`psycopg2.extensions` – Extensions to the DB API¶

The module contains a few objects and function extending the minimum set of functionalities defined by the DB API 2.0.

Classes definitions¶

Instances of these classes are usually returned by factory functions or attributes. Their definitions are exposed here to allow subclassing, introspection etc.

class psycopg2.extensions.connection(dsn, async=False)¶

Is the class usually returned by the connect() function. It is exposed by the extensions module in order to allow subclassing to extend its behaviour: the subclass should be passed to the connect() function using the connection_factory parameter. See also Connection and cursor factories.

For a complete description of the class, see connection.

Changed in version 2.7: async_ can be used as alias for async.

class psycopg2.extensions.cursor(conn, name=None)¶

It is the class usually returned by the connection.cursor() method. It is exposed by the extensions module in order to allow subclassing to extend its behaviour: the subclass should be passed to the cursor() method using the cursor_factory parameter. See also Connection and cursor factories.

For a complete description of the class, see cursor.

class psycopg2.extensions.lobject(conn[, oid[, mode[, new_oid[, new_file]]]])¶

Wrapper for a PostgreSQL large object. See Access to PostgreSQL large objects for an overview.

The class can be subclassed: see the connection.lobject() to know how to specify a lobject subclass.

New in version 2.0.8.

oid¶: Database OID of the object.

mode¶: The mode the database was open. See connection.lobject() for a description of the available modes.

read(bytes=-1)¶

Read a chunk of data from the current file position. If -1 (default) read all the remaining data.

The result is an Unicode string (decoded according to connection.encoding) if the file was open in t mode, a bytes string for b mode.

Changed in version 2.4: added Unicode support.

write(str)¶: Write a string to the large object. Return the number of bytes written. Unicode strings are encoded in the connection.encoding before writing.

Changed in version 2.4: added Unicode support.

export(file_name)¶

Export the large object content to the file system.

The method uses the efficient lo_export() libpq function.

seek(offset, whence=0)¶: Set the lobject current position.

Changed in version 2.6: added support for offset > 2GB.

tell()¶: Return the lobject current position.

New in version 2.2.

Changed in version 2.6: added support for return value > 2GB.

truncate(len=0)¶

Truncate the lobject to the given size.

The method will only be available if Psycopg has been built against libpq from PostgreSQL 8.3 or later and can only be used with PostgreSQL servers running these versions. It uses the lo_truncate() libpq function.

New in version 2.2.

Changed in version 2.6: added support for len > 2GB.

Warning

If Psycopg is built with lo_truncate() support or with the 64 bits API support (resp. from PostgreSQL versions 8.3 and 9.3) but at runtime an older version of the dynamic library is found, the psycopg2 module will fail to import. See the lo_truncate FAQ about the problem.

close()¶: Close the object.

closed¶: Boolean attribute specifying if the object is closed.

unlink()¶: Close the object and remove it from the database.

class psycopg2.extensions.ConnectionInfo(connection)¶

Details about the native PostgreSQL database connection.

This class exposes several informative functions about the status of the libpq connection.

Objects of this class are exposed as the connection.info attribute.

New in version 2.8.

dbname¶: The database name of the connection.

See also

libpq docs for PQdb() for details.

user¶: The user name of the connection.

See also

libpq docs for PQuser() for details.

password¶: The password of the connection.

See also

libpq docs for PQpass() for details.

host¶

The server host name of the connection.

This can be a host name, an IP address, or a directory path if the connection is via Unix socket. (The path case can be distinguished because it will always be an absolute path, beginning with /.)

See also

libpq docs for PQhost() for details.

port¶

The port of the connection.

Type:: int

See also

libpq docs for PQport() for details.

options¶: The command-line options passed in the connection request.

See also

libpq docs for PQoptions() for details.

dsn_parameters¶

The effective connection parameters.

Type:: dict

The results include values which weren’t explicitly set by the connection string, such as defaults, environment variables, etc. The password parameter is removed from the results.

See also

libpq docs for PQconninfo() for details.

Example:

>>> conn.info.dsn_parameters
{'dbname': 'test', 'user': 'postgres', 'port': '5432', 'sslmode': 'prefer'}

Requires libpq >= 9.3.

status¶

The status of the connection.

