):

6.3.6 Miscellaneous Properties

Our last example shows several of these properties used at multiple levels.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
  <!-- set default characteristics for page --> 
  <property name="audiofetchhint" value="safe"/> 
  <property name="confidencelevel" value="0.75"/>

  <form> 
    <!-- override defaults for this form only --> 
    <property name="confidencelevel" value="0.5"/> 
    <property name="bargein" value="false"/> 
    <grammar src="address_book.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
    <block> 
      <prompt> Welcome to the Voice Address Book </prompt> 
    </block> 
    <initial name="start"> 
      <!-- override default timeout value --> 
      <property name="timeout" value="5s"/> 
      <prompt> Who would you like to call? </prompt> 
    </initial> 
    <field name="person"> 
      <prompt>
        Say the name of the person you would like to call.
      </prompt> 
    </field> 
    <field name="location"> 
      <prompt>
        Say the location of the person you would like to call.
      </prompt> 
    </field> 
    <field name="confirm"> 
     <grammar type="application/srgs+xml" src="/grammars/boolean.grxml"/>
      <!-- Use actual utterances to playback recognized words, 
              rather than returned slot values --> 
      <prompt> 
        You said to call <value expr="person$.utterance"/> 
        at <value expr="location$.utterance"/>. 
        Is this correct? 
      </prompt> 
      <filled> 
        <if cond="confirm"> 
          <submit namelist="person location"
            next="http://www.messagecentral.example.com/voice/make_call" />
        </if> 
        <clear/> 
      </filled> 
    </field> 
  </form> 
</vxml>

6.4 param element

The <param> element is used to specify values that are passed to subdialogs or objects. It is modeled on the [HTML] <PARAM> element. Its attributes are:

Exactly one of "expr" or "value" must be specified; otherwise, an error.badfetch event is thrown.

The use of valuetype and type is optional in general, although they may be required by specific objects. When <param> is contained in a <subdialog> element, the values specified by it are used to initialize dialog <var> elements in the subdialog that is invoked. See Section 2.3.4 for details regarding initialization of variables in subdialogs using <param>. When <param> is contained in an <object>, the use of the parameter data is specific to the object that is being invoked, and is outside the scope of the VoiceXML specification.

Below is an example of <param> used as part of an <object>. In this case, the first two <param> elements have expressions (implicitly of valuetype="data"), the third <param> has an explicit value, and the fourth is a URI that returns a media type of text/plain. The meaning of this data is specific to the object.

<object name="debit" 
 classid="method://credit-card/gather_and_debit" 
 data="http://www.recordings.example.com/prompts/credit/jesse.jar"> 
  <param name="amount" expr="document.amt"/> 
  <param name="vendor" expr="vendor_num"/> 
  <param name="application_id" value="ADC5678-QWOO"/> 
  <param name="authentication_server"
   value="http://auth-svr.example.com" 
   valuetype="ref"
   type="text/plain"/> 
</object>

The next example illustrates <param> used with <subdialog>. In this case, two expressions are used to initialize variables in the scope of the subdialog form.

Form with calling dialog

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form> 
  <subdialog name="result" src="http://another.example.com/#getssn"> 
    <param name="firstname" expr="document.first"/> 
    <param name="lastname"  expr="document.last"/> 
    <filled> 
      <submit namelist="result.ssn"
        next="http://myservice.example.com/cgi-bin/process"/> 
    </filled> 
  </subdialog> 
</form>
</vxml>

Subdialog in http://another.example.com

 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
   http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">
<form id="getssn"> 
  <var name="firstname"/> 
  <var name="lastname"/> 
  <field name="ssn"> 
      <grammar src="http://grammarlib/ssn.grxml"
        type="application/srgs+xml"/>
      <prompt>
        Please say Social Securityy number.
      </prompt> 
      <filled> 
        <if cond="validssn(firstname,lastname,ssn)"> 
          <assign name="status" expr="true"/> 
          <return namelist="status ssn"/> 
        <else/> 
          <assign name="status" expr="false"/> 
          <return namelist="status"/> 
        </if> 
      </filled> 
  </field> 
</form>
</vxml>

Using <param> in a <subdialog> is a convenient way of passing data to a subdialog without requiring the use of server side scripting.

6.5 Value Designations

Several VoiceXML parameter values follow the conventions used in the W3C's Cascading Style Sheet Recommendation [CSS2].

Real numbers and integers are specified in decimal notation only. An integer consists of one or more digits "0" to "9". A real number may be an integer, or it may be zero or more digits followed by a dot (.) followed by one or more digits. Both integers and real numbers may be preceded by a "-" or "+" to indicate the sign.

Time designations consist of a non-negative real number followed by a time unit identifier. The time unit identifiers are:

• ms: milliseconds

• s: seconds

Examples include: "3s", "850ms", "0.7s", ".5s" and "+1.5s".

Appendices

Appendix A — Glossary of Terms

active grammar

A speech or DTMF grammar that is currently active. This is based on the currently executing element, and the scope elements of the currently defined grammars.

application

A collection of VoiceXML documents that are tagged with the same application name attribute.

ASR

Automatic speech recognition.

author

The creator of a VoiceXML document.

catch element

A <catch> block or one of its abbreviated forms. Certain default catch elements are defined by the VoiceXML interpreter.

control item

A form item whose purpose is either to contain a block of procedural logics (<block>) or to allow initial prompts for a mixed initiative dialog (<initial>).

CSS W3C Cascading Style Sheet specification.

See [CSS2]

dialog

An interaction with the user specified in a VoiceXML document. Types of dialogs include forms and menus.

DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency)

Touch-tone or push-button dialing. Pushing a button on a telephone keypad generates a sound that is a combination of two tones, one high frequency and the other low frequency.

ECMAScript

A standard version of JavaScript backed by the European Computer Manufacturer's Association. See [ECMASCRIPT]

event

A notification "thrown" by the implementation platform, VoiceXML interpreter context, VoiceXML interpreter, or VoiceXML code. Events include exceptional conditions (semantic errors), normal errors (user did not say something recognizable), normal events (user wants to exit), and user defined events.

executable content

Procedural logic that occurs in <block>, <filled>, and event handlers.

form

A dialog that interacts with the user in a highly flexible fashion with the computer and the user sharing the initiative.

FIA (Form Interpretation Algorithm)

An algorithm implemented in a VoiceXML interpreter which drives the interaction between the user and a VoiceXML form or menu. See Section 2.1.6 and Appendix C.

form item

An element of <form> that can be visited during form execution: <initial>, <block>, <field>, <record>, <object>, <subdialog>, and <transfer>.

form item variable

A variable, either implicitly or explicitly defined, associated with each form item in a form. If the form item variable is undefined, the form interpretation algorithm will visit the form item and use it to interact with the user.

implementation platform

A computer with the requisite software and/or hardware to support the types of interaction defined by VoiceXML.

input item

A form item whose purpose is to input a input item variable. Input items include <field>, <record>, <object>, <subdialog>, and <transfer>.

language identifier

A language identifier labels information content as being of a particular human language variant. Following the XML specification for language identification [XML], a legal language identifier is identified by an RFC 3066 [RFC3066] code. A language code is required by RFC 3066. A country code or other subtag identifier is optional by RFC 3066.

link

A set of grammars that when matched by something the user says or keys in, either transitions to a new dialog or document or throws an event in the current form item.

menu

A dialog presenting the user with a set of choices and takes action on the selected one.

mixed initiative

A computer-human interaction in which either the computer or the human can take initiative and decide what to do next.

JSGF

Java API Speech Grammar Format. A proposed standard for representing speech grammars. See [JSGF]

object

A platform-specific capability with an interface available via VoiceXML.

request

A collection of data including: a URI specifying a document server for the data, a set of name-value pairs of data to be processed (optional), and a method of submission for processing (optional).

script

A fragment of logic written in a client-side scripting language, especially ECMAScript, which is a scripting language that must be supported by any VoiceXML interpreter.

session

A connection between a user and an implementation platform, e.g. a telephone call to a voice response system. One session may involve the interpretation of more than one VoiceXML document.

SRGS (Speech Recognition Grammar Specification)

A standard format for context-free speech recognition grammars being developed by the W3C Voice Browser group. Both ABNF and XML formats are defined [SRGS].

SSML (Speech Synthesis Markup Language)

A standard format for speech synthesis being developed by the W3C Voice Browser group [SSML].

subdialog

A VoiceXML dialog (or document) invoked from the current dialog in a manner analogous to function calls.

tapered prompts

A set of prompts used to vary a message given to the human. Prompts may be tapered to be more terse with use (field prompting), or more explicit (help prompts).

throw

An element that fires an event.

TTS

text-to-speech; speech synthesis.

user

A person whose interaction with an implementation platform is controlled by a VoiceXML interpreter.

URI

Uniform Resource Indicator.

URL

Uniform Resource Locator.

VoiceXML document

An XML document conforming to the VoiceXML specification.

VoiceXML interpreter

A computer program that interprets a VoiceXML document to control an implementation platform for the purpose of conducting an interaction with a user.

VoiceXML interpreter context

A computer program that uses a VoiceXML interpreter to interpret a VoiceXML Document and that may also interact with the implementation platform independently of the VoiceXML interpreter.

W3C

World Wide Web Consortium http://www.w3.org/

Appendix B — VoiceXML Document Type Definition

The VoiceXML DTD is located at http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.dtd.

Due to DTD limitations, the VoiceXML DTD does not correctly express that the <metadata> element can contain elements from other XML namespaces.

Note: the VoiceXML DTD includes modified elements from the DTDs of the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification 1.0 [SRGS] and the Speech Synthesis Markup Language 1.0 [SSML].

Appendix C — Form Interpretation Algorithm

The form interpretation algorithm (FIA) drives the interaction between the user and a VoiceXML form or menu. A menu can be viewed as a form containing a single field whose grammar and whose <filled> action are constructed from the <choice> elements.

The FIA must handle:

• Form initialization.

• Prompting, including the management of the prompt counters needed for prompt tapering.

