Python 2: sendall on a non-blocking socket could spuriously fail
with a timeout.
If sys.stderr has been monkey-patched (not recommended),
exceptions that the hub reports aren’t lost and can still be caught.
Reported in issue #825 by Jelle Smet.
selectors.SelectSelector is properly monkey-patched
regardless of the order of imports. Reported in issue #835 by
Przemysław Węgrzyn.
Python 2: reload(site) no longer fails with a TypeError if
gevent has been imported. Reported in issue #805 by Jake Hilton.
Nested callbacks that set and clear an Event no longer cause
wait to return prematurely. Reported in issue #771 by Sergey
Vasilyev.
Fix build on Solaris 10. Reported in issue #777 by wiggin15.
The ref parameter to gevent.os.fork_and_watch() was being ignored.
Python 3: gevent.queue.Channel is now correctly iterable, instead of
raising a TypeError.
Python 3: Add support for socket.socket.sendmsg(),
socket.socket.recvmsg() and socket.socket.recvmsg_into()
on platforms where they are defined. Initial pull request #773 by Jakub
Klama.
Python 3: A monkey-patched threading.RLock now properly
blocks (or deadlocks) in acquire if the default value for
timeout of -1 is used (which differs from gevent’s default of
None). The acquire method also raises the same ValueError
exceptions that the standard library does for invalid parameters.
Reported in issue #750 by Joy Zheng.
Fix a race condition in Event that made it
return False when the event was set and cleared by the same
greenlet before allowing a switch to already waiting greenlets. (Found
by the 3.4 and 3.5 standard library test suites; the same as Python
bug 13502. Note that the Python 2 standard library still has this
race condition.)
Event and AsyncResult now wake
waiting greenlets in the same (unspecified) order. Previously,
AsyncResult tended to use a FIFO order, but this was never
guaranteed. Both classes also use less per-instance memory.
Using a Logger as a pywsgi error or request
log stream no longer produces extra newlines. Reported in
issue #756 by ael-code.
Windows: Installing from an sdist (.tar.gz) on PyPI no longer requires having Cython installed first. (Note that the binary installation formats (wheels, exes, msis) are preferred on Windows.) Reported in issue #757 by Ned Batchelder.
Issue a warning when patch_all() is called with
os set to False (not the default) but signal is still True
(the default). This combination of parameters will cause signal
handlers for SIGCHLD to not get called. In the future this might
raise an error. Reported by Josh Zuech.
Issue a warning when patch_all() is called more
than once with different arguments. That causes the cumulative set of all True
arguments to be patched, which may cause unexpected results.
Fix returning the original values of certain threading
attributes from gevent.monkey.get_original().
SSL: Attempting to send empty data using the
sendall() method of a gevent SSL socket that has
a timeout now returns immediately (like the standard library does),
instead of incorrectly raising ssl.SSLEOFError. (Note that
sending empty data with the send()
method does raise SSLEOFError in
both gevent and the standard library.) Reported in issue #719 by
Mustafa Atik and Tymur Maryokhin, with a reproducible test case
provided by Timo Savola.
Python 2: Using the blocking API at import time when multiple
greenlets are also importing should not lead to LoopExit.
Reported in issue #728 by Garrett Heel.
Python 2: Don’t raise OverflowError when using the readline
method of the WSGI input stream without a size hint or with a large
size hint when the client is uploading a large amount of data. (This
only impacted CPython 2; PyPy and Python 3 already handled this.)
Reported in issue #289 by ggjjlldd, with contributions by Nathan
Hoad.
BaseServer and its subclasses like
WSGIServer avoid allocating a new closure for
each request, reducing overhead.
Python 2: Under 2.7.9 and above (or when the PEP 466 SSL interfaces
are available), perform the same hostname validation that the
standard library does; previously this was skipped. Also,
reading, writing, or handshaking a closed
SSLSocket now raises the same ValueError
the standard library does, instead of an AttributeError.
Found by updating gevent’s copy of the standard library test cases.
Initially reported in issue #735 by Dmitrij D. Czarkoff.
Python 3: Fix unwrap() and SNI callbacks.
Also raise the correct exceptions for unconnected SSL sockets and
properly validate SSL hostnames. Found via updated standard library
tests.