Type:: int

See also

libpq docs for PQstatus() for details.

transaction_status¶

The current in-transaction status of the connection.

Symbolic constants for the values are defined in the module psycopg2.extensions: see Transaction status constants for the available values.

Type:: int

See also

libpq docs for PQtransactionStatus() for details.

parameter_status(name)¶

Looks up a current parameter setting of the server.

Parameters:: name (str) – The name of the parameter to return.
Returns:: The parameter value, None if the parameter is unknown.
Return type:: str

See also

libpq docs for PQparameterStatus() for details.

protocol_version¶

The frontend/backend protocol being used.

Type:: int

See also

libpq docs for PQprotocolVersion() for details.

Currently Psycopg supports only protocol 3, which allows connection to PostgreSQL server from version 7.4. Psycopg versions previous than 2.3 support both protocols 2 and 3.

server_version¶

Returns an integer representing the server version.

Type:: int

See also

libpq docs for PQserverVersion() for details.

The number is formed by converting the major, minor, and revision numbers into two-decimal-digit numbers and appending them together. After PostgreSQL 10 the minor version was dropped, so the second group of digits is always 00. For example, version 9.3.5 will be returned as 90305, version 10.2 as 100002.

error_message¶

The error message most recently generated by an operation on the connection.

None if there is no current message.

See also

libpq docs for PQerrorMessage() for details.

socket¶

The file descriptor number of the connection socket to the server.

Type:: int

See also

libpq docs for PQsocket() for details.

backend_pid¶

The process ID (PID) of the backend process you connected to.

Type:: int

See also

libpq docs for PQbackendPID() for details.

needs_password¶

The connection authentication method required a password, but none was available.

Type:: bool

See also

libpq docs for PQconnectionNeedsPassword() for details.

used_password¶

The connection authentication method used a password.

Type:: bool

See also

libpq docs for PQconnectionUsedPassword() for details.

ssl_in_use¶

True if the connection uses SSL, False if not.

Only available if psycopg was built with libpq >= 9.5; raise NotSupportedError otherwise.

Type:: bool

See also

libpq docs for PQsslInUse() for details.

ssl_attribute(name)¶

Returns SSL-related information about the connection.

Parameters:: name (str) – The name of the attribute to return.
Returns:: The attribute value, None if unknown.
Return type:: str

Only available if psycopg was built with libpq >= 9.5; raise NotSupportedError otherwise.

Valid names are available in ssl_attribute_names.

See also

libpq docs for PQsslAttribute() for details.

ssl_attribute_names¶

The list of the SSL attribute names available.

Type:: list of str

Only available if psycopg was built with libpq >= 9.5; raise NotSupportedError otherwise.

See also

libpq docs for PQsslAttributeNames() for details.

class psycopg2.extensions.Column(\*args, \*\*kwargs)¶

Description of one result column, exposed as items of the cursor.description sequence.

New in version 2.8: in previous version the description attribute was a sequence of simple tuples or namedtuples.

name¶: The name of the column returned.

type_code¶: The PostgreSQL OID of the column. You can use the pg_type system table to get more informations about the type. This is the value used by Psycopg to decide what Python type use to represent the value. See also Type casting of SQL types into Python objects.

display_size¶: Supposed to be the actual length of the column in bytes. Obtaining this value is computationally intensive, so it is always None.

Changed in version 2.8: It was previously possible to obtain this value using a compiler flag at builtin.

internal_size¶: The size in bytes of the column associated to this column on the server. Set to a negative value for variable-size types See also PQfsize.

precision¶: Total number of significant digits in columns of type NUMERIC. None for other types.

scale¶: Count of decimal digits in the fractional part in columns of type NUMERIC. None for other types.

null_ok¶: Always None as not easy to retrieve from the libpq.

table_oid¶: The oid of the table from which the column was fetched (matching pg_class.oid). None if the column is not a simple reference to a table column. See also PQftable.

New in version 2.8.

table_column¶: The number of the column (within its table) making up the result (matching pg_attribute.attnum, so it will start from 1). None if the column is not a simple reference to a table column. See also PQftablecol.