• Grammar activation and deactivation at the form and form item levels.

• Entering the form with an utterance that matched one of the form's document-scoped grammars while the user was visiting a different form or menu.

• Leaving the form because the user matched another form, menu, or link's document-scoped grammar.

• Processing multiple field fills from one utterance, including the execution of the relevant <filled> actions.

• Selecting the next form item to visit, and then processing that form item.

• Choosing the correct catch element to handle any events thrown while processing a form item.

First we define some terms and data structures used in the form interpretation algorithm:

active grammar set

The set of grammars active during a VoiceXML interpreter context's input collection operation.

utterance

A summary of what the user said or keyed in, including the specific grammar matched, and a semantic result consisting of an interpretation structure or, where there is no semantic interpretation, the raw text of the input (see Section 3.1.6). An example utterance might be: "grammar 123 was matched, and the semantic interpretation is {drink: "coke" pizza: {number: "3" size: "large"}}".

execute

To execute executable content – either a block, a filled action, or a set of filled actions. If an event is thrown during execution, the execution of the executable content is aborted. The appropriate event handler is then executed, and this may cause control to resume in a form item, in the next iteration of the form's main loop, or outside of the form. If a <goto> is executed, the transfer takes place immediately, and the remaining executable content is not executed.

Here is the conceptual form interpretation algorithm. The FIA can start with no initial utterance, or with an initial utterance passed in from another dialog:

//
// Initialization Phase
//

foreach ( <var>, <script> and form item, in document order )
   if ( the element is a <var> )
     Declare the variable, initializing it to the value of
     the "expr" attribute, if any, or else to undefined.
   else if ( the element is a <script> )
     Evaluate the contents of the script if inlined or else
     from the location specified by the "src" attribute.
   else if ( the element is a form item )
     Create a variable from the "name" attribute, if any, or
     else generate an internal name.  Assign to this variable
     the value of the "expr" attribute, if any, or else undefined.
            foreach ( input item and <initial> element )
                 Declare a prompt counter and set it to 1.

if ( user entered this form by speaking to its
      grammar while in a different form)
{
    Enter the main loop below, but start in
    the process phase, not the select phase:
    we already have a collection to process.
}

//
// Main Loop: select next form item and execute it.
//

while ( true )
{
    //
    // Select Phase: choose a form item to visit.
    //

    if ( the last main loop iteration ended
              with a <goto nextitem> )
        Select that next form item.

    else if (there is a form item with an
              unsatisfied guard condition )
        Select the first such form item in document order.

    else
        Do an <exit/> -- the form is full and specified no transition.

    //
    // Collect Phase: execute the selected form item.
    //
    // Queue up prompts for the form item.

    unless ( the last loop iteration ended with
            a catch that had no <reprompt>, 
        and the active dialog was not changed )
    {

        Select the appropriate prompts for an input item or <initial>.
        Queue the selected prompts for play prior to
        the next collect operation.

        Increment an input item's or <initial>'s prompt counter.
    }

    // Activate grammars for the form item.

    if ( the form item is modal )
        Set the active grammar set to the form item grammars,
        if any. (Note that some form items, e.g. <block>,
        cannot have any grammars).
    else
        Set the active grammar set to the form item
        grammars and any grammars scoped to the form,
        the current document, and the application root
        document.

    // Execute the form item.

    if ( a <field> was selected )
        Collect an utterance or an event from the user.
    else if ( a <record> was chosen )
        Collect an utterance (with a name/value pair
        for the recorded bytes) or event from the user.
    else if ( an <object> was chosen )
        Execute the object, setting the <object>'s
        form item variable to the returned ECMAScript value.
    else if ( a <subdialog> was chosen )
        Execute the subdialog, setting the <subdialog>'s
        form item variable to the returned ECMAScript value.
    else if ( a <transfer> was chosen )
        Do the transfer, and (if wait is true) set the
        <transfer> form item variable to the returned
        result status indicator.
    else if ( an <initial> was chosen )
        Collect an utterance or an event from the user.
    else if ( a <block> was chosen )
    {
        Set the block's form item variable to a defined value.

        Execute the block's executable context.
    }

    //
    // Process Phase: process the resulting utterance or event.
    //

    Assign the utterance and other information about the last
    recognition to application.lastresult$.
            // Must have an utterance

    if ( the utterance matched a grammar belonging to a <link> )
      If the link specifies an "next" or "expr" attribute,
      transition to that location.  Else if the link specifies an
      "event" or "eventexpr" attribute, generate that event.

    else if ( the utterance matched a grammar belonging to a <choice> )
      If the choice specifies an "next" or "expr" attribute,
      transition to that location.  Else if the choice specifies
      an "event" or "eventexpr" attribute, generate that event.

    else if ( the utterance matched a grammar from outside the current
              <form> or <menu> )
    {
      Transition to that <form> or <menu>, carrying the utterance
      to the new FIA.
    }

    // Process an utterance spoken to a grammar from this form.
    // First copy utterance result property values into corresponding
    // form item variables.

    Clear all "just_filled" flags.

    if ( the grammar is scoped to the field-level ) {
       // This grammar must be enclosed in an input item.  The input item
       // has an associated ECMAScript variable (referred to here as the input
       // item variable) and slot name.

       if ( the result is not a structure )
         Copy the result into the input item variable.
       elseif ( a top-level property in the result matches the slot name
                or the slot name is a dot-separated path matching a
                subproperty in the result )
         Copy the value of that property into the input item variable.
       else
         Copy the entire result into the input item variable

       Set this input item's "just_filled" flag.
    }
    else {
       foreach ( property in the user's utterance )
       {
          if ( the property matches an input item's slot name )
          {
             Copy the value of that property into the input item's form
             item variable.

             Set the input item's "just_filled" flag.
          }
       }
    }


    // Set all <initial> form item variables if any input items are filled.

    if ( any input item variable is set as a result of the user utterance )
        Set all <initial> form item variables to true.

    // Next execute any triggered <filled> actions. 

    foreach ( <filled> action in document order )
    {
        // Determine the input item variables the <filled> applies to.

        N = the <filled>'s "namelist" attribute.

        if ( N equals "" )
        {
           if ( the <filled> is a child of an input item )
             N = the input item's form item variable name.
           else if ( the <filled> is a child of a form )
             N = the form item variable names of all the input
                 items in that form.
        }

        // Is the <filled> triggered?

        if ( any input item variable in the set N was "just_filled"
               AND  (  the <filled> mode is "all"
                           AND all variables in N are filled
                       OR the <filled> mode is "any"
                           AND any variables in N are filled) )
             Execute the <filled> action.

         If an event is thrown during the execution of a <filled>,
             event handler selection starts in the scope of the <filled>,
         which could be an input item or the form itself.
    }
    // If no input item is filled, just continue.
}

Appendix D — Timing Properties

The various timing properties for speech and DTMF recognition work together to define the user experience. The ways in which these different timing parameters function are outlined in the timing diagrams below. In these diagrams, the start for wait of DTMF input, or user speech both occur at the time that the last prompt has finished playing.

D.1. DTMF Grammars

DTMF grammars use timeout, interdigittimeout, termtimeout and termchar as described in Section 6.3.3 to tailor the user experience. The effects of these are shown in the following timing diagrams.

timeout, No Input Provided

The timeout parameter determines when the <noinput> event is thrown because the user has failed to enter any DTMF (Figure 12). Once the first DTMF has been entered, this parameter has no further effect.

Figure 12: Timing diagram for timeout when no input provided.

interdigittimeout, Grammar is Not Ready to Terminate

In Figure 13, the interdigittimeout determines when the nomatch event is thrown because a DTMF grammar is not yet recognized, and the user has failed to enter additional DTMF.

Figure 13: Timing diagram for interdigittimeout, grammar is not ready to terminate.

interdigittimeout, Grammar is Ready to Terminate

The example below shows the situation when a DTMF grammar could terminate, or extend by the addition of more DTMF input, and the user has elected not to provide any further input.

Figure 14: Timing diagram for interdigittimeout, grammar is ready to terminate.

termchar and interdigittimeout, Grammar Can Terminate

In the example below, a termchar is non-empty, and is entered by the user before an interdigittimeout expires, to signify that the users DTMF input is complete; the termchar is not included as part of the recognized value.

Figure 15: Timing diagram for termchar and interdigittimeout, grammar can terminate.

termchar Empty When Grammar Must Terminate

In the example below, the entry of the last DTMF has brought the grammar to a termination point at which no additional DTMF is expected. Since termchar is empty, there is no optional terminating character permitted, thus the recognition ends and the recognized value is returned.

Figure 16: Timing diagram for termchar empty when grammar must terminate.

termchar Non-Empty and termtimeout When Grammar Must Terminate

In the example below, the entry of the last DTMF has brought the grammar to a termination point at which no additional DTMF is allowed by the grammar. If the termchar is non-empty, then the user can enter an optional termchar DTMF. If the user fails to enter this optional DTMF within termtimeout, the recognition ends and the recognized value is returned. If the termtimeout is 0s (the default), then the recognized value is returned immediately after the last DTMF allowed by the grammar, without waiting for the optional termchar. Note: the termtimeout applies only when no additional input is allowed by the grammar; otherwise, the interdigittimeout applies.

Figure 17: Timing diagram for termchar non-empty and termtimeout when grammar must terminate.

termchar Non-Empty and termtimeout When Grammar Must Terminate

In this example, the entry of the last DTMF has brought the grammar to a termination point at which no additional DTMF is allowed by the grammar. Since the termchar is non-empty, the user enters the optional termchar within termtimeout causing the recognized value to be returned (excluding the termchar).

Figure 18: Timing diagram for termchar non-empty when grammar must terminate.

Invalid DTMF Input

While waiting for the first or additional DTMF, three different timeouts may determine when the user's input is considered complete. If no DTMF has been entered, the timeout applies; if some DTMF has been entered but additional DTMF is valid, then the interdigittimeout applies; and if no additional DTMF is legal, then the termtimeout applies. At each point, the user may enter DTMF which is not permitted by the active grammar(s). This causes the collected DTMF string to be invalid. Additional digits will be collected until either the termchar is pressed or the interdigittimeout has elapsed. A nomatch event is then generated.