Python 3: Add missing support for socket.socket.sendfile(). Found via updated
standard library tests.
Python 3.4+: Add missing support for
socket.socket.get_inheritable() and
set_inheritable(). Found via updated standard
library tests.
Python 2: Support the new PEP 466 ssl interfaces on any Python 2
version that supplies them, not just on the versions it officially
shipped with. Some Linux distributions, including RedHat/CentOS and
Amazon have backported the changes to older versions. Reported in
issue #702.
PyPy: An interaction between Cython compiled code and the garbage
collector caused PyPy to crash when a previously-allocated Semaphore
was used in a __del__ method, something done in the popular
libraries requests and urllib3. Due to this and other Cython
related issues, the Semaphore class is no longer compiled by Cython
on PyPy. This means that it is now traceable and not exactly as
atomic as the Cython version, though the overall semantics should
remain the same. Reported in issue #704 by Shaun Crampton.
PyPy: Optimize the CFFI backend to use less memory (two pointers per watcher).
Python 3: The WSGI PATH_INFO entry is decoded from URL escapes
using latin-1, not UTF-8. This improves compliance with PEP 3333 and
compatibility with some frameworks like Django. Fixed in pull request #712
by Ruben De Visscher.
Exceptions raised by gevent’s SSL sockets are more consistent with
the standard library (e.g., gevent’s Python 3 SSL sockets raise
socket.timeout instead of ssl.SSLError, a change
introduced in Python 3.2).
Python 2: gevent’s socket’s sendall method could completely ignore timeouts
in some cases. The timeout now refers to the total time taken by
sendall.
gevent’s SSL socket’s sendall method should no longer raise SSL3_WRITE_PENDING
in rare cases when sending large buffers. Reported in issue #317.
gevent.signal.signal() now allows resetting (SIG_DFL) and ignoring (SIG_IGN) the
SIGCHLD signal at the process level (although this may allow race
conditions with libev child watchers). Reported in issue #696 by
Adam Ning.
gevent.spawn_raw() now accepts keyword arguments, as
previously (incorrectly) documented. Reported in issue #680 by Ron
Rothman.
PyPy: PyPy 2.6.1 or later is now required (4.0.1 or later is recommended).
The CFFI backend is now built and usable on CPython implementations
(except on Windows) if cffi is installed before gevent is
installed. To use the CFFI backend, set the environment variable
GEVENT_CORE_CFFI_ONLY before starting Python. This can aid
debugging in some cases and helps ensure parity across all
combinations of supported platforms.
The CFFI backend now calls the callback of a watcher whose args attribute is
set to None, just like the Cython backend does. It also only
allows args to be a tuple or None, again matching the Cython backend.
PyPy/CFFI: Fix a potential crash when using stat watchers.
PyPy/CFFI: Encode unicode paths for stat watchers using
sys.getfilesystemencoding() like the Cython backend.
The internal implementation modules gevent._fileobject2,
gevent._fileobject3, and gevent._util were removed. These
haven’t been used or tested since 1.1b1.
Windows/Python 3: Finish porting the gevent.subprocess module, fixing a
large number of failing tests. Examples of failures are in
issue #668 and issue #669 reported by srossross.
Python 3: The SSLSocket class should return an empty bytes
object on an EOF instead of a str. Fixed in pull request #674 by Dahoon
Kim.
Python 2: Workaround a buffering bug in the stdlib io module
that caused FileObjectPosix to be slower than necessary in some
cases. Reported in issue #675 by WGH-.
PyPy: Fix a crash. Reported in issue #676 by Jay Oster.
Caution
There are some remaining, relatively rare, PyPy crashes, but their ultimate cause is unknown (gevent, CFFI, greenlet, the PyPy GC?). PyPy users can contribute to issue #677 to help track them down.
PyPy: Exceptions raised while handling an error raised by a loop callback function behave like the CPython implementation: the exception is printed, and the rest of the callbacks continue processing.
If a Hub object with active watchers was destroyed and then another
one created for the same thread, which itself was then destroyed with
destroy_loop=True, the process could crash. Documented in
issue #237 and fix based on pull request #238, both by Jan-Philip Gehrcke.
Python 3: Initializing gevent’s hub for the first time
simultaneously in multiple native background threads could fail with
AttributeError and ImportError. Reported in issue #687 by
Gregory Petukhov.