New in version 2.8.

class psycopg2.extensions.Notify(pid, channel, payload='')¶

A notification received from the backend.

Notify instances are made available upon reception on the notifies member of the listening connection. The object can be also accessed as a 2 items tuple returning the members (pid,channel) for backward compatibility.

See Asynchronous notifications for details.

New in version 2.3.

channel¶: The name of the channel to which the notification was sent.

payload¶

The payload message of the notification.

Attaching a payload to a notification is only available since PostgreSQL 9.0: for notifications received from previous versions of the server this member is always the empty string.

pid¶

The ID of the backend process that sent the notification.

Note: if the sending session was handled by Psycopg, you can use backend_pid to know its PID.

class psycopg2.extensions.Xid(format_id, gtrid, bqual)¶

A transaction identifier used for two-phase commit.

Usually returned by the connection methods xid() and tpc_recover(). Xid instances can be unpacked as a 3-item tuples containing the items (format_id,gtrid,bqual). The str() of the object returns the transaction ID used in the commands sent to the server.

See Two-Phase Commit protocol support for an introduction.

New in version 2.3.

static from_string(s)¶

Create a Xid object from a string representation. Static method.

If s is a PostgreSQL transaction ID produced by a XA transaction, the returned object will have format_id, gtrid, bqual set to the values of the preparing XA id. Otherwise only the gtrid is populated with the unparsed string. The operation is the inverse of the one performed by str(xid).

bqual¶

Branch qualifier of the transaction.

In a XA transaction every resource participating to a transaction receives a distinct branch qualifier. None if the transaction doesn’t follow the XA standard.

database¶: Database the recovered transaction belongs to.

format_id¶

Format ID in a XA transaction.

A non-negative 32 bit integer. None if the transaction doesn’t follow the XA standard.

gtrid¶

Global transaction ID in a XA transaction.

If the transaction doesn’t follow the XA standard, it is the plain transaction ID used in the server commands.

owner¶: Name of the user who prepared a recovered transaction.

prepared¶: Timestamp (with timezone) in which a recovered transaction was prepared.

class psycopg2.extensions.Diagnostics(exception)¶

Details from a database error report.

The object is returned by the diag attribute of the Error object. All the information available from the PQresultErrorField() function are exposed as attributes by the object, e.g. the severity attribute returns the PG_DIAG_SEVERITY code. Please refer to the PostgreSQL documentation for the meaning of all the attributes.

New in version 2.5.

The attributes currently available are:

column_name¶
constraint_name¶
context¶
datatype_name¶
internal_position¶
internal_query¶
message_detail¶
message_hint¶
message_primary¶
schema_name¶
severity¶
severity_nonlocalized¶
source_file¶
source_function¶
source_line¶
sqlstate¶
statement_position¶
table_name¶: A string with the error field if available; None if not available. The attribute value is available only if the error sent by the server: not all the fields are available for all the errors and for all the server versions.

New in version 2.8: The severity_nonlocalized attribute.

SQL adaptation protocol objects¶

Psycopg provides a flexible system to adapt Python objects to the SQL syntax (inspired to the PEP 246), allowing serialization in PostgreSQL. See Adapting new Python types to SQL syntax for a detailed description. The following objects deal with Python objects adaptation:

psycopg2.extensions.adapt(obj)¶

Return the SQL representation of obj as an ISQLQuote. Raise a ProgrammingError if how to adapt the object is unknown. In order to allow new objects to be adapted, register a new adapter for it using the register_adapter() function.

The function is the entry point of the adaptation mechanism: it can be used to write adapters for complex objects by recursively calling adapt() on its components.

psycopg2.extensions.register_adapter(class, adapter)¶

Register a new adapter for the objects of class class.

adapter should be a function taking a single argument (the object to adapt) and returning an object conforming to the ISQLQuote protocol (e.g. exposing a getquoted() method). The AsIs is often useful for this task.

Once an object is registered, it can be safely used in SQL queries and by the adapt() function.

class psycopg2.extensions.ISQLQuote(wrapped_object)¶

Represents the SQL adaptation protocol. Objects conforming this protocol should implement a getquoted() and optionally a prepare() method.

