.. Copyright 2010 OpenStack Foundation All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. Using Glance's Image Public APIs ================================ Glance is the reference implementation of the OpenStack Images API. As such, Glance fully implements versions 1 and 2 of the Images API. There used to be a sentence here saying, "The Images API specification is developed alongside Glance, but is not considered part of the Glance project." That's only partially true (or completely false, depending upon how strict you are about these things). Conceptually, the OpenStack Images API is an independent definition of a REST API. In practice, however, the only way to participate in the evolution of the Images API is to work with the Glance community to define the new functionality and provide its reference implementation. Further, Glance falls under the "designated sections" provision of the OpenStack DefCore Guidelines, which basically means that in order to qualify as "OpenStack", a cloud exposing an OpenStack Images API must include the Glance Images API implementation code. Thus, although conceptually independent, the OpenStack Images APIs are intimately associated with Glance. **References** * `Designated sections (definition) `_ * `2014-04-02 DefCore Designated Sections Guidelines `_ * `OpenStack Core Definition `_ * `DefCore Guidelines Repository `_ Glance and the Images APIs: Past, Present, and Future ----------------------------------------------------- Here's a quick summary of the Images APIs that have been implemented by Glance. If you're interested in more details, you can consult the Release Notes for all the OpenStack releases (beginning with "Bexar") to follow the evolution of features in Glance and the Images APIs. Images v1 API ************* The v1 API was originally designed as a service API for use by Nova and other OpenStack services. In the Kilo release, the v1.1 API was downgraded from CURRENT to SUPPORTED. The Images v1 API is closed to further development, and the Glance code implementing the v1 API accepts only serious bugfixes. It's possible to deploy OpenStack without exposing the Images v1 API to end users. The Compute v2 API contains image-related API calls allowing users to list images, list images details, show image details for a specific image, delete images, and manipulate image metadata. Nova acts as a proxy to Glance for these image-related calls. It's important to note that the image-related calls in the Compute v2 API are a proper subset of the calls available in the Images APIs. Currently Nova uses the Images v1 API, but work is in progress to convert Nova (and other OpenStack services that consume images) to using the Images v2 API. Once that occurs, it will be possible to deploy OpenStack without deploying the Images v1 API. At that point, the Images v1 API will be deprecated, following the standard OpenStack deprecation policy. **Reference** * `OpenStack Standard Deprecation Requirements `_ Images v2 API ************* The v2 API is the CURRENT OpenStack Images API. It provides a more friendly interface to consumers than did the v1 API, as it was specifically designed to expose images-related functionality as a public-facing endpoint. It's the version that's currently open to development. A common strategy is to deploy multiple Glance nodes: internal-facing nodes providing both Images v1 and v2 APIs for internal consumers like Nova, and external-facing nodes providing only the Images v2 API for public use. Thus, there is no reason to rely solely on Nova's image-related calls in the Compute API if one does not want to expose the Images v1 API to public endpoints. The Future ********** During the long and tumultuous design phase of what has since become an independent service named "Glare" (the Glance Artifacts Repository), the Glance community loosely spoke about the Artifacts API being "Glance v3". This, however, was only a shorthand way of speaking of the Artifacts effort. The Artifacts API can't be the Images v3 API since Artifacts are not the same as Images. Conceptually, a virtual machine image could be an Artifact, and the Glare code has been designed to be compatible with the Images v2 API. But at this time, there are no plans to implement an Images v3 API. As far as the Glance/Glare relationship goes, it's too early to say what the future holds. While it's evident that there's a need for an Artifact Repository in OpenStack, whether it will be as ubiquitous as the need for an Images Repository isn't clear. On the other hand, industry trends could go in the opposite direction where everyone needs Artifacts and deployers view images as simply another type of digital artifact. As Yogi Berra, an experienced manager, once said, "It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future." Authentication -------------- Glance depends on Keystone and the OpenStack Identity API to handle authentication of clients. You must obtain an authentication token from Keystone using and send it along with all API requests to Glance through the ``X-Auth-Token`` header. Glance will communicate back to Keystone to verify