PyPy: Fix a memory leak for code that allocated and disposed of many
gevent.lock.Semaphore subclasses. If monkey-patched, this could
also apply to threading.Semaphore objects. Reported in
issue #660 by Jay Oster.
PyPy: Cython version 0.23.4 or later must be used to avoid a memory leak (details). Thanks to Jay Oster.
Allow subclasses of WSGIHandler to handle invalid HTTP client
requests. Reported by not-bob.
WSGIServer more robustly supports Logger-like parameters for
log and error_log (as introduced in 1.1b1, this could cause
integration issues with gunicorn). Reported in issue #663 by Jay
Oster.
_DummyThread objects, created in a
monkey-patched system when threading.current_thread() is
called in a new greenlet (which often happens implicitly, such as
when logging) are much lighter weight. For example, they no longer
allocate and then delete a Semaphore, which is
especially important for PyPy.
Request logging by gevent.pywsgi formats the status code
correctly on Python 3. Reported in issue #664 by Kevin Chen.
Restore the ability to take a weak reference to instances of exactly
gevent.lock.Semaphore, which was unintentionally removed
as part of making Semaphore atomic on PyPy on 1.1b1. Reported in
issue #666 by Ivan-Zhu.
Build Windows wheels for Python 3.5. Reported in pull request #665 by Hexchain Tong.
gevent.subprocess works under Python 3.5. In general, Python 3.5
has preliminary support. Reported in issue #653 by Squeaky.
Popen.communicate honors a timeout
argument even if there is no way to communicate with the child
process (none of stdin, stdout and stderr were set to PIPE).
Noticed as part of the Python 3.5 test suite for the new function
subprocess.run but impacts all versions (timeout is an
official argument under Python 3 and a gevent extension with
slightly different semantics under Python 2).
Fix a possible ValueError from Queue.peek.
Reported in issue #647 by Kevin Chen.
Restore backwards compatibility for using gevent.signal as a
callable, which, depending on the order of imports, could be broken
after the addition of the gevent.signal module. Reported in
issue #648 by Sylvain Zimmer.
gevent blocking operations performed at the top-level of a module
after the system was monkey-patched under Python 2 could result in
raising a LoopExit instead of completing the expected blocking
operation. Note that performing gevent blocking operations in the
top-level of a module is typically not recommended, but this
situation can arise when monkey-patching existing scripts. Reported
in issue #651 and issue #652 by Mike Kaplinskiy.
SIGCHLD and waitpid now work for the pids returned by the
(monkey-patched) os.forkpty and pty.fork functions in the
same way they do for the os.fork function. Reported in
issue #650 by Erich Heine.
WSGIServer and
WSGIHandler do a better job detecting and
reporting potential encoding errors for headers and the status line
during start_response() as recommended by the WSGI
specification. In addition, under Python 2, unnecessary encodings
and decodings (often a trip through the ASCII encoding) are avoided
for conforming applications. This is an enhancement of an already
documented and partially enforced constraint: beginning in 1.1a1,
under Python 2, u'abc' would typically previously have been
allowed, but u'\u1f4a3' would not; now, neither will be allowed,
more closely matching the specification, improving debugability and
performance and allowing for better error handling both by the
application and by gevent (previously, certain encoding errors could
result in gevent writing invalid/malformed HTTP responses). Reported
by Greg Higgins and Carlos Sanchez.
Code coverage by tests is now reported on coveralls.io.
Detect and raise an error for several important types of
programming errors even if Python interpreter optimizations are
enabled with -O or PYTHONOPTIMIZE. Previously these would go
undetected if optimizations were enabled, potentially leading to
erratic, difficult to debug behaviour.
Fix an AttributeError from gevent.queue.Queue when peek
was called on an empty Queue. Reported in issue #643 by michaelvol.
Make SIGCHLD handlers specified to gevent.signal.signal() work with
the child watchers that are used by default. Also make
gevent.os.waitpid() work with a first argument of -1. (Also
applies to the corresponding monkey-patched stdlib functions.)
Noted by users of gunicorn.
Under Python 2, any timeout set on a socket would be ignored when
using the results of socket.makefile. Reported in issue #644
by Karan Lyons.