Adapters may subclass ISQLQuote, but is not necessary: it is enough to expose a getquoted() method to be conforming.

_wrapped¶: The wrapped object passes to the constructor

getquoted()¶: Subclasses or other conforming objects should return a valid SQL string representing the wrapped object. In Python 3 the SQL must be returned in a bytes object. The ISQLQuote implementation does nothing.

prepare(conn)¶

Prepare the adapter for a connection. The method is optional: if implemented, it will be invoked before getquoted() with the connection to adapt for as argument.

A conform object can implement this method if the SQL representation depends on any server parameter, such as the server version or the standard_conforming_string setting. Container objects may store the connection and use it to recursively prepare contained objects: see the implementation for psycopg2.extensions.SQL_IN for a simple example.

class psycopg2.extensions.AsIs(object)¶

Adapter conform to the ISQLQuote protocol useful for objects whose string representation is already valid as SQL representation.

getquoted()¶

Return the str() conversion of the wrapped object.

>>> AsIs(42).getquoted()
'42'

class psycopg2.extensions.QuotedString(str)¶

Adapter conform to the ISQLQuote protocol for string-like objects.

getquoted()¶

Return the string enclosed in single quotes. Any single quote appearing in the string is escaped by doubling it according to SQL string constants syntax. Backslashes are escaped too.

>>> QuotedString(r"O'Reilly").getquoted()
"'O''Reilly'"

class psycopg2.extensions.Binary(str)¶

Adapter conform to the ISQLQuote protocol for binary objects.

getquoted()¶

Return the string enclosed in single quotes. It performs the same escaping of the QuotedString adapter, plus it knows how to escape non-printable chars.

>>> Binary("\x00\x08\x0F").getquoted()
"'\\\\000\\\\010\\\\017'"

Changed in version 2.0.14: previously the adapter was not exposed by the extensions module. In older versions it can be imported from the implementation module psycopg2._psycopg.

class psycopg2.extensions.Boolean¶
class psycopg2.extensions.Float¶
class psycopg2.extensions.SQL_IN¶: Specialized adapters for builtin objects.

class psycopg2.extensions.DateFromPy¶
class psycopg2.extensions.TimeFromPy¶
class psycopg2.extensions.TimestampFromPy¶
class psycopg2.extensions.IntervalFromPy¶: Specialized adapters for Python datetime objects.

psycopg2.extensions.adapters¶: Dictionary of the currently registered object adapters. Use register_adapter() to add an adapter for a new type.

Database types casting functions¶

These functions are used to manipulate type casters to convert from PostgreSQL types to Python objects. See Type casting of SQL types into Python objects for details.

psycopg2.extensions.new_type(oids, name, adapter)¶

Create a new type caster to convert from a PostgreSQL type to a Python object. The object created must be registered using register_type() to be used.

Parameters:

oids – tuple of OIDs of the PostgreSQL type to convert.
name – the name of the new type adapter.
adapter – the adaptation function.

The object OID can be read from the cursor.description attribute or by querying from the PostgreSQL catalog.

adapter should have signature fun(value, cur) where value is the string representation returned by PostgreSQL and cur is the cursor from which data are read. In case of NULL, value will be None. The adapter should return the converted object.

See Type casting of SQL types into Python objects for an usage example.

psycopg2.extensions.new_array_type(oids, name, base_caster)¶

Create a new type caster to convert from a PostgreSQL array type to a list of Python object. The object created must be registered using register_type() to be used.

Parameters:

oids – tuple of OIDs of the PostgreSQL type to convert. It should probably contain the oid of the array type (e.g. the typarray field in the pg_type table).
name – the name of the new type adapter.
base_caster – a Psycopg typecaster, e.g. created using the new_type() function. The caster should be able to parse a single item of the desired type.

New in version 2.4.3.

Note

The function can be used to create a generic array typecaster, returning a list of strings: just use psycopg2.STRING as base typecaster. For instance, if you want to receive an array of macaddr from the database, each address represented by string, you can use:

# select typarray from pg_type where typname = 'macaddr' -> 1040
psycopg2.extensions.register_type(
    psycopg2.extensions.new_array_type(
        (1040,), 'MACADDR[]', psycopg2.STRING))

psycopg2.extensions.register_type(obj[, scope])¶

Register a type caster created using new_type().

