The mplot3d Toolkit

Generating 3D plots using the mplot3d toolkit.

Contents

• The mplot3d Toolkit
  • Getting started
    • Line plots
    • Scatter plots
    • Wireframe plots
    • Surface plots
    • Tri-Surface plots
    • Contour plots
    • Filled contour plots
    • Polygon plots
    • Bar plots
    • Quiver
    • 2D plots in 3D
    • Text
    • Subplotting

Getting started

3D Axes (of class Axes3D) are created by passing the projection="3d" keyword argument to Figure.add_subplot:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

Changed in version 1.0.0: Prior to Matplotlib 1.0.0, Axes3D needed to be directly instantiated with from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D; ax = Axes3D(fig).

Changed in version 3.2.0: Prior to Matplotlib 3.2.0, it was necessary to explicitly import the mpl_toolkits.mplot3d module to make the '3d' projection to Figure.add_subplot.

See the mplot3d FAQ for more information about the mplot3d toolkit.

Line plots

Axes3D.plot(xs, ys, *args, zdir='z', **kwargs)

Plot 2D or 3D data.

Parameters:

xs1D array-like

x coordinates of vertices.

ys1D array-like

y coordinates of vertices.

zsfloat or 1D array-like

z coordinates of vertices; either one for all points or one for each point.

zdir{'x', 'y', 'z'}, default: 'z'

When plotting 2D data, the direction to use as z ('x', 'y' or 'z').

**kwargs

Other arguments are forwarded to matplotlib.axes.Axes.plot.

Lines3d

Scatter plots

Axes3D.scatter(xs, ys, zs=0, zdir='z', s=20, c=None, depthshade=True, *args, **kwargs)

Create a scatter plot.

Parameters:

xs, ysarray-like

The data positions.

zsfloat or array-like, default: 0

The z-positions. Either an array of the same length as xs and ys or a single value to place all points in the same plane.

zdir{'x', 'y', 'z', '-x', '-y', '-z'}, default: 'z'

The axis direction for the zs. This is useful when plotting 2D data on a 3D Axes. The data must be passed as xs, ys. Setting zdir to 'y' then plots the data to the x-z-plane.

See also Plot 2D data on 3D plot.

sfloat or array-like, default: 20

The marker size in points**2. Either an array of the same length as xs and ys or a single value to make all markers the same size.

ccolor, sequence, or sequence of colors, optional

The marker color. Possible values:

• A single color format string.
• A sequence of colors of length n.
• A sequence of n numbers to be mapped to colors using cmap and norm.
• A 2-D array in which the rows are RGB or RGBA.

For more details see the c argument of scatter.

depthshadebool, default: True

Whether to shade the scatter markers to give the appearance of depth. Each call to scatter() will perform its depthshading independently.

**kwargs

All other arguments are passed on to scatter.

Returns:

pathsPathCollection

Scatter3d

Wireframe plots

Axes3D.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, *args, **kwargs)

Plot a 3D wireframe.

Note

The rcount and ccount kwargs, which both default to 50, determine the maximum number of samples used in each direction. If the input data is larger, it will be downsampled (by slicing) to these numbers of points.

Parameters:

X, Y, Z2d arrays

Data values.

rcount, ccountint

Maximum number of samples used in each direction. If the input data is larger, it will be downsampled (by slicing) to these numbers of points. Setting a count to zero causes the data to be not sampled in the corresponding direction, producing a 3D line plot rather than a wireframe plot. Defaults to 50.

New in version 2.0.

rstride, cstrideint

Downsampling stride in each direction. These arguments are mutually exclusive with rcount and ccount. If only one of rstride or cstride is set, the other defaults to 1. Setting a stride to zero causes the data to be not sampled in the corresponding direction, producing a 3D line plot rather than a wireframe plot.

'classic' mode uses a default of rstride = cstride = 1 instead of the new default of rcount = ccount = 50.

**kwargs

Other arguments are forwarded to Line3DCollection.

Wire3d

Surface plots

Axes3D.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, *args, norm=None, vmin=None, vmax=None, lightsource=None, **kwargs)

Create a surface plot.

By default it will be colored in shades of a solid color, but it also supports color mapping by supplying the cmap argument.

Note

The rcount and ccount kwargs, which both default to 50, determine the maximum number of samples used in each direction. If the input data is larger, it will be downsampled (by slicing) to these numbers of points.

Note

To maximize rendering speed consider setting rstride and cstride to divisors of the number of rows minus 1 and columns minus 1 respectively. For example, given 51 rows rstride can be any of the divisors of 50.

Similarly, a setting of rstride and cstride equal to 1 (or rcount and ccount equal the number of rows and columns) can use the optimized path.

Parameters:

X, Y, Z2d arrays

Data values.

rcount, ccountint

Maximum number of samples used in each direction. If the input data is larger, it will be downsampled (by slicing) to these numbers of points. Defaults to 50.

New in version 2.0.

rstride, cstrideint

Downsampling stride in each direction. These arguments are mutually exclusive with rcount and ccount. If only one of rstride or cstride is set, the other defaults to 10.

'classic' mode uses a default of rstride = cstride = 10 instead of the new default of rcount = ccount = 50.

colorcolor-like

Color of the surface patches.

cmapColormap

Colormap of the surface patches.

facecolorsarray-like of colors.

Colors of each individual patch.

normNormalize

Normalization for the colormap.

vmin, vmaxfloat

Bounds for the normalization.

shadebool, default: True

Whether to shade the facecolors. Shading is always disabled when cmap is specified.

lightsourceLightSource

The lightsource to use when shade is True.