D.2. Speech Grammars.

Speech grammars use timeout, completetimeout, and incompletetimeout as described in Section 6.3.4 and Section 6.3.2 to tailor the user experience. The effects of these are shown in the following timing diagrams.

timeout When No Speech Provided

In the example below, the timeout parameter determines when the noinput event is thrown because the user has failed to speak.

Figure 19: Timing diagram for timeout when no speech provided.

completetimeout With Speech Grammar Recognized

In the example above, the user provided a utterance that was recognized by the speech grammar. After a silence period of completetimeout has elapsed, the recognized value is returned.

Figure 20: Timing diagram for completetimeout with speech grammar recognized.

incompletetimeout with Speech Grammar Unrecognized

In the example above, the user provided a utterance that is not as yet recognized by the speech grammar but is the prefix of a legal utterance. After a silence period of incompletetimeout has elapsed, a nomatch event is thrown.

Figure 21: Timing diagram for incompletetimeout with speech grammar unrecognized.

Appendix E — Audio File Formats

VoiceXML requires that a platform support the playing and recording audio formats specified below.

The 'audio/basic' mime type is commonly used with the 'au' header format as well as the headerless 8-bit 8Khz mu-law format. If this mime type is specified for recording, the mu-law format must be used. For playback with the 'audio/basic' mime type, platforms must support the mu-law format and may support the 'au' format.

Appendix F —Conformance

This section is Normative.

F1. Conforming VoiceXML Document

A conforming VoiceXML document is a well-formed [XML] document that requires only the facilities described as mandatory in this specification. Such a document must meet all of the following criteria:

1. The document must conform to the constraints expressed in the VoiceXML Schema (Appendix O).

2. The root element of the document must be <vxml>.

3. The <vxml> element must include a "version" attribute with the value "2.0".

4. The <vxml> element must designate the VoiceXML namespace. This can be achieved by declaring an "xmlns" attribute or an attribute with an "xmlns" prefix [XMLNAMES]. The namespace for VoiceXML is defined to be http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml.

5. It is recommended that the <vxml> element also indicate the location of the VoiceXML schema (see Appendix O) via the xsi:schemaLocation attribute from [SCHEMA1]:

   xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd"
   

   Although such indication is not required, to encourage it this document provides such indication on all of the examples.

6. There may be a DOCTYPE declaration in the document prior to the root element. If present, the public identifier included in the DOCTYPE declaration must reference the VoiceXML DTD (Appendix B) using its Formal Public Identifier.

   <!DOCTYPE vxml 
        PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD VOICEXML 2.0//EN" 
        "http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.dtd">
   

   The system identifier may be modified appropriately.

   The DTD subset must not be used to override any parameter entities in the DTD.

Here is an example of a Conforming VoiceXML document:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml" 
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml 
 http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd">

 <form>
  <block>hello</block>
 </form>

</vxml>

Note that in this example, the recommended "xmlns:xsi" and "xsi:schemaLocation" attributes are included as is an XML declaration. An XML declaration like the one above is not required in all XML documents. VoiceXML document authors are strongly encouraged to use XML declarations in all their documents. Such a declaration is required when the character encoding of the document is other than the default UTF-8 or UTF-16 and no encoding was determined by a higher-level protocol.

The VoiceXML language or these conformance criteria provide no designated size limits on any aspect of VoiceXML documents. There are no maximum values on the number of elements, the amount of character data, or the number of characters in attribute values.

F.2 Using VoiceXML with other namespaces

The VoiceXML namespace may be used with other XML namespaces as per [XMLNAMES], although such documents are not strictly conforming VoiceXML documents as defined above. Future work by W3C will address ways to specify conformance for documents involving multiple namespaces.

F.3 Conforming VoiceXML Processors

A VoiceXML processor is a user agent that can parse and process Conforming VoiceXML documents.

In a Conforming VoiceXML Processor, the XML parser must be able to parse and process all well-formed XML constructs defined within [XML] and [XMLNAMES]. It is not required that a Conforming VoiceXML processor use a validating parser.

A Conforming VoiceXML Processor must be a Conforming Speech Synthesis Markup Language Processor [SSML] and a Conforming XML Grammar Processor [SRGS] except for differences described in this document. If a syntax error is detected processing a grammar document, then an "error.badfetch" event must be thrown.

A Conforming VoiceXML Processor must support the syntax and semantics of all VoiceXML elements as described in this document. Consequently, a Conforming VoiceXML Processor must not throw an 'error.unsupported.<element>' for any VoiceXML element which must be supported when processing a Conforming VoiceXML Document.

When a Conforming VoiceXML Processor encounters a Conforming VoiceXML Document with non-VoiceXML elements or attributes which are proprietary, defined only in earlier versions of VoiceXML, or defined in a non-VoiceXML namespace, and which cannot be processed, then it must throw an "error.badfetch" event.

When a Conforming VoiceXML Processor encounters a document with a root element designating a namespace other than VoiceXML, its behavior is undefined.

There is, however, no conformance requirement with respect to performance characteristics of the VoiceXML Processor.

Appendix G —Internationalization

VoiceXML is an application of [XML] and thus supports [UNICODE] which defines a standard universal character set.

Additionally, VoiceXML provides a mechanism for precise control of the input and output languages via the use of "xml:lang" attribute. This facility provides:

• The ability to specify the input and output language overriding the VoiceXML Processor default language
• The ability to produce multi-language output
• The ability to interpret input in a language different from the output language(s)

Appendix H —Accessibility

Appendix I —Privacy

A future version of VoiceXML may specify criteria by which a VoiceXML Processor safeguards the privacy of personal data.

Appendix J —Changes from VoiceXML 1.0

The following is a summary of the differences between VoiceXML 2.0 and VoiceXML 1.0 [VOICEXML-1.0].

Developers of VoiceXML 1.0 applications should pay particular attentions to the changes incompatible with VoiceXML 1.0 specified in Obsolete Elements and Incompatibly Modified Elements.

New Elements

• <log> to specify a debug message (5.3.13)
• <metadata> as a means of specifying metadata information using a schema (6.2, 6.2.2)

Obsolete Elements

• <dtmf> superceded by <grammar> with "mode=dtmf" (3.1.2)
• <emp>, <div>, <pros>, and <sayas> JSML elements have been replaced by corresponding elements in Speech Synthesis Markup Language [SSML] (4.1.1)

Incompatibly Modified Elements

• changed "lang" to "xml:lang" in <vxml> (1.5.1).
• Added required attribute xmlns in <vxml> (1.5.1)
• Replaced "base" attribute with "xml:base" in <vxml> (1.5.1)
• Changed and clarified that if an implementation does not support a specific object, it throws error.unsupported.objectname. The event error.unsupported.format is not thrown for unsupported object types ( 2.1.2.1, 2.3.5, 5.2.6)
• A field's type attribute does not indicate an implicit <say-as> class to use when speaking out the field's value. An explicit <say-as> must be used instead (2.1.4, Appendix P)
• added "accept" attribute to <menu> and <choice> (2.2.1, 2.2.2)
• An error.badfetch (previously, error.semantic) is thrown if a <menu>'s dtmf attribute is set to true and it has choices with DTMF sequences specified as something other than "*", "#", or "0" (2.2.1)
• Removed required support for access to builtin resources such as grammars, and 'builtin' is treated as a platform-specific URI scheme for accessing resources (2.3.1.2, Appendix P)
• Added 'accept' attribute to <option> and modified description of 'choice phrase' in grammar generation (2.3.1.3, 2.2.5)
• removed "modal" attribute of <subdialog> (2.3.4)
• removed "fetchaudio" attribute from <object>(2.3.5)
• Removed capability of <value> to playback a record. Only <audio> can be used to playback recording (2.3.6, 4.1.3, 4.1.4)
• If a platform supports simultaneous speech recognition and recording, then spoken input can match an active non-local speech grammar. If local speech grammars are specified, they are treated as inactive (i.e. they are ignored), even if the platform supports simultaneous recognition and recording (2.3.6)
• replaced "phone" URI schema with "tel" schema in <transfer> dest (and destexpr) attribute (2.3.7)
• during bridged transfer, while bargein operates normally, the bargeintype is fixed to "hotword", grammar activation is modal (only local grammars are activated), and transferaudio begins playing at the point the outgoing call begins (2.3.7)
• removed notational equivalence between <filled> in a field and a form-level <filled> triggering on that field (2.4)
• The treatment of the 'type' in the <grammar> element follows standard W3C practise. If a media type is returned by the protocol, then it is authoritative: it cannot be override by the VoiceXML platform even if it does not match the actual media type of the resource or cannot be processed as a grammar. The value of the 'type' attribute may be used to influence content type negotiation (in HTTP 1.1 for example) and, only if no media type is returned by the protocol, becomes the authorative media type for the resource (3.1.1.2, 3.1.1.4)
• TTS content in <choice>, <prompt>, <enumerate>, and <audio> replaced with definition in Speech Synthesis Markup Language [SSML])
• in <audio>, if the audio file cannot be played and the content of the element is empty, no audio is played and no error event is thrown (4.1.3)
• removed "class", "mode" and "recsrc" attributes from <value> (4.1.4)
• removed standard session variable "session.uui". Added new generic session variables "session.connection.protocol.name" and "session.connection.aai", which would provide this information and more (5.1.4)
• Replaced session.telephone variable space with session.connection space which is not protocol-specific and more extensible. Corresponding error names also changed. (5.1.4)
• The mechanism by which ECMAScript objects in the namelist of <submit> are submitted is not currently defined but reserved for future definition. Application developers may explicit submit properties of the object instead of the object itself (5.3.8)
• removed "caching" attribute (6.1)
• added "maxage" and "maxstale" attributes (6.1)
• removed "stream" as value of fetchhint property (6.1.1, 6.3.5)
• removed "caching" from fetching properties (6.3.5).
• Platform-specific universal command grammars are optional (6.3.6)

