logging — Shorewall logging
action:level
NFLOG( nflog-parameters)
ULOG( ulog-parameters)
The disposition of packets entering a Shorewall firewall is determined by one of a number of Shorewall facilities. Only some of these facilities permit logging.
The packet is part of an established connection. While the packet can be logged using LOG rules in the ESTABLISHED section of /etc/shorewall/rules, that is not recommended because of the large amount of information that may be logged.
The packet represents a connection request that is related to an established connection (such as a data connection associated with an FTP control connection). These packets may be logged using LOG rules in the RELATED section of shorewall-rules(5).
The packet is rejected because of an option in shorewall.conf(5) or shorewall-interfaces(5). These packets can be logged by setting the appropriate logging-related option in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.
The packet matches a rule in shorewall-rules(5). By including a syslog level (see below) in the ACTION column of a rule (e.g., “ACCEPT:info net $FW tcp 22”), the connection attempt will be logged at that level.
The packet doesn't match a rule so it is handled by a policy defined in shorewall-policy(5). These may be logged by specifying a syslog level in the LOG LEVEL column of the policy's entry (e.g., “loc net ACCEPT info”).
By default, Shorewall directs Netfilter to log using syslog (8). Syslog classifies log messages by a facility and a priority (using the notation facility.priority).
The facilities defined by syslog are auth, authpriv, cron, daemon, kern, lpr, mail, mark, news, syslog, user, uucp and local0 through local7.
Throughout the Shorewall documentation, the term level rather than priority is used, since level is the term used by Netfilter. The syslog documentation uses the term priority.
Syslog levels are a method of describing to syslog (8) the importance of a message. A number of Shorewall parameters have a syslog level as their value.
Valid levels are:
| 7 - debug (Debug-level messages) |
| 6 - info (Informational) |
| 5 - notice (Normal but significant Condition) |
| 4 - warning (Warning Condition) |
| 3 - err (Error Condition) |
| 2 - crit (Critical Conditions) |
| 1 - alert (must be handled immediately) |
| 0 - emerg (System is unusable) |
For most Shorewall logging, a level of 6 (info) is appropriate. Shorewall log messages are generated by Netfilter and are logged using the kern facility and the level that you specify. If you are unsure of the level to choose, 6 (info) is a safe bet. You may specify levels by name or by number.
Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.5, the level
name or number may be optionally followed by a comma-separated list of one
or more log options. The list is enclosed in
parentheses. Log options cause additional information to be included in
each log message.
Valid log options are:
Log messages will include the option settings from the IP header.
Decode the MAC address and protocol.
Include TCP sequence numbers.
Include options from the TCP header.
Include the UID of the sending program; only valid for packets originating on the firewall itself.
Example: info(tcp_options,tcp_sequence)
Syslogd writes log messages to files (typically in /var/log/*) based on their facility and
level. The mapping of these facility/level pairs to log files is done in
/etc/syslog.conf (5). If you make changes to this file, you must restart
syslogd before the changes can take effect.
Syslog may also write to your system console. See Shorewall FAQ 16 for ways to avoid having Shorewall messages written to the console.
There are a couple of limitations to syslogd-based logging:
If you give, for example, kern.info its own log destination then that destination will also receive all kernel messages of levels 5 (notice) through 0 (emerg).
All kernel.info messages will go to that destination and not just those from Netfilter.
Netfilter (Shorewall) messages show up in dmesg.
If your kernel has NFLOG target support (and most vendor-supplied kernels do), you may also specify a log level of NFLOG (must be all caps). When NFLOG is used, Shorewall will direct Netfilter to log the related messages via the NFLOG target which will send them to a process called “ulogd”. The ulogd program is included in most distributions.
The NFLOG logging mechanism is completely separate from syslog. Once you
switch to NFLOG, the settings in /etc/syslog.conf
have absolutely no effect on your Shorewall logging (except for
Shorewall status messages which still go to syslog).
You will need to change all instances of log levels (usually “info”) in your Shorewall configuration files to “NFLOG” - this includes entries in the policy, rules and shorewall.conf files. If you initially installed using Shorewall 5.1.2 or later, you can simply change the setting of LOG_LEVEL in shorewall.conf.
For general information on the contents of Netfilter log messages, see http://logi.cc/en/2010/07/netfilter-log-format/.
For Shorewall-specific information, see FAQ #17.
In a Shorewall logging rule, the log level can be followed by a log tag as in "DROP:NFLOG:junk". The generated log message will include "chain-name junk DROP".
By setting the LOGTAGONLY option to Yes in shorewall.conf(5) or shorewall6.conf(5), the disposition ('DROP' in the above example) will be omitted. Consider the following rule:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO REJECT(icmp-proto-unreachable):notice:IPv6 loc net 41 # who's using IPv6 tunneling
This rule generates the following warning at compile time:
| WARNING: Log Prefix shortened to "Shorewall:IPv6:REJECT(icmp-p " /etc/shorewall/rules (line 212) |
and produces the rather ugly prefix "Shorewall:IPv6:REJECT(icmp-p ".
Now consider this similar rule:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO REJECT(icmp-proto-unreachable):notice:IPv6,tunneling loc net 41 # who's using IPv6 tunneling
With LOGTAGONLY=Yes, no warning is generated and the prefix becomes "Shorewall:IPv6:tunneling:"
See the shorewall[6].conf man page for further information about how LOGTAGONLY=Yes can be used.
Netfilter logging allows configuration of multiple backends. Logging backends provide the The low-level forward of log messages. There are currently three backends:
Normal kernel-based logging to a syslog daemon.
ULOG logging as described ablve. Only available for IPv4.
The logging backend behind NFLOG, defined above.
The currently-available and currently-selected IPv4 and IPv6 backends are shown in /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_log:
cat /proc/net/netfilter/nf_log 0 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 1 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 2 ipt_ULOG (ipt_ULOG,ipt_LOG,nfnetlink_log) 3 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 4 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 5 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 6 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 7 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 8 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 9 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 10 ip6t_LOG (ip6t_LOG,nfnetlink_log) 11 NONE (nfnetlink_log) 12 NONE (nfnetlink_log)
The magic numbers (0-12) are Linux address family numbers (AF_INET is 2 and AF_INET6 is 10).
The name immediately following the number is the currently-selected
backend, and the ones in parentheses are the ones that are available. You
can change the currently selected backend by echoing it's name into
/proc/net/netfilter/nf_log.number.
Example - change the IPv4 backend to LOG:
sysctl net.netfilter.nf_log.2=ipt_LOG
Beginning with Shorewall 4.6.4, you can configure the backend using the LOG_BACKEND option in shorewall.conf(5) and shorewall6.conf(5).