If scope is specified, it should be a connection or a cursor: the type caster will be effective only limited to the specified object. Otherwise it will be globally registered.

psycopg2.extensions.string_types¶: The global register of type casters.

psycopg2.extensions.encodings¶: Mapping from PostgreSQL encoding to Python encoding names. Used by Psycopg when adapting or casting unicode strings. See Unicode handling.

Additional exceptions¶

The module exports a few exceptions in addition to the standard ones defined by the DB API 2.0.

Note

From psycopg 2.8 these error classes are also exposed by the psycopg2.errors module.

exception psycopg2.extensions.QueryCanceledError¶

(subclasses OperationalError)

Error related to SQL query cancellation. It can be trapped specifically to detect a timeout.

New in version 2.0.7.

exception psycopg2.extensions.TransactionRollbackError¶

(subclasses OperationalError)

Error causing transaction rollback (deadlocks, serialization failures, etc). It can be trapped specifically to detect a deadlock.

New in version 2.0.7.

Coroutines support functions¶

These functions are used to set and retrieve the callback function for cooperation with coroutine libraries.

New in version 2.2.

psycopg2.extensions.set_wait_callback(f)¶

Register a callback function to block waiting for data.

The callback should have signature fun(conn) and is called to wait for data available whenever a blocking function from the libpq is called. Use set_wait_callback(None) to revert to the original behaviour (i.e. using blocking libpq functions).

The function is an hook to allow coroutine-based libraries (such as Eventlet or gevent) to switch when Psycopg is blocked, allowing other coroutines to run concurrently.

See wait_select() for an example of a wait callback implementation.

psycopg2.extensions.get_wait_callback()¶

Return the currently registered wait callback.

Return None if no callback is currently registered.

Other functions¶

psycopg2.extensions.libpq_version()¶

Return the version number of the libpq dynamic library loaded as an integer, in the same format of server_version.

Raise NotSupportedError if the psycopg2 module was compiled with a libpq version lesser than 9.1 (which can be detected by the __libpq_version__ constant).

New in version 2.7.

See also

libpq docs for PQlibVersion().

psycopg2.extensions.make_dsn(dsn=None, \*\*kwargs)¶

Create a valid connection string from arguments.

Put together the arguments in kwargs into a connection string. If dsn is specified too, merge the arguments coming from both the sources. If the same argument name is specified in both the sources, the kwargs value overrides the dsn value.

The input arguments are validated: the output should always be a valid connection string (as far as parse_dsn() is concerned). If not raise ProgrammingError.

Example:

>>> from psycopg2.extensions import make_dsn
>>> make_dsn('dbname=foo host=example.com', password="s3cr3t")
'host=example.com password=s3cr3t dbname=foo'

New in version 2.7.

psycopg2.extensions.parse_dsn(dsn)¶

Parse connection string into a dictionary of keywords and values.

Parsing is delegated to the libpq: different versions of the client library may support different formats or parameters (for example, connection URIs are only supported from libpq 9.2). Raise ProgrammingError if the dsn is not valid.

Example:

>>> from psycopg2.extensions import parse_dsn
>>> parse_dsn('dbname=test user=postgres password=secret')
{'password': 'secret', 'user': 'postgres', 'dbname': 'test'}
>>> parse_dsn("postgresql://someone@example.com/somedb?connect_timeout=10")
{'host': 'example.com', 'user': 'someone', 'dbname': 'somedb', 'connect_timeout': '10'}

New in version 2.7.

See also

libpq docs for PQconninfoParse().

psycopg2.extensions.quote_ident(str, scope)¶

Return quoted identifier according to PostgreSQL quoting rules.

The scope must be a connection or a cursor, the underlying connection encoding is used for any necessary character conversion.

New in version 2.7.

See also

libpq docs for PQescapeIdentifier()

psycopg2.extensions.encrypt_password(password, user, scope=None, algorithm=None)¶

Return the encrypted form of a PostgreSQL password.