**kwargs

Other arguments are forwarded to Poly3DCollection.

Surface3d

Surface3d 2

Surface3d 3

Tri-Surface plots

Axes3D.plot_trisurf(*args, color=None, norm=None, vmin=None, vmax=None, lightsource=None, **kwargs)

Plot a triangulated surface.

The (optional) triangulation can be specified in one of two ways; either:

plot_trisurf(triangulation, ...)

where triangulation is a Triangulation object, or:

plot_trisurf(X, Y, ...)
plot_trisurf(X, Y, triangles, ...)
plot_trisurf(X, Y, triangles=triangles, ...)

in which case a Triangulation object will be created. See Triangulation for a explanation of these possibilities.

The remaining arguments are:

plot_trisurf(..., Z)

where Z is the array of values to contour, one per point in the triangulation.

Parameters:

X, Y, Zarray-like

Data values as 1D arrays.

color

Color of the surface patches.

cmap

A colormap for the surface patches.

normNormalize

An instance of Normalize to map values to colors.

vmin, vmaxfloat, default: None

Minimum and maximum value to map.

shadebool, default: True

Whether to shade the facecolors. Shading is always disabled when cmap is specified.

lightsourceLightSource

The lightsource to use when shade is True.

**kwargs

All other arguments are passed on to Poly3DCollection

Examples

(Source code, png, pdf)

(Source code, png, pdf)

New in version 1.2.0.

Trisurf3d

Contour plots

Axes3D.contour(X, Y, Z, *args, extend3d=False, stride=5, zdir='z', offset=None, **kwargs)

Create a 3D contour plot.

Parameters:

X, Y, Zarray-like

Input data.

extend3dbool, default: False

Whether to extend contour in 3D.

strideint

Step size for extending contour.

zdir{'x', 'y', 'z'}, default: 'z'

The direction to use.

offsetfloat, optional

If specified, plot a projection of the contour lines at this position in a plane normal to zdir.

*args, **kwargs

Other arguments are forwarded to matplotlib.axes.Axes.contour.

Returns:

matplotlib.contour.QuadContourSet

Contour3d

Contour3d 2

Contour3d 3

Filled contour plots

Axes3D.contourf(X, Y, Z, *args, zdir='z', offset=None, **kwargs)

Create a 3D filled contour plot.

Parameters:

X, Y, Zarray-like

Input data.

zdir{'x', 'y', 'z'}, default: 'z'

The direction to use.

offsetfloat, optional

If specified, plot a projection of the contour lines at this position in a plane normal to zdir.

*args, **kwargs

Other arguments are forwarded to matplotlib.axes.Axes.contourf.

Returns:

matplotlib.contour.QuadContourSet

Notes

New in version 1.1.0: The zdir and offset parameters.

Contourf3d

Contourf3d 2

New in version 1.1.0: The feature demoed in the second contourf3d example was enabled as a result of a bugfix for version 1.1.0.

Polygon plots

Axes3D.add_collection3d(col, zs=0, zdir='z')

Add a 3D collection object to the plot.

2D collection types are converted to a 3D version by modifying the object and adding z coordinate information.

Supported are:

• PolyCollection
• LineCollection
• PatchCollection

Polys3d

Bar plots

Axes3D.bar(left, height, zs=0, zdir='z', *args, **kwargs)

Add 2D bar(s).

Parameters:

left1D array-like

The x coordinates of the left sides of the bars.

height1D array-like

The height of the bars.

zsfloat or 1D array-like

Z coordinate of bars; if a single value is specified, it will be used for all bars.

zdir{'x', 'y', 'z'}, default: 'z'

When plotting 2D data, the direction to use as z ('x', 'y' or 'z').

**kwargs

Other arguments are forwarded to matplotlib.axes.Axes.bar.

Returns:

mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Patch3DCollection

Bars3d

Quiver

Axes3D.quiver(X, Y, Z, U, V, W, /, length=1, arrow_length_ratio=.3, pivot='tail', normalize=False, **kwargs)

Plot a 3D field of arrows.

The arguments could be array-like or scalars, so long as they they can be broadcast together. The arguments can also be masked arrays. If an element in any of argument is masked, then that corresponding quiver element will not be plotted.

Parameters:

X, Y, Zarray-like

The x, y and z coordinates of the arrow locations (default is tail of arrow; see pivot kwarg).

U, V, Warray-like

The x, y and z components of the arrow vectors.

lengthfloat, default: 1

The length of each quiver.

arrow_length_ratiofloat, default: 0.3

The ratio of the arrow head with respect to the quiver.

pivot{'tail', 'middle', 'tip'}, default: 'tail'

The part of the arrow that is at the grid point; the arrow rotates about this point, hence the name pivot.

normalizebool, default: False

Whether all arrows are normalized to have the same length, or keep the lengths defined by u, v, and w.

**kwargs

Any additional keyword arguments are delegated to LineCollection

Quiver3d

2D plots in 3D

2dcollections3d

Text

Axes3D.text(x, y, z, s, zdir=None, **kwargs)

Add text to the plot. kwargs will be passed on to Axes.text, except for the zdir keyword, which sets the direction to be used as the z direction.

Text3d

Subplotting

Having multiple 3D plots in a single figure is the same as it is for 2D plots. Also, you can have both 2D and 3D plots in the same figure.

New in version 1.0.0: Subplotting 3D plots was added in v1.0.0. Earlier version can not do this.

Subplot3d

Mixed Subplots