Modified Elements

• Platforms may make a distinction between field and utterance level confidence: i.e. field$.confidence and application.lastresult$.confidence may differ (2.3.1, 3.1.6.4, 5.1.5, 6.3.2 )
• Added 'srcexpr' attribute to <subdialog>(2.3.4)
• added "maxtime" shadow variable to <record> (2.3.6)
• added "transferaudio" attribute to <transfer>; added "maxtimedisconnect", and "unknown" as values of bridge transfers; added more error.connection events (2.3.7)
• added "aai" and "aaiexpr" attributes to allow data passing with <transfer> (2.3.7)
• added 'dtmf' attribute to <link> (2.5).
• the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] must be supported in <grammar> (3.1).
• added "weight", "mode", "xml:lang", "root" and "version" attributes to <grammar> (3.1).
• added "xml:lang" attribute to <prompt> (4.1).
• added "bargeintype" attribute to <prompt> with values "speech" and "hotword" (4.1).
• added "expr" attribute to <audio> element (4.1.3)
• added application variable "application.lastresult$" describing last recognition result, including n-best (5.1.5).
• added "event", "eventexpr", "message" and "messageexpr" as attributes of <throw>, <choice>, <link>, and <return> (5.2.1).
• added "_event" variable to <catch> (5.2.2).
• <catch> is no longer allowed to specify an event attribute with an empty string value (5.2.2, 5.2.4)
• added "error.badfetch.http.nnn" as pre-defined error type (5.2.6)
• added "error.badfetch.protocol.<response code>" as pre-defined error type (5.2.6)
• added "maxspeechtimeout" event (5.2.6)
• added "error.unsupported.language" pre-defined error type (5.2.6)
• added required support for "multipart/form-data" value as "enctype" of <submit> (5.3.8)
• <script> can occur in <form> element (5.3.12)
• Failure to retrieve fetchaudio from its URI does not result in a badfetch event being thrown; instead, no audio is played during the fetch (6.1.1)
• HTTP is mandatory (6.1.4)
• added "maxspeechtimeout" property (6.3.2)
• Platform support for the completetimeout property is optional. However, a platform which does not support this property must use the maximum of the completetimeout and incompletetimeout values as the value for the incompletetimeout, and must document it (6.3.2)
• added "bargeintype" property (6.3.4)
• added "fetchaudiodelay" and "fetchaudiominimum" to fetch properties (6.3.5)
• added "maxnbest" session property (6.3.6)
• added "universals" property (with default "none") (6.3.6).
• Added defaults for fetching attributes, as well as "maxage" and "maxstale" fetching attributes to: <choice>, <subdialog>, <object>, <link>, <grammar>, <audio>, <goto>, <submit> and <script>