the token validity and obtain your identity credentials. See :doc:`authentication` for more information on integrating with Keystone. Using v1.X ---------- For the purpose of examples, assume there is a Glance API server running at the URL ``http://glance.openstack.example.org`` on the default port 80. List Available Images ********************* We want to see a list of available images that the authenticated user has access to. This includes images owned by the user, images shared with the user and public images. We issue a ``GET`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images`` to retrieve this list of available images. The data is returned as a JSON-encoded mapping in the following format:: {'images': [ {'uri': 'http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9', 'name': 'Ubuntu 10.04 Plain', 'disk_format': 'vhd', 'container_format': 'ovf', 'size': '5368709120'} ...]} List Available Images in More Detail ************************************ We want to see a more detailed list of available images that the authenticated user has access to. This includes images owned by the user, images shared with the user and public images. We issue a ``GET`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/detail`` to retrieve this list of available images. The data is returned as a JSON-encoded mapping in the following format:: {'images': [ {'uri': 'http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9', 'name': 'Ubuntu 10.04 Plain 5GB', 'disk_format': 'vhd', 'container_format': 'ovf', 'size': '5368709120', 'checksum': 'c2e5db72bd7fd153f53ede5da5a06de3', 'created_at': '2010-02-03 09:34:01', 'updated_at': '2010-02-03 09:34:01', 'deleted_at': '', 'status': 'active', 'is_public': true, 'min_ram': 256, 'min_disk': 5, 'owner': null, 'properties': {'distro': 'Ubuntu 10.04 LTS'}}, ...]} .. note:: All timestamps returned are in UTC. The `updated_at` timestamp is the timestamp when an image's metadata was last updated, not its image data, as all image data is immutable once stored in Glance. The `properties` field is a mapping of free-form key/value pairs that have been saved with the image metadata. The `checksum` field is an MD5 checksum of the image file data. The `is_public` field is a boolean indicating whether the image is publicly available. The `min_ram` field is an integer specifying the minimum amount of RAM needed to run this image on an instance, in megabytes. The `min_disk` field is an integer specifying the minimum amount of disk space needed to run this image on an instance, in gigabytes. The `owner` field is a string which may either be null or which will indicate the owner of the image. Filtering Images Lists ********************** Both the ``GET /v1/images`` and ``GET /v1/images/detail`` requests take query parameters that serve to filter the returned list of images. The following list details these query parameters. * ``name=NAME`` Filters images having a ``name`` attribute matching ``NAME``. * ``container_format=FORMAT`` Filters images having a ``container_format`` attribute matching ``FORMAT`` For more information, see :doc:`About Disk and Container Formats ` * ``disk_format=FORMAT`` Filters images having a ``disk_format`` attribute matching ``FORMAT`` For more information, see :doc:`About Disk and Container Formats ` * ``status=STATUS`` Filters images having a ``status`` attribute matching ``STATUS`` For more information, see :doc:`About Image Statuses ` * ``size_min=BYTES`` Filters images having a ``size`` attribute greater than or equal to ``BYTES`` * ``size_max=BYTES`` Filters images having a ``size`` attribute less than or equal to ``BYTES`` These two resources also accept additional query parameters: * ``sort_key=KEY`` Results will be ordered by the specified image attribute ``KEY``. Accepted values include ``id``, ``name``, ``status``, ``disk_format``, ``container_format``, ``size``, ``created_at`` (default) and ``updated_at``. * ``sort_dir=DIR`` Results will be sorted in the direction ``DIR``. Accepted values are ``asc`` for ascending or ``desc`` (default) for descending. * ``marker=ID`` An image identifier marker may be specified. When present, only images which occur after the identifier ``ID`` will be listed. (These are the images that have a `sort_key` later than that of the marker ``ID`` in the `sort_dir` direction.) * ``limit=LIMIT`` When present, the maximum number of results returned will not exceed ``LIMIT``. .. note:: If the specified ``LIMIT`` exceeds the operator defined limit (api_limit_max) then the number of results returned may be less than ``LIMIT``. * ``is_public=PUBLIC`` An admin user may use the `is_public` parameter to control which results are returned. When the `is_public` parameter is absent or set to `True` the following images will be listed: Images whose `is_public` field is `True`, owned images and shared images. When the `is_public` parameter is set to `False` the following images will be listed: Images (owned, shared, or non-owned) whose `is_public` field is `False`. When the `is_public` parameter is set to `None` all images will be listed irrespective of owner, shared status or the `is_public` field. .. note:: Use of the `is_public` parameter is restricted to admin users. For all other users it will be ignored. Retrieve Image Metadata *********************** We want to see detailed information for a specific virtual machine image that the Glance server knows about. We have queried the Glance server for a list of images and the data returned includes the `uri` field for each available image. This `uri` field value contains the exact location needed to get the metadata for a specific image. Continuing the example from above, in order to get metadata about the first image returned, we can issue a ``HEAD`` request to the Glance server for the image's URI. We issue a ``HEAD`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9`` to retrieve complete metadata for that image. The metadata is returned as a set of HTTP headers that begin with the prefix ``x-image-meta-``. The following shows an example of the HTTP headers returned from the above ``HEAD`` request:: x-image-meta-uri http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9 x-image-meta-name Ubuntu 10.04 Plain 5GB x-image-meta-disk_format vhd x-image-meta-container_format ovf x-image-meta-size 5368709120 x-image-meta-checksum c2e5db72bd7fd153f53ede5da5a06de3 x-image-meta-created_at 2010-02-03 09:34:01 x-image-meta-updated_at 2010-02-03 09:34:01 x-image-meta-deleted_at x-image-meta-status available x-image-meta-is_public true x-image-meta-min_ram 256 x-image-meta-min_disk 0 x-image-meta-owner null x-image-meta-property-distro Ubuntu 10.04 LTS .. note:: All timestamps returned are in UTC. The `x-image-meta-updated_at` timestamp is the timestamp when an image's metadata was last updated, not its image data, as all image data is immutable once stored in Glance. There may be multiple headers that begin with the prefix `x-image-meta-property-`. These headers are free-form key/value pairs that have been saved with the image metadata. The key is the string after `x-image-meta-property-` and the value is the value of the header. The response's `ETag` header will always be equal to the `x-image-meta-checksum` value. The response's `x-image-meta-is_public` value is a boolean indicating whether the image is publicly available. The response's `x-image-meta-owner` value is a string which may either be null or which will indicate the owner of the image. Retrieve Raw Image Data *********************** We want to retrieve that actual raw data for a specific virtual machine image that the Glance server knows about. We have queried the Glance server for a list of images and the data returned includes the `uri` field for each available image. This `uri` field value contains the exact location needed to get the metadata for a specific image. Continuing the example from above, in order to get metadata about the first image returned, we can issue a ``HEAD`` request to the Glance server for the image's URI. We issue a ``GET`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9`` to retrieve metadata for that image as well as the image itself encoded into the response body. The metadata is returned as a set of HTTP headers that begin with the prefix ``x-image-meta-``. The following shows an example of the HTTP headers returned from the above ``GET`` request:: x-image-meta-uri http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9 x-image-meta-name Ubuntu 10.04 Plain 5GB x-image-meta-disk_format vhd x-image-meta-container_format ovf x-image-meta-size 5368709120 x-image-meta-checksum c2e5db72bd7fd153f53ede5da5a06de3 x-image-meta-created_at 2010-02-03 09:34:01 x-image-meta-updated_at 2010-02-03 09:34:01 x-image-meta-deleted_at x-image-meta-status available x-image-meta-is_public true x-image-meta-min_ram 256 x-image-meta-min_disk 5 x-image-meta-owner null x-image-meta-property-distro Ubuntu 10.04 LTS .. note:: All timestamps returned are in UTC. The `x-image-meta-updated_at` timestamp is the timestamp when an image's metadata was last updated, not its image data, as all image data is immutable once stored in Glance. There may be multiple headers that begin with the prefix `x-image-meta-property-`. These headers are free-form key/value pairs that have been saved with the image metadata. The key is the string after `x-image-meta-property-` and the value is the value of the header. The response's `Content-Length` header shall be equal to the value of the `x-image-meta-size` header. The response's `ETag` header will always be equal to the `x-image-meta-checksum` value. The response's `x-image-meta-is_public` value is a boolean indicating whether the image is publicly available. The response's `x-image-meta-owner` value is a string which may either be null or which will indicate the owner of the image. The image data itself will be the body of the HTTP response returned from the request, which will have content-type of `application/octet-stream`. Add a New Image *************** We have created a new virtual machine image in some way (created a "golden image" or snapshotted/backed up an existing image) and we wish to do two things: * Store the disk image data in Glance * Store metadata about this image in