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Note

This documents the development version of NetworkX. Documentation for the current release can be found here.

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Bipartite¶

This module provides functions and operations for bipartite graphs. Bipartite graphs B = (U, V, E) have two node sets U,V and edges in E that only connect nodes from opposite sets. It is common in the literature to use an spatial analogy referring to the two node sets as top and bottom nodes.

The bipartite algorithms are not imported into the networkx namespace at the top level so the easiest way to use them is with:

>>> from networkx.algorithms import bipartite

NetworkX does not have a custom bipartite graph class but the Graph() or DiGraph() classes can be used to represent bipartite graphs. However, you have to keep track of which set each node belongs to, and make sure that there is no edge between nodes of the same set. The convention used in NetworkX is to use a node attribute named bipartite with values 0 or 1 to identify the sets each node belongs to. This convention is not enforced in the source code of bipartite functions, it’s only a recommendation.

For example:

>>> B = nx.Graph()
>>> # Add nodes with the node attribute "bipartite"
>>> B.add_nodes_from([1, 2, 3, 4], bipartite=0)
>>> B.add_nodes_from(["a", "b", "c"], bipartite=1)
>>> # Add edges only between nodes of opposite node sets
>>> B.add_edges_from([(1, "a"), (1, "b"), (2, "b"), (2, "c"), (3, "c"), (4, "a")])

Many algorithms of the bipartite module of NetworkX require, as an argument, a container with all the nodes that belong to one set, in addition to the bipartite graph B. The functions in the bipartite package do not check that the node set is actually correct nor that the input graph is actually bipartite. If B is connected, you can find the two node sets using a two-coloring algorithm:

>>> nx.is_connected(B)
True
>>> bottom_nodes, top_nodes = bipartite.sets(B)

However, if the input graph is not connected, there are more than one possible colorations. This is the reason why we require the user to pass a container with all nodes of one bipartite node set as an argument to most bipartite functions. In the face of ambiguity, we refuse the temptation to guess and raise an AmbiguousSolution Exception if the input graph for bipartite.sets is disconnected.

Using the bipartite node attribute, you can easily get the two node sets:

>>> top_nodes = {n for n, d in B.nodes(data=True) if d["bipartite"] == 0}
>>> bottom_nodes = set(B) - top_nodes

So you can easily use the bipartite algorithms that require, as an argument, a container with all nodes that belong to one node set:

>>> print(round(bipartite.density(B, bottom_nodes), 2))
0.5
>>> G = bipartite.projected_graph(B, top_nodes)

All bipartite graph generators in NetworkX build bipartite graphs with the bipartite node attribute. Thus, you can use the same approach:

>>> RB = bipartite.random_graph(5, 7, 0.2)
>>> RB_top = {n for n, d in RB.nodes(data=True) if d["bipartite"] == 0}
>>> RB_bottom = set(RB) - RB_top
>>> list(RB_top)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list(RB_bottom)
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]

For other bipartite graph generators see Generators.

Basic functions¶

Bipartite Graph Algorithms¶

`is_bipartite`(G)	Returns True if graph G is bipartite, False if not.
`is_bipartite_node_set`(G, nodes)	Returns True if nodes and G/nodes are a bipartition of G.
`sets`(G[, top_nodes])	Returns bipartite node sets of graph G.
`color`(G)	Returns a two-coloring of the graph.
`density`(B, nodes)	Returns density of bipartite graph B.
`degrees`(B, nodes[, weight])	Returns the degrees of the two node sets in the bipartite graph B.

Edgelist¶

Bipartite Edge Lists¶

Read and write NetworkX graphs as bipartite edge lists.

Format¶

You can read or write three formats of edge lists with these functions.

Node pairs with no data:

1 2

Python dictionary as data:

1 2 {'weight':7, 'color':'green'}

Arbitrary data:

1 2 7 green

For each edge (u, v) the node u is assigned to part 0 and the node v to part 1.

`generate_edgelist`(G[, delimiter, data])	Generate a single line of the bipartite graph G in edge list format.
`write_edgelist`(G, path[, comments, …])	Write a bipartite graph as a list of edges.
`parse_edgelist`(lines[, comments, delimiter, …])	Parse lines of an edge list representation of a bipartite graph.
`read_edgelist`(path[, comments, delimiter, …])	Read a bipartite graph from a list of edges.

Matching¶

Provides functions for computing maximum cardinality matchings and minimum weight full matchings in a bipartite graph.

If you don’t care about the particular implementation of the maximum matching algorithm, simply use the maximum_matching(). If you do care, you can import one of the named maximum matching algorithms directly.