Clarifications

• Clarification how grammar results are mapped into VoiceXML including: notion of "input items" for form input which accept input; only input items can be filled as a result of a form-level grammar match; field-level grammar matches cannot fill input items other than the current field; clarified that <object> could be filled and trigger filled actions; added a design principle for semantic mapping and effects on lastresult$, shadow variables and process phase in the FIA (1.2.4, 2.1.4, 2.1.5, 2.1.6.2.3, 2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.1.3, 2.3.5, 2.3.6, 2.3.7.2, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1.1, 3.1.6, 3.1.6.1, 3.1.6.2, 3.1.6.3, 3.1.6.4, Appendix C).
• if no audio input or output resource is available, an error.noresource must be thrown (1.2.5, 5.2.6)
• Replaced misleading term 'field' item with 'form' or 'input' item as appropriate (1.3.1, 2.1.6.2.2, 2.3, 2.3.3, 2.3.5, 3.1.6.1, 4.1.3, 5.1.1, 5.1.3, 6.3)
• Clarified that application-level grammars may remain active for the duration of the application subject to the grammar activation rules in Section 3.1.4 (1.3.3)
• definitions of, and transitions between, root and leaf document (1.5.2).
• referencing application root document and its grammars (1.5.2).
• When a subdialog is invoked with only a fragment identifier, the root and leaf pages remain unchanged and these pages are used to initialize root and leaf contexts (1.5.2)
• In a root to root transition, root context initialization is determined by the caching policy even when the current and target applications have the same name (1.5.2)
• Clarification of URI transitions, especially fragment identifiers, in relation to RFC2396 (1.5.2, 2.3.4, 5.3.7, 5.3.8, 6.1.1)
• Clarification of how root documents are treated in multi-document applications and the benefits of using root documents (1.5.2)
• An error.badfetch is thrown when a document references a non-existent root document, and that an error.semantic is thrown if it references a root document which itself references a root document (1.5.2)
• <subdialog> transferring control to another <subdialog> and to another dialog via <goto> (1.5.3).
• Added section describing final processing state when there is no longer a connection between the interpreter and the user. Removed description of final processing in <catch>. (1.5.4, 5.2.2)
• scope specified on individual form grammars takes precedence over the default grammar scope in a <form> (2.1).
• behaviour when executing unsupported <object> instances (2.1.2.1, 2.3.5).
• In <object>, when a platform does not support a particular object, an error.unsupported.objectname event is thrown where 'objectname' is a fixed string and is not substituted with the name of the particular object. In general, the substitutable components of an event name are indicated by italics (e.g. object in error.unsupported.object) (2.1.2.1, 2.3.5, 5.2.6 )
• If a platform does not support a specific <object>, then error.unsupported.objectname is thrown (2.1.2)
• Multiple prompts in a field do not need to have count attributes. One or more prompts in a field are queued for playback according to the prompt selection algorithm in Section 4.1.6 (2.1.4)
• effect of <goto nextitem> on form item (2.1.5).
• no variables, conditions or counters are reset when using < goto nextitem> (2.1.5).
• Clarified that mixed initiative dialogs require forms with form-level grammars and that there are many authoring styles for mixed initiative including using <initial> and cond attributes on <field> elements (2.1.5)
• <goto nextitem> forces an immediate transfer to the specified form item, even if any cond attribute present on the form item evaluates to "false". (2.1.5.1)
• behaviour of <transfer>, <subdialog> and <object> with audio playback in collect phase (2.1.6).
• Event handler selection in FIA process phase and <filled> (2.1.6.2).
• Clarified that when errors raised in the select or collect phases of the FIA result in an event being thrown, the FIA moves directly to the process phase (2.1.6.2, 2.1.6.2.1, 2.1.6.2.3)
• When an error is thrown in executable content, no subsequent executable elements in the procedural block are executed and, if there is no explicit transfer of control, an implicit <exit> is performed (2.1.6.2.1, 5.3)
• enumerated executable context elements which cause execution to terminate (2.1.6.2.3).
• <reprompt> does not terminate the FIA (2.1.6.2.3).
• Clarified that 'false' is the default value of the dtmf attribute of <menu> (2.2.1)
• Clarified specification and behavior of mutually exclusive attributes and child content ( 2.2.2, 2.3.4, 2.3.7, 2.5, 3.1.1.4, 4.1.3, 5.2.1, 5.3.7, 5.3.8, 5.3.9, 5.3.10, 5.3.12, 6.4 )
• In <menu> it is a semantic error if dtmf="true" but <choice>s have explicitly specified dtmf other than 0,* and #. If more than 9 choices without specified dtmf, then no dtmf is automatically assigned (no dtmf input can match the choice) but no error is generated (2.2.3)
• use of <enumerate> (2.2.4, 2.3.1)
• <grammar> overrides automatically generated grammars in <choice> (2.2.2).
• <choice> expr evaluates to URI to transition to (2.2.2).
• <choice> event handler without control transition, causes menu to be re-executed (2.2.2).
• DTMF sequences specified in the dtmf attributes in <choice>, <option> and <link> are equivalent to simple DTMF grammars where DTMF properties apply to recognition of the sequence. However, unlike grammars, whitespace is optional in DTMF sequences (2.2.2, 2.3.1.3, 2.5)
• Clarified that DTMF and speech grammars, but not grammar fragments, are allowed in <choice> (2.2.2)
• For <enumerate>, if no DTMF sequence is assigned to the choice element, or if a <grammar> element is specified in <choice>, then the _dtmf variable is assigned the ECMAScript undefined value (2.2.4)
• For <enumerate>, the value of _dtmf is a normalized representation of the dtmf sequence (i.e. single whitespace between DTMF tokens) (2.2.4)
• Specification of approximate grammar generation in <menu> and <choice> (2.2.5)
• A form item is executed if it is not filled and its cond attribute is not specified or evaluates to true (2.3, 2.3.1)
• Reorganized overview of form items to clarify which characteristics apply to which form items. Also indicated that the <initial> form item can contain <property> and <catch> elements (2.3)
• Evaluation of an 'cond' expression takes place after conversion to boolean. This affects the 'cond' attribute in form items <field>, <block>, <initial>, <subdialog>, <object>, <record>, and <transfer> (2.3); <prompt> (4.1); and <catch> (5.2.2, 5.2.4)
• Clarified that shadow variables are writeable and can be modified by the application. Changed 'application.lastresult$' so that it is also writeable and can be modified by the application (2.3, 5.1.5 )
• assignment of field variable when DTMF attribute defined (2.3.1).
• The name of a field must be unique amongst form item names in its form. Variables declared in a <script> element are declared in the scope of the containing element of the <script> element (2.3.1, 5.3.12)
• form item variable names must respect ECMAScript variable naming conventions (2.3.1, 5.1).
• If a specified builtin type of <field> is not supported by the platform, an error.unsupported.builtin event is thrown. If a platform does support builtin types, then it must support all the builtin types in a given language (2.3.1, 5.2.6, Appendix P)
• use of DTMF and speech grammars with "builtin:" URI scheme (2.3.1.2).
• string returned when DTMF input when no "value" or CDATA specified in <option> (2.3.1.3).
• <option> and <grammar> can be used simultaneously to specify grammars in a <field> (2.3.1.3).
• In an <option>, if neither CDATA content nor a dtmf sequence is specified, then the default assignment for the value attribute is undefined and the field's form item variable is not filled (2.3.1.3)
• In an <option>, the dtmf attribute is optional. if no value is specified for the dtmf attribute, then no DTMF sequence is associated with the option and hence it cannot be matched by DTMF input (2.3.1.3)
• Normal grammar scoping rules apply when visiting <initial>; in particular, no input item grammars are active (2.3.3)
• Clarified that a form allows multiple <initial> elements, and how they are selected for execution (2.3.3, Appendix C)
• scope of variables in <subdialog> (2.3.4).
• <subdialog> context is independent of its calling context (variable instances are not shared) but its context follows normal scoping rules for grammars, events, and variables (2.3.4).
• in <subdialog> use "expr" attribute to set variable if no corresponding <param> specified (2.3.4).
• clarified description of subdialog's execution context (2.3.4)
• Clarification of how <return> passes data to its calling dialog in <subdialog> (2.3.4, 5.3.10)
• Variables in subdialogs are matched to parameters by name and in document order; parameter values are evaluated in the context of the <param> element (2.3.4)
• An error.badfetch is thrown when an invalid transition is attempted in <subdialog>, <goto> and <submit> . The scope in which errors are handled during transitions is platform-dependent (2.3.4, 5.3.7, 5.3.8)
• Clarified that a <subdialog> without a <return> continues until it encounters a <exit> or until no form items remain eligible for the FIA to select (equivalent to an <exit>) (2.3.4)
• Clarified that a standalone query string is not a valid URI: no special handling of them is therefore required in transitional URIs specified in <subdialog> and <goto> (2.3.4, 5.3.7, 6.1.1)
• If the namelist attribute in <subdialog>, <submit>, <clear>, <exit> or <return> references an undeclared variable, then an error.semantic event is thrown ( 2.3.4, 5.3.3, 5.3.8, 5.3.9, 5.3.10 )
• In a <subdialog>, parameters must be declared as <var> elements in the form executed as the subdialog or an error.semantic will be thrown. (2.3.4, 6.4)
• Clarified that an <object> itself is responsible for determining whether a parameter name or value it receives is invalid. If so, an error is thrown (it may be a standard error or an object-specific error) (2.3.5)
• user hangup during recording terminates recording normally; data recorded prior to hangup can be returned to server (2.3.6).
• interpretation of grammars in <record> (2.3.6).
• field variable in <record> is a reference to recorded audio. When submitting recorded data to a server, the "enctype" of <submit> should be set to "multipart/form-data" (2.3.6, 5.3.8).
• Clarification of behavior when <record> dtmfterm attribute set to false and DTMF input received (2.3.6)
• Clarification of when recording starts and behavior when recording terminated before any audio data is collected (2.3.6)
• Clarified that how the <record> variable is implemented may differ between platforms (although all platforms must support its specified behavior in <audio> and <submit> (2.3.6)
• Clarified that the finalsilence and maxtime attributes of <record> default to platform-specific values (2.3.6)
• During execution of the <record> element, if no audio is collected before the user terminates recording with DTMF input matching a local DTMF grammar (or when the dtmfterm attribute is set to true), then the record variable is not filled (so shadow variables are not set), and the FIA applies as normal without a noinput event being thrown. However, information about the input may be available in these situations via application.lastresult$ as described in Section 5.1.5. (2.3.6)
• In the <record> element, the dtmfterm attribute has priority over specified local DTMF grammars (2.3.6)
• In <record>, no audio may be collected if DTMF or speech input is received during prompt playback or before the timeout interval expires (2.3.6)
• termination of <transfer> by speech or DTMF returns near_end_disconnect status (2.3.7).
• value of "dest" attribute on <transfer> (2.3.7).
• the form item variable of <transfer> is undefined for blind transfer (2.3.7).
• Revision of <transfer> including: error events when platform unable to handle 'dest'/'destexpr' URI; clarification that platform is disconnected immediately when blind transfer takes place; specification of events to be thrown if platform cannot perform blind or bridged transfer; clarification that the connection status is not available for blind transfer (although some error conditions may be reported) ; transferaudio is ignored for blind transfer; clarification of audio playback before and during bridged transfer, including situation where transferaudio ends before connection established and that queued audio is flushed before starting transfer; clarification of timings for listening for input and playback of audio; added name$.inputmode and name$.utterance shadow variables; clarified that platform support for listening for input during transfer is optional; (2.3.7, 5.2.6)
• The bargeintype on bridged <transfer> is fixed to "hotword" for the duration of the outgoing call (2.3.7)
• Platforms supporting either blind or bridged <transfer> may support bargein input modes of DTMF, speech, or both, during the call transfer to drop the far-end. In both blind and bridged transfer, if the transfer was not terminated by a grammar match, the shadow variable name$.inputmode is undefined. Blind transfer attempts can only be cancelled up to the point the outgoing call begins. In blind transfer, the format of platform-specific error conditions should follow the naming convention of other transfer form item variable values. The caller can cancel a blind transfer attempt before the outgoing call begins by barging in with a speech or DTMF command that matches an active grammar during the playback of any queued audio; in this case the form item variable is set, its shadow variables are set as is application.lastresult$. If the caller disconnects by hanging up during a blind transfer attempt before the connection to the callee begins, a connection.disconnect.hangup event will be thrown, and dialog execution will transition to a handler for the hangup event. The form item variable, and thus shadow variables, will not be set. If the caller cancels the blind transfer attempt via a DTMF or voice command before the outgoing call begins (during playback of queued audio), the form item variable is set to 'near_end_disconnect'. In bridged transfer, the caller can cancel the transfer attempt before the outgoing call begins by barging in with a speech or DTMF command that matches an active grammar during the playback of any queued audio. (2.3.7)
• Clarified that <transfer> variable and shadow variables are not set if caller hangs up during call transfer or a call transfer attempt. If a call is terminated by the caller with a voice or DTMF command prior to the call being answered, the duration shadow variable is set to 0 (2.3.7.2.2)
• Clarified that <transfer> utterance shadow variable is set to the DTMF result if the transfer was terminated by DTMF input (2.3.7.2.2)
• Addressed situation in a bridged transfer where caller forces callee to disconnect via DTMF or voice command before the connection is established: (2.3.7.2.2)
• In <transfer>, the shadow variable name$.inputmode is undefined if the transfer was not terminated by a grammar match. (2.3.7.2.2)
• Upon encountering a document containing a <filled> element specifying either a 'mode' or 'namelist' attribute as a child of an input item, then an error.badfetch is thrown by the platform. In addition, an error.badfetch is thrown when the document contains a <filled> element with a namelist attribute referencing a control item variable (2.4)
• <link>s have zero or more grammars (2.5).
• events throw by a <link> are handled by the best qualified <catch> in active scope (2.5).
• <link> can be a child of the form items <field> and <initial> only (2.5)
• Clarified that a "scope" attribute on the element containing a <link> element has no effect on the scope of the <link>s grammars (2.5)
• Clarified that in <link>, any URIs in its content (e.g. <grammar>s) are evaluated/resolved where the <link> is defined, while any URIs and ECMAScript expressions in its attributes are evaluated/resolved in the active dialog scope and context (2.5)
• In a <link>, grammars are not allowed to specify scope as described in 3.1.3 (2.5)
• If execution is in a modal form item, then link grammars at the application level are not active (2.5)
• "xml:lang" attribute in <grammar> does not require multi-lingual support from platform (3.1)
• unsupported grammar language results in error.unsupported.language event being thrown (3.1.1)
• unsupported language can be indicated in the message variable of a <throw> (3.1.1).
• 'number' results as a string which ECMAScript will automatically convert to a number in a numerical expression; string must not use a leading zero (3.1.1)