Glance We can do the above two activities in a single call to the Glance API. Assuming, like in the examples above, that a Glance API server is running at ``http://glance.openstack.example.org``, we issue a ``POST`` request to add an image to Glance:: POST http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images The metadata about the image is sent to Glance in HTTP headers. The body of the HTTP request to the Glance API will be the MIME-encoded disk image data. Reserve a New Image ******************* We can also perform the activities described in `Add a New Image`_ using two separate calls to the Image API; the first to register the image metadata, and the second to add the image disk data. This is known as "reserving" an image. The first call should be a ``POST`` to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images``, which will result in a new image id being registered with a status of ``queued``:: {'image': {'status': 'queued', 'id': '71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9', ...} ...} The image data can then be added using a ``PUT`` to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9``. The image status will then be set to ``active`` by Glance. **Image Metadata in HTTP Headers** Glance will view as image metadata any HTTP header that it receives in a ``POST`` request where the header key is prefixed with the strings ``x-image-meta-`` and ``x-image-meta-property-``. The list of metadata headers that Glance accepts are listed below. * ``x-image-meta-name`` This header is required, unless reserving an image. Its value should be the name of the image. Note that the name of an image *is not unique to a Glance node*. It would be an unrealistic expectation of users to know all the unique names of all other user's images. * ``x-image-meta-id`` This header is optional. When present, Glance will use the supplied identifier for the image. If the identifier already exists in that Glance node, then a **409 Conflict** will be returned by Glance. The value of the header must be a uuid in hexadecimal string notation (that is 71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9). When this header is *not* present, Glance will generate an identifier for the image and return this identifier in the response (see below). * ``x-image-meta-store`` This header is optional. Valid values are one of ``file``, ``rbd``, ``swift``, ``cinder``, ``sheepdog`` or ``vsphere``. When present, Glance will attempt to store the disk image data in the backing store indicated by the value of the header. If the Glance node does not support the backing store, Glance will return a **400 Bad Request**. When not present, Glance will store the disk image data in the backing store that is marked as default. See the configuration option ``default_store`` for more information. * ``x-image-meta-disk_format`` This header is required, unless reserving an image. Valid values are one of ``aki``, ``ari``, ``ami``, ``raw``, ``iso``, ``vhd``, ``vhdx``, ``vdi``, ``qcow2``, or ``vmdk``. For more information, see :doc:`About Disk and Container Formats `. * ``x-image-meta-container_format`` This header is required, unless reserving an image. Valid values are one of ``aki``, ``ari``, ``ami``, ``bare``, ``ova``, ``ovf``, or ``docker``. For more information, see :doc:`About Disk and Container Formats `. * ``x-image-meta-size`` This header is optional. When present, Glance assumes that the expected size of the request body will be the value of this header. If the length in bytes of the request body *does not match* the value of this header, Glance will return a **400 Bad Request**. When not present, Glance will calculate the image's size based on the size of the request body. * ``x-image-meta-checksum`` This header is optional. When present, it specifies the **MD5** checksum of the image file data. When present, Glance will verify the checksum generated from the back-end store while storing your image against this value and return a **400 Bad Request** if the values do not match. * ``x-image-meta-is_public`` This header is optional. When Glance finds the string "true" (case-insensitive), the image is marked as a public one, meaning that any user may view its metadata and may read the disk image from Glance. When not present, the image is assumed to be *not public* and owned by a user. * ``x-image-meta-min_ram`` This header is optional. When present, it specifies the minimum amount of RAM in megabytes required to run this image on a server. When not present, the image is assumed to have a minimum RAM requirement of 0. * ``x-image-meta-min_disk`` This header is optional. When present, it specifies the expected minimum disk space in gigabytes required to run this image on a server. When not present, the image is assumed to have a minimum disk space requirement of 0. * ``x-image-meta-owner`` This header is optional and only meaningful for admins. Glance normally sets the owner of an image to be the tenant or user (depending on the "owner_is_tenant" configuration option) of the authenticated user issuing the request. However, if the authenticated user has the Admin role, this