Fix an AttributeError from gevent.monkey.patch_builtins on
Python 2 when the future library is also installed. Reported by
Carlos Sanchez.
PyPy: Fix a DistutilsModuleError or ImportError if the CFFI
module backing gevent.core needs to be compiled when the hub is
initialized (due to a missing or invalid __pycache__ directory).
Now, the module will be automtically compiled when gevent is
imported (this may produce compiler output on stdout). Reported in
issue #619 by Thinh Nguyen and issue #631 by Andy Freeland, with
contributions by Jay Oster and Matt Dupre.
PyPy: Improve the performance of gevent.socket.socket:sendall
with large inputs. bench_sendall.py now performs about as well on
PyPy as it does on CPython, an improvement of 10x (from ~60MB/s to
~630MB/s). See this pypy bug for details.
Fix a possible TypeError when calling gevent.socket.wait.
Reported in #635 by lanstin.
gevent.socket.socket:sendto properly respects the socket’s
blocking status (meaning it can raise EWOULDBLOCK now in cases it
wouldn’t have before). Reported in pull request #634 by Mike Kaplinskiy.
Common lookup errors using the threaded resolver are no longer always printed to stderr
since they are usually out of the programmer’s control and caught
explicitly. (Programming errors like TypeError are still
printed.) Reported in issue #617 by Jay Oster and Carlos Sanchez.
PyPy: Fix a TypeError from gevent.idle(). Reported in
issue #639 by chilun2008.
The imap_unordered() methods of a pool-like
object support a maxsize parameter to limit the number of
results buffered waiting for the consumer. Reported in issue #638
by Sylvain Zimmer.
The class gevent.queue.Queue now consistently orders multiple
blocked waiting put and get callers in the order they
arrived. Previously, due to an implementation quirk this was often
roughly the case under CPython, but not under PyPy. Now they both
behave the same.
The class gevent.queue.Queue now supports the len() function.
Enable using the c-ares resolver under
PyPy. Note that its performance characteristics are probably
sub-optimal.
On some versions of PyPy on some platforms (notably 2.6.0 on 64-bit
Linux), enabling gevent.monkey.patch_builtins could cause PyPy
to crash. Reported in issue #618 by Jay Oster.
gevent.kill() raises the correct exception in the target greenlet.
Reported in issue #623 by Jonathan Kamens.
Various fixes on Windows. Reported in issue #625, issue #627, and issue #628 by jacekt and Yuanteng (Jeff) Pei. Fixed in pull request #624.
Add readable() and
writable() methods to
FileObjectPosix; this fixes e.g., help() on Python 3 when
monkey-patched.
setup.py can be run from a directory containing spaces. Reported
in issue #319 by Ivan Smirnov.
setup.py can build with newer versions of clang on OS X. They
enforce the distinction between CFLAGS and CPPFLAGS.
gevent.lock.Semaphore is atomic on PyPy, just like it is on
CPython. This comes at a small performance cost on PyPy.
Fixed regression that failed to set the successful value to
False when killing a greenlet before it ran with a non-default
exception. Fixed in pull request #608 by Heungsub Lee.
libev’s child watchers caused os.waitpid() to become unreliable
due to the use of signals on POSIX platforms. This was especially
noticeable when using gevent.subprocess in combination with
multiprocessing. Now, the monkey-patched os module provides
a waitpid() function that seeks to ameliorate this. Reported in
issue #600 by champax and issue #452 by Łukasz Kawczyński.
On platforms that implement select.poll, provide a
gevent-friendly gevent.select.poll and corresponding
monkey-patch. Implemented in pull request #604 by Eddi Linder.
Allow passing of events to the io callback under PyPy. Reported in issue #531 by M. Nunberg and implemented in pull request #604.
gevent.thread.allocate_lock() (and so a monkey-patched standard
library allocate_lock()) more closely matches the behaviour of the
builtin: an unlocked lock cannot be released, and attempting to do
so throws the correct exception (thread.error on Python 2,
RuntimeError on Python 3). Previously, over-releasing a lock was
silently ignored. Reported in issue #308 by Jędrzej Nowak.
gevent.fileobject.FileObjectThread uses the threadpool to close
the underling file-like object. Reported in issue #201 by
vitaly-krugl.