For example, to find a maximum matching in the complete bipartite graph with two vertices on the left and three vertices on the right:

>>> G = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(2, 3)
>>> left, right = nx.bipartite.sets(G)
>>> list(left)
[0, 1]
>>> list(right)
[2, 3, 4]
>>> nx.bipartite.maximum_matching(G)
{0: 2, 1: 3, 2: 0, 3: 1}

The dictionary returned by maximum_matching() includes a mapping for vertices in both the left and right vertex sets.

Similarly, minimum_weight_full_matching() produces, for a complete weighted bipartite graph, a matching whose cardinality is the cardinality of the smaller of the two partitions, and for which the sum of the weights of the edges included in the matching is minimal.

`eppstein_matching`(G[, top_nodes])	Returns the maximum cardinality matching of the bipartite graph `G`.
`hopcroft_karp_matching`(G[, top_nodes])	Returns the maximum cardinality matching of the bipartite graph `G`.
`to_vertex_cover`(G, matching[, top_nodes])	Returns the minimum vertex cover corresponding to the given maximum matching of the bipartite graph `G`.
`maximum_matching`(G[, top_nodes])	Returns the maximum cardinality matching in the given bipartite graph.
`minimum_weight_full_matching`(G[, top_nodes, …])	Returns a minimum weight full matching of the bipartite graph `G`.

Matrix¶

Biadjacency matrices¶

`biadjacency_matrix`(G, row_order[, …])	Returns the biadjacency matrix of the bipartite graph G.
`from_biadjacency_matrix`(A[, create_using, …])	Creates a new bipartite graph from a biadjacency matrix given as a SciPy sparse matrix.

Projections¶

One-mode (unipartite) projections of bipartite graphs.

`projected_graph`(B, nodes[, multigraph])	Returns the projection of B onto one of its node sets.
`weighted_projected_graph`(B, nodes[, ratio])	Returns a weighted projection of B onto one of its node sets.
`collaboration_weighted_projected_graph`(B, nodes)	Newman’s weighted projection of B onto one of its node sets.
`overlap_weighted_projected_graph`(B, nodes[, …])	Overlap weighted projection of B onto one of its node sets.
`generic_weighted_projected_graph`(B, nodes[, …])	Weighted projection of B with a user-specified weight function.

Spectral¶

Spectral bipartivity measure.

spectral_bipartivity(G[, nodes, weight])

Returns the spectral bipartivity.

Clustering¶

Functions for computing clustering of pairs

`clustering`(G[, nodes, mode])	Compute a bipartite clustering coefficient for nodes.
`average_clustering`(G[, nodes, mode])	Compute the average bipartite clustering coefficient.
`latapy_clustering`(G[, nodes, mode])	Compute a bipartite clustering coefficient for nodes.
`robins_alexander_clustering`(G)	Compute the bipartite clustering of G.

Redundancy¶

Node redundancy for bipartite graphs.

node_redundancy(G[, nodes])

Computes the node redundancy coefficients for the nodes in the bipartite graph G.

Centrality¶

`closeness_centrality`(G, nodes[, normalized])	Compute the closeness centrality for nodes in a bipartite network.
`degree_centrality`(G, nodes)	Compute the degree centrality for nodes in a bipartite network.
`betweenness_centrality`(G, nodes)	Compute betweenness centrality for nodes in a bipartite network.

Generators¶

Generators and functions for bipartite graphs.

`complete_bipartite_graph`(n1, n2[, create_using])	Returns the complete bipartite graph `K_{n_1,n_2}`.
`configuration_model`(aseq, bseq[, …])	Returns a random bipartite graph from two given degree sequences.
`havel_hakimi_graph`(aseq, bseq[, create_using])	Returns a bipartite graph from two given degree sequences using a Havel-Hakimi style construction.
`reverse_havel_hakimi_graph`(aseq, bseq[, …])	Returns a bipartite graph from two given degree sequences using a Havel-Hakimi style construction.
`alternating_havel_hakimi_graph`(aseq, bseq[, …])	Returns a bipartite graph from two given degree sequences using an alternating Havel-Hakimi style construction.
`preferential_attachment_graph`(aseq, p[, …])	Create a bipartite graph with a preferential attachment model from a given single degree sequence.
`random_graph`(n, m, p[, seed, directed])	Returns a bipartite random graph.
`gnmk_random_graph`(n, m, k[, seed, directed])	Returns a random bipartite graph G_{n,m,k}.

Covering¶

Functions related to graph covers.

min_edge_cover(G[, matching_algorithm])

Returns a set of edges which constitutes the minimum edge cover of the graph.