default may be overridden by setting this header to null or to a string identifying the owner of the image. * ``x-image-meta-property-*`` When Glance receives any HTTP header whose key begins with the string prefix ``x-image-meta-property-``, Glance adds the key and value to a set of custom, free-form image properties stored with the image. The key is a lower-cased string following the prefix ``x-image-meta-property-`` with dashes and punctuation replaced with underscores. For example, if the following HTTP header were sent:: x-image-meta-property-distro Ubuntu 10.10 then a key/value pair of "distro"/"Ubuntu 10.10" will be stored with the image in Glance. There is no limit on the number of free-form key/value attributes that can be attached to the image. However, keep in mind that the 8K limit on the size of all the HTTP headers sent in a request will effectively limit the number of image properties. Update an Image *************** Glance will consider any HTTP header that it receives in a ``PUT`` request as an instance of image metadata. In this case, the header key should be prefixed with the strings ``x-image-meta-`` and ``x-image-meta-property-``. If an image was previously reserved, and thus is in the ``queued`` state, then image data can be added by including it as the request body. If the image already has data associated with it (for example, it is not in the ``queued`` state), then including a request body will result in a **409 Conflict** exception. On success, the ``PUT`` request will return the image metadata encoded as HTTP headers. See more about image statuses here: :doc:`Image Statuses ` List Image Memberships ********************** We want to see a list of the other system tenants (or users, if "owner_is_tenant" is False) that may access a given virtual machine image that the Glance server knows about. We take the `uri` field of the image data, append ``/members`` to it, and issue a ``GET`` request on the resulting URL. Continuing from the example above, in order to get the memberships for the first image returned, we can issue a ``GET`` request to the Glance server for ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9/members``. And we will get back JSON data such as the following:: {'members': [ {'member_id': 'tenant1', 'can_share': false} ...]} The `member_id` field identifies a tenant with which the image is shared. If that tenant is authorized to further share the image, the `can_share` field is `true`. List Shared Images ****************** We want to see a list of images which are shared with a given tenant. We issue a ``GET`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/shared-images/tenant1``. We will get back JSON data such as the following:: {'shared_images': [ {'image_id': '71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9', 'can_share': false} ...]} The `image_id` field identifies an image shared with the tenant named by *member_id*. If the tenant is authorized to further share the image, the `can_share` field is `true`. Add a Member to an Image ************************ We want to authorize a tenant to access a private image. We issue a ``PUT`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9/members/tenant1``. With no body, this will add the membership to the image, leaving existing memberships unmodified and defaulting new memberships to have `can_share` set to `false`. We may also optionally attach a body of the following form:: {'member': {'can_share': true} } If such a body is provided, both existing and new memberships will have `can_share` set to the provided value (either `true` or `false`). This query will return a 204 ("No Content") status code. Remove a Member from an Image ***************************** We want to revoke a tenant's right to access a private image. We issue a ``DELETE`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/1/members/tenant1``. This query will return a 204 ("No Content") status code. Replace a Membership List for an Image ************************************** The full membership list for a given image may be replaced. We issue a ``PUT`` request to ``http://glance.openstack.example.org/v1/images/71c675ab-d94f-49cd-a114-e12490b328d9/members`` with a body of the following form:: {'memberships': [ {'member_id': 'tenant1', 'can_share': false} ...]} All existing memberships which are not named in the replacement body are removed, and those which are named have their `can_share` settings changed as specified. (The `can_share` setting may be omitted, which will cause that setting to remain unchanged in the existing memberships.) All new memberships will be created, with `can_share` defaulting to `false` unless it is specified otherwise. Image Membership Changes in Version 2.0 --------------------------------------- Version 2.0 of the Images API eliminates the ``can_share`` attribute of image membership. In the version 2.0 model, image sharing is not transitive. In version 2.0, image members have a ``status`` attribute that reflects how the image should be treated with respect to that image member's image-list. * The ``status`` attribute may have one of three values: ``pending``, ``accepted``, or ``rejected``. * By default, only those shared images with status ``accepted`` are included in an image member's image-list. * Only an image member may change his/her own membership status. * Only an image owner may create members on an image. The status of a newly created image member is ``pending``. The image owner cannot change the status of a member. Distinctions from Version 1.x API Calls *************************************** * The response to a request to list the members of an image has changed. call: ``GET`` on ``/v2/images/{imageId}/members`` response: see the JSON schema at ``/v2/schemas/members`` * The request body in the call to create an image member has changed. call: ``POST`` to ``/v2/images/{imageId}/members`` request body:: { "member": "" } where the {memberId} is the tenant ID of the image member. The member status of a newly created image member is ``pending``. New API Calls ************* * Change the status of an image member call: ``PUT`` on ``/v2/images/{imageId}/members/{memberId}`` request body:: { "status": "" } where is ``pending``, ``accepted``, or ``rejected``. The {memberId} is the tenant ID of the image member. Images v2 Tasks API ------------------- Version 2 of the OpenStack Images API introduces a Task resource that is used to create and monitor long-running asynchronous image-related processes. See the :doc:`Tasks ` section of the Glance documentation for more information. The following Task calls are available: Create a Task ************* A user wants to initiate a task. The user issues a ``POST`` request to ``/v2/tasks``. The request body is of Content-type ``application/json`` and must contain the following fields: * ``type``: a string specified by the enumeration defined in the Task schema * ``input``: a JSON object. The content is defined by the cloud provider who has exposed the endpoint being contacted The response is a Task entity as defined by the Task schema. It includes an ``id`` field that can be used in a subsequent call to poll the task for status changes. A task is created in ``pending`` status. Show a Task *********** A user wants to see detailed information about a task the user owns. The user issues a ``GET`` request to ``/v2/tasks/{taskId}``. The response is in ``application/json`` format. The exact structure is given by the task schema located at ``/v2/schemas/task``. List Tasks ********** A user wants to see what tasks have been created in his or her project. The user issues a ``GET`` request to ``/v2/tasks``. The response is in ``application/json`` format. The exact structure is given by the task schema located at ``/v2/schemas/tasks``. Note that, as indicated by the schema, the list of tasks is provided in a sparse format. To see more information about a particular task in the list, the user would use the show task call described above. Filtering and Sorting the Tasks List ************************************ The ``GET /v2/tasks`` request takes query parameters that server to filter the returned list of tasks. The following list details these query parameters. * ``status={status}`` Filters the list to display only those tasks in the specified status. See the task schema or the :doc:`Task Statuses ` section of this documentation for the legal values to use for ``{status}``. For example, a request to ``GET /v2/tasks?status=pending`` would return only those tasks whose current status is ``pending``. * ``type={type}`` Filters the list to display only those tasks of the specified type. See the enumeration defined in the task schema for the legal values to use for ``{type}``. For example, a request to ``GET /v2/tasks?type=import`` would return only import tasks. * ``sort_dir={direction}`` Sorts the list of tasks according to ``updated_at`` datetime. Legal values are ``asc`` (ascending) and ``desc`` (descending). By default, the task list is sorted by ``created_at`` time in descending chronological order. API Message Localization ------------------------ Glance supports HTTP message localization. For example, an HTTP client can receive API messages in Chinese even if the locale language of the server is English. How to use it ************* To receive localized API messages, the HTTP client needs to specify the **Accept-Language** header to indicate the language that will translate the message. For more information about Accept-Language, please refer to http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html A typical curl API request will be like below:: curl -i -X GET -H 'Accept-Language: zh' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://glance.openstack.example.org/v2/images/aaa Then the response will be like the following:: HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found Content-Length: 234 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 X-Openstack-Request-Id: req-54d403a0-064e-4544-8faf-4aeef086f45a Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 06:26:26 GMT 404 Not Found

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.. note:: Make sure to have a language package under /usr/share/locale-langpack/ on the target Glance server.