Malicious or malformed HTTP chunked transfer encoding data sent to
the pywsgi handler is handled more robustly, resulting in
“HTTP 400 bad request” responses instead of a 500 error or, in the
worst case, a server-side hang. Reported in issue #229 by Björn
Lindqvist.
Importing the standard library threading module before using
gevent.monkey.patch_all() no longer causes Python 3.4 to fail to
get the repr of the main thread, and other CPython platforms to
return an unjoinable DummyThread. (Note that this is not
recommended.) Reported in issue #153.
Under Python 2, use the io package to implement
FileObjectPosix. This unifies the code with the Python 3
implementation, and fixes problems with using seek(). See
issue #151.
Under Python 2, importing a module that uses gevent blocking functions at its top level from multiple greenlets no longer produces import errors (Python 3 handles this case natively). Reported in issue #108 by shaun and initial fix based on code by Sylvain Zimmer.
gevent.spawn(), spawn_raw() and spawn_later(), as well as the
Greenlet constructor, immediately produce useful TypeErrors
if asked to run something that cannot be run. Previously, the
spawned greenlet would die with an uncaught TypeError the first
time it was switched to. Reported in issue #119 by stephan.
Recursive use of ThreadPool.apply no longer raises a
LoopExit error (using ThreadPool.spawn and then get on
the result still could; you must be careful to use the correct hub).
Reported in issue #131 by 8mayday.
When the threading module is monkey-patched, the module-level lock in the
logging module is made greenlet-aware, as are the instance
locks of any configured handlers. This makes it safer to import
modules that use the standard pattern of creating a module-level
Logger instance before monkey-patching.
Configuring logging with a basic configuration and then
monkey-patching is also safer (but not configurations that involve
such things as the SocketHandler).
Fix monkey-patching of threading.RLock under Python 3.
Under Python 3, monkey-patching at the top-level of a module that
was imported by another module could result in a RuntimeError
from importlib. Reported in issue #615 by Daniel Mizyrycki.
(The same thing could happen under Python 2 if a threading.RLock
was held around the monkey-patching call; this is less likely but
not impossible with import hooks.)
Fix configuring c-ares for a 32-bit Python when running on a 64-bit platform. Reported in issue #381 and fixed in pull request #616 by Chris Lane. Additional fix in pull request #626 by Kevin Chen.
(Experimental) Let the pywsgi.WSGIServer accept a
logging.Logger instance for its log and (new) error_log
parameters. Take care that the system is fully monkey-patched very
early in the process’s lifetime if attempting this, and note that
non-file handlers have not been tested. Fixes issue #106.
gevent.threadpool.ThreadPool.imap and imap_unordered now
accept multiple iterables.
(Experimental) Exceptions raised from iterating using the
ThreadPool or Group mapping/application functions should now
have the original traceback.
gevent.threadpool.ThreadPool.apply() now raises any exception
raised by the called function, the same as
Group/Pool and the
builtin apply() function. This obsoletes the undocumented
apply_e function. Original PR issue #556 by Robert Estelle.
Monkey-patch the selectors module from patch_all and
patch_select on Python 3.4. See issue #591.
Additional query functions for the gevent.monkey module
allow knowing what was patched. Discussed in issue #135 and
implemented in pull request #325 by Nathan Hoad.
In non-monkey-patched environments under Python 2.7.9 or above or Python 3, using a gevent SSL socket could cause the greenlet to block. See issue #597 by David Ford.
gevent.socket.socket.sendall() supports arbitrary objects that
implement the buffer protocol (such as ctypes structures), just like
native sockets. Reported in issue #466 by tzickel.
Added support for the onerror attribute present in CFFI 1.2.0
for better signal handling under PyPy. Thanks to Armin Rigo and Omer
Katz. (See https://bitbucket.org/cffi/cffi/issue/152/handling-errors-from-signal-handlers-in)
The gevent.subprocess module is closer in behaviour to the
standard library under Python 3, at least on POSIX. The
pass_fds, restore_signals, and start_new_session
arguments are now implemented, as are the timeout parameters
to various functions. Under Python 2, the previously undocumented
timeout parameter to Popen.communicate raises an exception like its
Python 3 counterpart.
An exception starting a child process with the gevent.subprocess
module no longer leaks file descriptors. Reported in pull request #374 by 陈小玉.