• Clarified that the SRGS <grammar> element is extended in VoiceXML 2.0 to allow PCDATA for inline grammar formats besides the XML format of SRGS ( 3.1.1, 3.1.1.4 )
• implicit grammars (such as options) do not support weights (3.1.1.3).
• The type attribute in <grammar> takes precedence over other possible source of media type; if specified, and in conflict with the type of the grammar, then an error is thrown (3.1.1.2, 3.1.1.4)
• Clarified the use and interpretation of <grammar> attributes inherited from SRGS (version, xml:lang, mode, root, tag-format, xml:base). Inline XML SRGS grammars follow the behavior specified in SRGS. For inline ABNF SRGS grammars as well as external ABNF and XML SRGS grammars the platform must ignore these attributes. For all other grammar types, the use and interpretation of these attributes is platform-dependent (3.1.1.4)
• Clarified that the root rule in SRGS grammars does not have to be a public rule (3.1.1.4)
• The forms of rule reference defined by SRGS that are not supported in VoiceXML 2.0 only apply when referencing external grammars using 'src' attribute (3.1.1.4)
• Clarified the distinction between form-level and field-level grammars (3.1.6, 3.1.6.1, 3.1.6.2 )
• "slot" can select properties at arbitrary levels of nesting using dot-separated list; removed text suggesting that array indexing expressions (e.g. "pizza.toppings[3]") are supported (3.1.6.1)
• Clarified that matching form-level grammars can override existing values in input items and that <filled> processing of these items takes place as described Section 2.4 and Appendix C (3.1.6.1)
• Aligned description of DTMF grammar with that of speech grammars: DTMF grammars can return a set of attribute-value pairs as well as a string value (3.1.2)
• If a document contains a grammar specifying a scope and that grammar is contained a field, in a <link> or in a menu <choice>, then error.badfetch is thrown (3.1.3)
• If no grammars are active when input is expected in a <form> or <menu>, an error.semantic event is thrown (3.1.4)
• The inputmodes property does not affect grammar activation (3.1.4, 6.3.6)
• If the input matches more than one active grammar with the same precedence, then the first grammar in document order has highest priority. (3.1.4)
• ongoing work on semantic attachments within <grammar> (3.1.5)
• Input item variables can be set by semantic results from other input items (3.1.6)
• The default values for a <prompt>'s "bargein" and "bargeintype" attributes are determined by the "bargein" and "bargeintype" properties (4.1)
• Clarified that a time designator is a non-negative number which must be followed by ms or s. Clarified that the following attributes take time designators as their value: <prompt> - timeout; <transfer> - maxtime (NB: default is now "0s"), connecttimeout; <record> - maxtime, finalsilence. Clarified that the following properties have time designator values: fetchtimeout, completetimeout, incompletetimeout, maxspeechtimeout, interdigittimeout, termtimeout, timeout, fetchaudiodelay, fetchaudiominimum, fetchtimeout ( 4.1, 2.3.6, 2.3.7, 6.1.1, 6.3)
• "xml:lang" attribute in <prompt> does not require multi-lingual support from platform (4.1.1)
• unsupported synthesis language results in error.unsupported.language event being thrown (4.1.1).
• enclosing <prompt> required if text contains speech synthesis markup (4.1.2).
• When prompt content is specified without an explicit <prompt> element then the prompt attributes are defined as specified in the table in Section 4.1 (4.1.2)
• 'alternate content' in <audio> (4.1.3).
• When <audio> 'expr' evaluates to ECMAScript undefined, the content of the element ignored. If it evaluates to an invalid URI, or the format is unsupported, etc, then the fallback strategy is invoked (4.1.3)
• It is a platform optimization to stream audio in <audio> (4.1.3)
• Clarified that the expr attribute of <audio> is an ECMAScript expression which references a previously <record>ed audio, or evaluates to the URI of an audio resource to fetch (4.1.3)
• stand-alone <value> element is legal outside <prompt> (4.1.4).
• Simplified evaluation of expr in <audio> so that it is not treated specially: it is CDATA where XML special characters do not need to be escaped. It is not treated as an SSML document, or a document fragment. (4.1.4)
• buffered DTMF input is deleted when "bargein" is false on <prompt> (4.1.5).
• Clarified behavior when bargein occurs during a sequence of prompts (4.1.5)
• Clarified that when a prompt's "bargein" attribute is false, no input is buffered while the prompt is playing (any DTMF already buffered is discarded) (4.1.5)
• The "bargeintype" attribute of <prompt> applies to DTMF input as well as speech input (4.1.5.1)
• When the bargeintype is speech, the prompt is stopped irrespective of which grammars are active (4.1.5.1)
• With the hotword bargeintype, input not matching a grammar is ignored even during the timeout period (4.1.5.1)
• Prompt counter are also maintained for <initial> items in a form (4.1.6)
• In prompt selection, whenever the system selects a given input item in the select phase of FIA and the FIA performs normal selection and queuing of prompts, the input item's associated prompt counter is incremented (4.1.6)
• Clarified that each <prompt> has its own timeout value and that a <prompt>'s timeout attribute defaults to the timeout property when the prompt is queued (4.1.7)
• relationship between prompt queueing and input collection (4.1.8).
• Asychronous events unrelated to transition execution (e.g. disconnect) are buffered until waiting state before being thrown (4.1.8)
• Clarified mapping between interpreter states and FIA; and that activation of grammars and waiting for input occur simultaneously with playback of prompts (4.1.8)
• Clarified that when a prompt bargein attribute is false, input is not collected and DTMF buffered in the transition state is deleted as described in 4.1.5 (4.1.8)
• Platforms may differ in whether or not they discard buffered non-matching DTMF when an ASR grammar matches input (4.1.8)
• VoiceXML and ECMAScript variables are part of the same variable space;variables declared in ECMAScript can be used directly in VoiceXML (5.1).
• VoiceXML variable names, including field names, must follow ECMAScript naming rules; variable name declarations cannot contain a dot; the field name "a.b" is illegal (5.1).
• VoiceXML variables and variable scoping follows ECMAScript scope chains; as a consequence, references to undeclared ECMAScript variables result in error.semantic being thrown (5.1.1, 5.1.2)
• scope of variables (5.1.2).
• Clarified application and document scoping of variables in application root documents (5.1.2)
• Dialog scope contains form item variables, not the variables defined within each form item (5.1.2)
• only some cond operators need to be escaped (5.1.3).
• Clarified that a document with a variable x but without a specified application root, then the variable can be referenced as application.x and document.x (5.1.3)
• Clarified that "application.lastresult$" is an ECMAScript array (5.1.5)
• Clarification on persistence of lastresult application variable. (5.1.5)
• Interpretations in lastresult are ordered first by confidence, and then by scope precedence of grammars (5.1.5, 2.3.1, 3.1.4)
• When a DTMF grammar is matched, the interpretation variable of application.lastresult contains the matched digit string. (5.1.5)
• After a <nomatch>, application.lastresult$ is be set but the values are platform-dependent (5.1.5)
• evaluation of relative URIs against active document (5.2).
• Clarified that catch elements use the innermost property of the element where the event originated, not where the catch is defined (5.2)
• VoiceXML does not generally specify when events are thrown (5.2.1).
• Event counters associated with <catch>s are incremented when an event occurs with same full or prefix matching name; this affects selection of the catch handler with the 'correct count' in Section 5.2.4 (5.2.2)
• definition of "event" and "count" attributes of <catch> (5.2.2).
• no inherent limitations on <catch> in, for example, case of user hangup (5.2.2).
• <catch>'s event may be the string "." indicating that all events are to be caught (5.2.2).
• <catch> without a specified event attribute is equivalent to one with event="." (5.2.2, 5.2.4)
• Clarified when form event counters are incremented and reset (5.2.2)
• <catch> applies to form items except for blocks (5.2.2)
• "as if by copy" catch inheritance (5.2, 5.2.4).
• catch element selection algorithm (5.2.4).
• defined prefix match as token match rather than string match (5.2.4).
• In the <catch> element, an event attribute with an empty string value is syntactically invalid. To catch all events, the event attribute can be omitted, or specified as "." to prefix match all events (5.2.4)
• "error.badfetch" pre-defined error type (5.2.6)
• error.badfetch is thrown until the document is ready for execution; whether variable initiation is part of execution is platform-dependent (5.2.6)
• Clarification of situations in which 'error.badfetch' is thrown. A conforming browser may also throw events whose name extends pre-defined events (5.2.6)
• Application-specific and platform-specific event types should use the reversed Internet domain name convention to avoid naming conflicts (5.2.6)
• HTTPS is not the same protocol as HTTP (5.2.6)
• Errors raised in the first document in a session, and errors raised before entering the FIA in subsequent loaded documents are handled in a platform-specific manner (5.2.6)
• Removed 'divide by 0' as a run-time error which results in error.semantic being thrown (ECMAScript does not report an error) (5.2.6)
• Clarified that the event error.noauthorization is thrown in more circumstances than just connection authorization failures (5.2.6)
• Clarified that the event error.unsupport.element is only thrown for VoiceXML 2.0 elements (5.2.6)
• The name attribute of a <var> element specifies a variable without a scope prefix. If it specifies a variable with a scope prefix, then an error.semantic event is thrown (5.3.1)
• Clarified that an error.semantic event is thrown if an attempt is made to assign to an undeclared variable. Properties of ECMAScript objects, e.g. o.foo, can be assigned directly; attempting to declare them results in an error.semantic event being thrown (5.3.2)
• The name attribute of an <assign> element must reference a variable which has been previously declared otherwise an error.semantic event is thrown. By default, the scope in which the variable is resolved is the closest enclosing scope of the currently active element. To remove ambiguity, the variable name may be prefixed with a scope name (5.3.2)
• The namelist of <clear> may specify variables other than form item variables which are to be reset (5.3.3)
• The variable references in <clear>'s namelist are resolved relative to the current scope according to Section 5.1.3 (5.3.3)
• effect of <reprompt> in catch elements (5.3.6)
• behaviour of <reprompt> when in <catch> with final <goto> (5.3.6)
• FIA performs normal prompt queueing after the execution of catch elements when they end with a <submit> or <return> as well as <goto> (5.3.6, Appendix C)
• Clarified that a <reprompt> element has no effect outside of a catch (5.3.6)
• effect of URI in <goto> on document variables (5.3.7)
• Clarified for <goto> that errors which occur during form item transition, the event is handled in the dialog scope (5.3.7)
• When nextitem or expritem in <goto> reference an non-existent form item, an error.badfetch event is thrown (5.3.7)
• variables declared in VoiceXML or ECMAScript can be submitted (5.3.8).
• Clarified some of the circumstances in which <submit> can be satisfied by intermediate caches (5.3.8)
• In the <submit> element, the enctype attribute is only relevant for when the method attribute is set to "post" (5.3.8)
• <exit> does not throw an "exit" event (5.3.9)
• The value of the 'expr' attribute of <exit> is an ECMAScript expression (5.3.9)
• Executing <disconnect/> causes the interpreter to (a) enter the final processing state and (b) flush the prompt queue (5.3.11)
• no "type" attribute of <script> (5.3.12).
• <script> evaluated along with <var> elements and form item variables in <form> (5.3.12)
• definition of "charset" in <script> (5.3.12)
• Handling of <log> is platform-dependent (5.3.13)
• The label and expr attributes of the <log> element are optional. (5.3.13)
• revised prefetch (6.1)
• effect of "fetchhint" attribute (6.1.1)
• caching policy selection (6.1.2)
• caching follows HTTP 1.1 cache correctness rules (6.1.2)
• Clarified that there is no markup mechanism to control the caching of application root documents (6.1.2.1)
• Clarified that first type of <meta> is expressed by the attributes name and content, and the second type by http-equiv and content (6.2.1)
• When different values for a <property> are specified at the same level, the last one in document order applies (6.3)
• Properties can be set in field input items but not control items (6.3)
• Clarified that if a platform detects a property has illegal value, then it should throw an error.semantic (6.3)
• format of platform-specific properties (6.3.1)
• definitions of "completetimeout" and "incompletetimeout" speech recognizer properties (6.3.2)
• Universal commands grammars are always active except in the case of modal input items (6.3.6)
• Parameter values passed to <subdialog>s are always data (6.4)
• definition of time designation values (6.5)
• Clarified that the number format is that used in CSS2, and that the value of the ASR properties confidencelevel, sensitivity, and speedvsaccuracy are in this format (6.5, 6.3.2)
• Restricted field names, name attribute in <var> and nextitem attribute in <goto> to NMTOKEN; extended name attribute in <assign> to be like NMTOKEN but also allow '$' (for shadow variable assignments); restricted namelist attribute in <filled> to NMTOKENS; extended namelist attribute in <exit>, <submit>, <clear>, and <return> to be like NMTOKENS but allow '$' (for shadow variable submissions) (Appendix B, Appendix O)
• Restricted the content model of <choice> to PCDATA and <grammar> elements; clarified that <enumerate> cannot occur inside another <enumerate> (Appendix B, Appendix O, 2.2.4)
• Clarified that the DTD (unlike the schema) cannot correctly express that the <metadata> element can contain elements from other XML namespaces (Appendix B)
• The DTD specifies the xmlns attribute of <vxml> as FIXED and has the default value 'http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml' (Appendix B)
• Aligned DTD and schema with text so that accept attribute on <choice> does not default to 'exact' if unspecified (Appendix B, Appendix O)
• FIA clarified that application.lastresult$ assignment happens after every successful recognition (Appendix C)
• FIA clarified for matching <link> grammars inside the current form or menu and for matching menu <choice> grammars outside the current form or menu (Appendix C)
• FIA corrected that collection of active grammars does not include grammars from elements in the <subdialog>'s call chain (Appendix C)
• FIA's Initialization Phase clarified for initialization of <script> elements and form items (Appendix C)
• Clarified that events may be generated at several points during FIA execution, and that how they are handled depends upon which FIA phase is active (Appendix C)
• Clarified that in the FIA collect phase, only prompts from input items and <initial> are selected and their prompt counter incremented. The queueing of prompts in a <block> takes place when the form item is executed (Appendix C)
• In the process phase of the FIA, <filled> actions are not only triggered by utterance input - for example, they can also be triggered when maxtime is reached during a <record> execution (Appendix C)
• Clarified the use of various timeouts for DTMF input (Appendix D)
• If a Conforming processor cannot process a non-standard VoiceXML element or attribute, then it must throw an error.badfetch error (Appendix F)
• explanatory notes on portable use of builtins and expected platform dependence (Appendix P)
• parameterization of builtin DTMF and speech grammars (Appendix P).
• handling of contradictory parameters to digits builtin (Appendix P).
• result value returned from "number" builtin type (Appendix P).
• Currency code not specified if not spoken (Appendix P).
• Only the digit and boolean grammars can be parameterized (Appendix P)
• Description of rendering builtin values using <say-as> (Appendix P)
• Speech or DTMF <grammar>s in a <field> with a specified builtin type are in addition to the builtin grammars; they do not override them (Appendix P)