Parameters:

password – the cleartext password to encrypt
user – the name of the user to use the password for
scope (connection or cursor) – the scope to encrypt the password into; if algorithm is md5 it can be None
algorithm – the password encryption algorithm to use

The algorithm md5 is always supported. Other algorithms are only supported if the client libpq version is at least 10 and may require a compatible server version: check the PostgreSQL encryption documentation to know the algorithms supported by your server.

Using None as algorithm will result in querying the server to know the current server password encryption setting, which is a blocking operation: query the server separately and specify a value for algorithm if you want to maintain a non-blocking behaviour.

New in version 2.8.

See also

PostgreSQL docs for the password_encryption setting, libpq PQencryptPasswordConn(), PQencryptPassword() functions.

Isolation level constants¶

Psycopg2 connection objects hold informations about the PostgreSQL transaction isolation level. By default Psycopg doesn’t change the default configuration of the server (ISOLATION_LEVEL_DEFAULT); the default for PostgreSQL servers is typically READ COMMITTED, but this may be changed in the server configuration files. A different isolation level can be set through the set_isolation_level() or set_session() methods. The level can be set to one of the following constants:

psycopg2.extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT¶

No transaction is started when commands are executed and no commit() or rollback() is required. Some PostgreSQL command such as CREATE DATABASE or VACUUM can’t run into a transaction: to run such command use:

>>> conn.set_isolation_level(ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT)

See also

Read Committed Isolation Level in PostgreSQL documentation.

psycopg2.extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_REPEATABLE_READ¶

As in ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_COMMITTED, a new transaction is started at the first execute() command. Transactions run at a REPEATABLE READ isolation level: all the queries in a transaction see a snapshot as of the start of the transaction, not as of the start of the current query within the transaction. However applications using this level must be prepared to retry transactions due to serialization failures.

While this level provides a guarantee that each transaction sees a completely stable view of the database, this view will not necessarily always be consistent with some serial (one at a time) execution of concurrent transactions of the same level.

Changed in version 2.4.2: The value was an alias for ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE before. The two levels are distinct since PostgreSQL 9.1

See also

Repeatable Read Isolation Level in PostgreSQL documentation.

psycopg2.extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE¶

As in ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_COMMITTED, a new transaction is started at the first execute() command. Transactions run at a SERIALIZABLE isolation level. This is the strictest transactions isolation level, equivalent to having the transactions executed serially rather than concurrently. However applications using this level must be prepared to retry transactions due to serialization failures.

Starting from PostgreSQL 9.1, this mode monitors for conditions which could make execution of a concurrent set of serializable transactions behave in a manner inconsistent with all possible serial (one at a time) executions of those transaction. In previous version the behaviour was the same of the REPEATABLE READ isolation level.

See also

Serializable Isolation Level in PostgreSQL documentation.

psycopg2.extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_DEFAULT¶: A new transaction is started at the first execute() command, but the isolation level is not explicitly selected by Psycopg: the server will use whatever level is defined in its configuration or by statements executed within the session outside Pyscopg control. If you want to know what the value is you can use a query such as show transaction_isolation.

New in version 2.7.

Transaction status constants¶

These values represent the possible status of a transaction: the current value can be read using the connection.info.transaction_status property.

psycopg2.extensions.TRANSACTION_STATUS_IDLE¶: The session is idle and there is no current transaction.

psycopg2.extensions.TRANSACTION_STATUS_ACTIVE¶: A command is currently in progress.

psycopg2.extensions.TRANSACTION_STATUS_INTRANS¶: The session is idle in a valid transaction block.

psycopg2.extensions.TRANSACTION_STATUS_INERROR¶: The session is idle in a failed transaction block.

psycopg2.extensions.TRANSACTION_STATUS_UNKNOWN¶: Reported if the connection with the server is bad.

Connection status constants¶

These values represent the possible status of a connection: the current value can be read from the status attribute.