Miscellaneous

• Updated examples with XML encoding attribute, recommended schema attributes, and escaped illegal XML characters (<, >, &, etc...)
• Using tentative media types (e.g. "application/srgs+xml") submitted to IETF for approval
• Added section describing the origins of VoiceXML and how it relates to other work in the area (1)
• Specified set of required audio formats for <audio> and <record> (1.2.4).
• capabilities of conforming VoiceXML platform with respect to speech and dtmf grammars, audio, TTS, record, and transfer support (1.2.5).
• platforms should identify themselves with User-Agent HTTP header (1.2.5).
• Builtin types and fundamental grammars are informative not normative (2.3.1, 2.3.1.1, 2.3.1.2, Appendix P )
• Updated section to match SRGS 1.0 specification (3)
• description of how semantic interpretations are mapped to form variables (3.1.6).
• Updated section to match SSML 1.0 specification (4)
• reserved the variable namespace "_$" for internal use (5.1).
• use of variables and form items with names "session", "application", "document", and "dialog" not recommended (5.1.2).
• Added Recommendation that metadata information is expressed in <metadata> rather than <meta>; removed recommended metadata information using <meta>; added recommended metadata information using RDF schema and Dublin Core properties (6.2)
• Changed conformance behavior when interpreter encounters properties it cannot process: it must (rather than should) not thrown an error.unsupported.property and must (rather than should) ignore the property (6.3.1)
• DTD is now Informative rather than Normative (Appendix B)
• set of required audio formats (Appendix E).
• Replaced "audio/wav" with "audio/x-wav" in examples, and added note that the media type "audio/wav" will be adopted when officially registered with the IETF (Appendix E)
• revised definition of Conforming VoiceXML Processor, including requirement to support syntax and semantics of all elements described in this document (Appendix F).
• Conforming document section references schema rather DTD constraints (Appendix F)
• Conformance statement reflect that DTD is informative but schema is normative. A conforming document must specify the voiceXML namespace on the root element. The version="2.0" attribute must also be present. It is recommended to provide "xsi:schemaLocation" to indicate the location of the VoiceXML schema. The DOCTYPE declaration is optional. The behavior of a VoiceXML processor is undefined when encountering documents with non-VoiceXML designated root elements (Appendix F)
• Revised description of how VoiceXML can address accessibility requirements and issues (Appendix H)
• reusability appendix (Appendix K).
• Added references appendix (Appendix M)
• Added appendix describing VoiceXML media type and file suffix including link to IETF memo for registration of VoiceXML Media type (Appendix N)
• Definition of normative schema for VoiceXML. This uses various other schema to adapt definitions from core schemas in the grammar and synthesis specifications (Appendix O)
• Verified schema with XML Spy 4.4, XSV (June 2002 version) and Xerces 2 (Java and C++ versions) (Appendix O)
• Added link to complete set of schema required for VoiceXML 2.0 (Appendix O)

Appendix K — Reusability

K.1 Reusable dialog components

Definition: A packaged application fragment designed to be invoked by arbitrary applications or other Reusable Dialog Components. A Reusable Dialog Component (RDC) encapsulates the code for an interaction with the caller.

Reusable dialog components provide pre-packaged functionality "out-of-the-box" that enables developers to quickly build applications by providing standard default settings and behavior. They shield developers from having to worry about many of the intricacies associated with building a robust speech dialog, e.g., confidence score interpretation, error recovery mechanisms, prompting, etc. This behavior can be customized by a developer if necessary to provide application-specific prompts, vocabulary, retry settings, etc.

In this version of VoiceXML, the only authentic reusable component calling mechanisms are <subdialog> and <object>. Components called this way follow a model similar to subroutines in programming languages: the component is configured by a well-defined set of parameters passed to the component, the component has a relatively constrained interaction with the calling application, the component returns a well-defined result, and control returns automatically to the point from which the component was called. This has all the significant advantages of modularity, reentrancy, and easy reuse provided by subroutines. Of the two kinds of components, only <subdialog> components are guaranteed to be as portable as VoiceXML itself. On the other hand, <object> components may be able to package advanced, reusable functionality that has not yet been introduced into the standard.

K.2 Templates and samples

Although reusable dialog components have the advantages of modularity, reentrancy, and easy reuse as described above, the disadvantage of such components is that they must be designed very carefully with an eye to reuse, and even with the most careful of designs it is possible that the application developer will encounter situations for which the component cannot be easily configured to handle the application requirements. In addition, while the constrained interaction of a component with its calling environment makes it possible for the component designer to create a component that works predictably in disparate environments, it also may make the user's interaction with the component seem disconnected from the rest of the application.

In such situations the application developer may wish to reuse VoiceXML source code in the form of samples and templates - samples designed for easy customizability. Such code is more easily tailored for and integrated into a particular application, at the expense of modularity and rentrancy.

Such templates and samples can be created by separating interesting VoiceXML code from a main dialog and then distributing that code by copy for use in other dialogs. This form of reusability allows the user of the copied VoiceXML code to modify it as necessary and continue to use their modified version indefinitely.

VoiceXML facilitates this form of reusability by preserving the separation of state between form elements. In this regard, VoiceXML and [HTML] are similar. An HTML table can be copied from one HTML page to another because the table can be displayed regardless of the context before or after the table element.

Although parameterizability, modularity, and maintainability may be sacrificed with this approach, it has the advantage of being simple, quick, and eminently customizable.

Appendix L —Acknowledgements

This W3C specification is based upon VoiceXML 1.0 submitted by the VoiceXML Forum in May 2000. The VoiceXML Forum authors were: Linda Boyer, IBM; Peter Danielsen, Lucent Technologies; Jim Ferrans, Motorola; Gerald Karam, AT&T; David Ladd, Motorola; Bruce Lucas, IBM; Kenneth Rehor, Lucent Technologies.

This version was written by the participants in the W3C Voice Browser Working Group. The following have significantly contributed to writing this specification:

• Paolo Baggia, Loquendo
• Daniel C. Burnett, Nuance Communications
• Emily Candell, Comverse
• Jerry Carter, Invited Expert
• Deborah Dahl, Invited Expert
• Peter Danielsen, Lucent (until October 2002)
• Martin Dragomirecky, Cisco
• Jim Ferrans, Motorola
• Andrew Hunt, ScanSoft
• Gerald Karam, AT&T
• Dave Ladd, Dynamicsoft
• Paul Lamere, Sun Microsystems
• Bruce Lucas, IBM
• Scott McGlashan, HP
• Mitsuru Oshima, General Magic
• Brad Porter, Tellme
• Gavriel Raanan, NMS Communications
• Ken Rehor, Vocalocity
• Steph Tryphonas, Tellme

The Working Group would like to thank Dave Raggett and Jim Larson for their invaluable management support.

Appendix M —References

M.1. Normative References

[CSS2]

" Cascading Style Sheets, level 2, CSS2 Specification ", Bos et al. W3C Recommendation, May 1998
See http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/

[ECMASCRIPT]

" Standard ECMA-262 ECMAScript Language Specification ", Standard ECMA-262, December 1999.
See http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm

[RFC1521]

" MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message Bodies ", IETF RFC 1521, 1993
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1521.txt

[RFC2396]

" Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax ", IETF RFC 2396, 1998.
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

[RFC2616]

" Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1 ", IETF RFC 2616, 1999.
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt

[RFC2806]

" URLs for Telephone Calls ", IETF RFC 2806, 2000.
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2806.txt

[RFC3066]

" Tags for the Identification of Languages ", IETF RFC 3066, 2001.
Note that [XML] adopted RFC3066 through an errata as of 2001-02-22. RFC3066 obsoletes [RFC1766] .
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt

[SCHEMA1]

" XML Schema Part 1: Structures ". Thompson et al. W3C Recommendation, May 2001.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlschema-1-20010502/

[SRGS]

" Speech Recognition Grammar Specification Version 1.0 ". Hunt and McGlashan. W3C Proposed Recommendation, December 2003.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-speech-grammar-20031218/

[SSML]

" Speech Synthesis Markup Language Version 1.0 ". Burnett, Walker and Hunt. W3C Candidate Recommendation, December 2003.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/CR-speech-synthesis-20031218/

[UNICODE]

" The Unicode Standard ". The Unicode Consortium.
See http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/standard.html

[XML]

" Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 ". Bray et al. W3C Recommendation.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006

[XML-BASE]

" XML Base ", J. Marsh, editor, W3C Recommendation, June 2001.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlbase-20010627/.

[XMLNAMES]

" Namespaces in XML ". Bray et al. W3C Recommendation, January 1999.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/

M.2. Informative References

[ATAGIO]

" Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 ", Treviranus et al. W3C Recommendation, February 2000.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-ATAG10-20000203/

[DC]

"Dublin Core Metadata Initiative ", a Simple Content Description Model for Electronic Resources.
See http://dublincore.org/

[HTML]

"HTML 4.01 Specification ", Dave Raggett et al. W3C Recommendation, December 1999.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/

[IANA]

" IANA Character Sets ", IANA.
See http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets

[ISO4217]

" ISO 4217:2001 Codes for the representation of currencies and funds ", ISO, 2001
See http://www.iso.ch/

[JSAPI]

" Java Speech API ", Sun Microsystems, Inc.
See http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/speech/index.jsp

[JSGF]

" JSpeech Grammar Format ", Andrew Hunt, W3C Note, June 2000.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-jsgf-20000605/

[NLSML]

" Natural Language Semantics Markup Language for the Speech Interface Framework ", Deborah A. Dahl. W3C Working Draft, November 2000
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-nl-spec-20001120/

[RDF-SYNTAX]

"Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification ", Ora Lassila and Ralph R. Swick. W3C Recommendation, February 1999.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/

[RDF-SCHEMA]

"Resource Description Framework (RDF) Schema Specification 1.0 ", Dan Brickley and R.V. Guha. W3C Candidate Recommendation, March 2000.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/

[RFC1766]

" Tags for the Identification of Languages ", IETF RFC 1766, 1995
Note that [XML] adopted RFC3066 through an errata as of 2001-02-22. [RFC3066] obsoletes RFC1766.
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt

[RFC2119]

" Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels ", IETF RFC 2119, 1997.
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt

[RFC2361]

" WAVE and AVI Codec Registries ", IETF RFC 2361, 1998.
See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2361.txt

[SISR]

" Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition ", Luc Van Tichelen. W3C Working Draft, April 2003.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-semantic-interpretation-20030401/

[UAAGIO]

" User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 ", Jacobs et al. W3C Proposed Recommendation, October 2002.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/PR-UAAG10-20021016/

[VOICEXML-1.0]

" Voice eXtensible Markup Language 1.0 ", Boyer et al, W3C Note, May 2000.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-voicexml-20000505/

[WAI-WEBCONTENT]

" Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 ", Chisholm et al. W3C Recommendation, May 1999
See http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/

[XAG]

" XML Accessibility Guidelines ", Dardailler et al. W3C Working Draft, October 2002
See http://www.w3.org/TR/xag.html

Appendix N —Media Type and File Suffix

The W3C Voice Browser Working Group has applied to IETF to register a media type for VoiceXML. The requested media type is application/voicexml+xml.

The W3C Voice Browser Working Group has adopted the convention of using the ".vxml" filename suffix for VoiceXML documents.

Appendix O —VoiceXML XML Schema Definition

This section is Normative.

The XML Schema definition for VoiceXML is located at http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd.

The VoiceXML schema depends upon other schemas defined in the VoiceXML namespace:

• vxml-datatypes.xsd : definition of datatypes used in the VoiceXML schema
• vxml-attribs.xsd : definition of attributes and attribute groups used in the VoiceXML schema
• vxml-grammar-restriction.xsd: this schema references the no-namespace schema of the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification 1.0 [SRGS] and restricts some of its definitions for embedding in the VoiceXML namespace.
• vxml-grammar-extension.xsd: this schema references vxml-grammar-restriction.xsd and extends some of its definitions for VoiceXML.
• vxml-synthesis-restriction.xsd: this schema references the no-namespace schema of the Speech Synthesis Markup Language 1.0 [SSML] and extends as well as restricts some of its definitions for embedding in the VoiceXML namespace.
• vxml-synthesis-extension.xsd: this schema references vxml-synthesis-restriction.xsd and extends some of its definitions for VoiceXML.

The complete set of Speech Interface Framework schema required for VoiceXML 2.0 is available here.

Appendix P — Builtin Grammar Types

The <field> type attribute in Section 2.3.1 is used to specify a builtin grammar for one of the fundamental types. Platform support for fundamental builtin grammars is optional. If a platform does support builtin types, then it must follow the description given in this appendix as closely as possible, including all the builtins for a given language.

Each builtin type has a convention for the format of the value returned. These are independent of language and of the implementation. The return type for builtin fields is a string except for the boolean field type. To access the actual recognition result, the author can reference the <field> shadow variable name$.utterance. Alternatively, the developer can access application.lastresult$, where application.lastresult$.interpretation has the same string value as application.lastresult$.utterance.

The builtin types are defined in such a way that a VoiceXML application developer can assume some consistency of user input across implementations. This permits help messages and other prompts to be independent of platform in many instances. For example, the boolean type's grammar should minimally allow "yes" and "no" responses in English, but each implementation is free to add other choices, such as "yeah" and "nope".

In cases where an application requires specific behavior or different behavior than defined for a builtin, it should use an explicit field grammar. The following are circumstances in which an application must provide an explicit field grammar in order to ensure portability of the application with a consistent user interface:

• A platform is not required to implement a grammar that accepts all possible values that might be returned by a builtin. For instance, the currency builtin defines the return value formatting for a very broad range of currencies ([ISO4217]). The platform is not required to support spoken input that includes any of the world's currencies since that can negatively impact recognition accuracy. Similarly, the number builtin can return positive or negative floating point numbers but the grammar is not required to support all possible spoken floating point numbers.

• Builtins are also limited in their ability to handle underspecified spoken input. For instance, "20 peso" cannot be resolved to a specific [ISO4217] currency code because the "peso" is the name of the currency of numerous nations. In such cases the platform may return a specific currency code according to the language or may omit the currency code.

All builtin types must support both voice and DTMF entry.

The set of accepted spoken input for each builtin type is platform dependent and will vary by language.

The value returned by a builtin type can be read out using the <say-as> element. VoiceXML extends <say-as> in [SSML] by adding 'interpret-as' values corresponding to each builtin type. These values take the form "vxml:<type>" where type is a builtin type. The precise rendering of builtin types is platform-specific and will vary by language.

The builtin types are:

An example of a <field> element with a builtin grammar type:

<field name="lo_fat_meal" type="boolean">

  <prompt>
    Do you want a low fat meal on this flight?
  </prompt>
  <help>
    Low fat means less than 10 grams of fat, and under
    250 calories.
  </help>
  <filled>
    <prompt>
      I heard <emphasis><say-as interpret-as="vxml:boolean">
      <value expr="lo_fat_meal"/></say-as></emphasis>.
    </prompt>
  </filled>
</field>

In this example, the boolean type indicates that inputs are various forms of true and false. The value actually put into the field is either true or false. The field would be read out using the appropriate affirmative or negative response in prompts.

In the next example, digits indicates that input will be spoken or keyed digits. The result is stored as a string, and rendered as digits using the <say-as> with "vxml:digits" as the value for the interpret-as attribute, i.e., "one-two-three", not "one hundred twenty-three". The <filled> action tests the field to see if it has 12 digits. If not, the user hears the error message.

<field name="ticket_num" type="digits">
  <prompt>
     Read the 12 digit number from your ticket.
  </prompt>
  <help>The 12 digit number is to the lower left.</help>
  <filled>
     <if cond="ticket_num.length != 12">
       <prompt>
         Sorry, I didn't hear exactly 12 digits.
       </prompt>
       <assign name="ticket_num" expr="undefined"/>
     <else/>
       <prompt>I heard <say-as interpret-as="vxml:digits"> 
         <value expr="ticket_num"/></say-as>
       </prompt>
     </if>
  </filled>
</field>

The builtin boolean grammar and builtin digits grammar can be parameterized. This is done by explicitly referring to builtin grammars using a platform-specific builtin URI scheme and using a URI-style query syntax of the form type?param=value in the src attribute of a <grammar> element, or in the type attribute of a field, for example:

<grammar src="builtin:dtmf/boolean?y=7;n=9"/>

<field type="boolean?y=7;n=9">
   <prompt>
     If this is correct say yes or press seven, if not, say no or press nine.
  </prompt>
</field>

<field type="digits?minlength=3;maxlength=5">
   <prompt>Please enter your passcode</prompt>
</field>

Where the <grammar> parameterizes the builtin DTMF grammar, the first <field> parameterizes the builtin DTMF grammar (the speech grammar will be activated as normal) and the second <field> parameterizes both builtin DTMF and speech grammars. Parameters which are undefined for a given grammar type will be ignored; for example, "builtin:grammar/boolean?y=7".

The digits and boolean grammars can be parameterized as follows:

Note that more than one parameter may be specified separated by ";" as illustrated above. When a <grammar> element with the mode set to "voice" (the default value) is specified in a <field>, it is in addition to the default speech grammar mplied by the type attribute of the field. Likewise, when a <grammar> element with the mode set to "dtmf" is specified in a <field>, it is in addition to the default DTMF grammar.