It is possible to find the connection in other status than the one shown below. Those are the only states in which a working connection is expected to be found during the execution of regular Python client code: other states are for internal usage and Python code should not rely on them.

psycopg2.extensions.STATUS_READY¶: Connection established. No transaction in progress.

psycopg2.extensions.STATUS_BEGIN¶: Connection established. A transaction is currently in progress.

psycopg2.extensions.STATUS_IN_TRANSACTION¶: An alias for STATUS_BEGIN

psycopg2.extensions.STATUS_PREPARED¶: The connection has been prepared for the second phase in a two-phase commit transaction. The connection can’t be used to send commands to the database until the transaction is finished with tpc_commit() or tpc_rollback().

New in version 2.3.

Poll constants¶

New in version 2.2.

These values can be returned by connection.poll() during asynchronous connection and communication. They match the values in the libpq enum PostgresPollingStatusType. See Asynchronous support and Support for coroutine libraries.

psycopg2.extensions.POLL_OK¶: The data being read is available, or the file descriptor is ready for writing: reading or writing will not block.

psycopg2.extensions.POLL_READ¶

Some data is being read from the backend, but it is not available yet on the client and reading would block. Upon receiving this value, the client should wait for the connection file descriptor to be ready for reading. For example:

select.select([conn.fileno()], [], [])

psycopg2.extensions.POLL_WRITE¶

Some data is being sent to the backend but the connection file descriptor can’t currently accept new data. Upon receiving this value, the client should wait for the connection file descriptor to be ready for writing. For example:

select.select([], [conn.fileno()], [])

psycopg2.extensions.POLL_ERROR¶: There was a problem during connection polling. This value should actually never be returned: in case of poll error usually an exception containing the relevant details is raised.

Additional database types¶

The extensions module includes typecasters for many standard PostgreSQL types. These objects allow the conversion of returned data into Python objects. All the typecasters are automatically registered, except UNICODE and UNICODEARRAY: you can register them using register_type() in order to receive Unicode objects instead of strings from the database. See Unicode handling for details.

psycopg2.extensions.BOOLEAN¶
psycopg2.extensions.BYTES¶
psycopg2.extensions.DATE¶
psycopg2.extensions.DECIMAL¶
psycopg2.extensions.FLOAT¶
psycopg2.extensions.INTEGER¶
psycopg2.extensions.INTERVAL¶
psycopg2.extensions.LONGINTEGER¶
psycopg2.extensions.TIME¶
psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE¶: Typecasters for basic types. Note that a few other ones (BINARY, DATETIME, NUMBER, ROWID, STRING) are exposed by the psycopg2 module for DB API 2.0 compliance.

psycopg2.extensions.BINARYARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.BOOLEANARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.BYTESARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.DATEARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.DATETIMEARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.DECIMALARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.FLOATARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.INTEGERARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.INTERVALARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.LONGINTEGERARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.ROWIDARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.STRINGARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.TIMEARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.UNICODEARRAY¶: Typecasters to convert arrays of sql types into Python lists.

psycopg2.extensions.PYDATE¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYDATETIME¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYDATETIMETZ¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYINTERVAL¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYTIME¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYDATEARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYDATETIMEARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYDATETIMETZARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYINTERVALARRAY¶
psycopg2.extensions.PYTIMEARRAY¶: Typecasters to convert time-related data types to Python datetime objects.

Changed in version 2.2: previously the DECIMAL typecaster and the specific time-related typecasters (PY* and MX*) were not exposed by the extensions module. In older versions they can be imported from the implementation module psycopg2._psycopg.

New in version 2.7.2: the *DATETIMETZ* objects.

New in version 2.8: the BYTES and BYTESARRAY objects.

`psycopg2.extensions` – Extensions to the DB API¶

Classes definitions¶

SQL adaptation protocol objects¶

Database types casting functions¶

Additional exceptions¶

Coroutines support functions¶

Other functions¶

Isolation level constants¶

Transaction status constants¶

Connection status constants¶

Poll constants¶

Additional database types¶

Table of Contents

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psycopg2.extensions – Extensions to the DB API¶

Classes definitions¶

SQL adaptation protocol objects¶

Database types casting functions¶

Additional exceptions¶

Coroutines support functions¶

Other functions¶

Isolation level constants¶

Transaction status constants¶

Connection status constants¶

Poll constants¶

Additional database types¶

`psycopg2.extensions` – Extensions to the DB API¶