The example echoserver.py no longer binds to the standard X11
TCP port. Reported in issue #485 by minusf.
gevent.iwait() no longer throws LoopExit if the caller
switches greenlets between return values. Reported and initial patch
in issue #467 by Alexey Borzenkov.
The default threadpool and default threaded resolver work in a
forked child process, such as with multiprocessing.Process.
Previously the child process would hang indefinitely. Reported in
issue #230 by Lx Yu.
Fork watchers are more likely to (eventually) get called in a multi-threaded program (except on Windows). See issue #154.
gevent.killall() accepts an arbitrary iterable for the greenlets
to kill. Reported in issue #404 by Martin Bachwerk; seen in
combination with older versions of simple-requests.
gevent.local.local objects are now eligible for garbage
collection as soon as the greenlet finishes running, matching the
behaviour of the built-in threading.local (when implemented
natively). Reported in issue #387 by AusIV.
Killing a greenlet (with gevent.kill() or
gevent.Greenlet.kill()) before it is actually started and
switched to now prevents the greenlet from ever running, instead of
raising an exception when it is later switched to. See issue #330
reported by Jonathan Kamens.
Add support for Python 3.3 and 3.4. Many people have contributed to this effort, including but not limited to Fantix King, hashstat, Elizabeth Myers, jander, Luke Woydziak, and others. See issue #38.
Add support for PyPy. See issue #248. Note that for best results, you’ll need a very recent PyPy build including CFFI 1.2.0.
Drop support for Python 2.5. Python 2.5 users can continue to use gevent 1.0.x.
Fix gevent.joinall() to not ignore count when
raise_error is False. See pull request #512 by Ivan Diao.
Fix gevent.subprocess.Popen to not ignore the bufsize argument. Note
that this changes the (platform dependent) default, typically from
buffered to unbuffered. See pull request #542 by Romuald Brunet.
Upgraded c-ares to 1.10.0. See pull request #579 by Omer Katz.
Caution
The c-ares configure script is now more strict about the
contents of environment variables such as CFLAGS and LDFLAGS
and they may have to be modified (for example, CFLAGS is no
longer allowed to include -I directives, which must instead be
placed in CPPFLAGS).
Add a count argument to gevent.iwait(). See pull request #482 by
wiggin15.
Add a timeout argument to gevent.queue.JoinableQueue.join()
which now returns whether all items were waited for or not.
gevent.queue.JoinableQueue treats items passed to
__init__ as unfinished tasks, the same as if they were put.
Initial pull request #554 by DuLLSoN.
gevent.pywsgi no longer prints debugging information for the
normal conditions of a premature client disconnect. See issue #136,
fixed in pull request #377 by Paul Collier.
(Experimental.) Waiting on or getting results from greenlets that raised exceptions now usually raises the original traceback. This should assist things like Sentry to track the original problem. See issue #450 and issue #528 by Rodolfo and Eddi Linder and issue #240 by Erik Allik.
Upgrade to libev 4.20. See pull request #590 by Peter Renström.
Fix gevent.baseserver.BaseServer to be printable when its
handle function is an instancemethod of itself. See pull request #501 by Joe
Jevnik.
Make the acquire method of gevent.lock.DummySemaphore always
return True, supporting its use-case as an “infinite” or unbounded
semaphore providing no exclusion, and allowing the idiom if
sem.acquire(): .... See pull request #544 by Mouad Benchchaoui.
Patch subprocess by default in gevent.monkey.patch_all. See
issue #446.
gevent.pool.Group.imap and imap_unordered now accept
multiple iterables like itertools.imap. issue #565 reported by
Thomas Steinacher.
Compatibility note: gevent.baseserver.BaseServer and
its subclass gevent.server.StreamServer now deterministically
close the client socket when the request handler returns.
Previously, the socket was left at the mercies of the garbage
collector; under CPython 2.x this meant when the last reference went
away, which was usually, but not necessarily, when the request
handler returned, but under PyPy it was some arbitrary point in the
future and under CPython 3.x a ResourceWarning could be generated.
This was undocumented behaviour, and the client socket could be kept
open after the request handler returned either accidentally or intentionally.
Compatibility note: pywsgi now ensures that headers can be
encoded in latin-1 (ISO-8859-1). This improves adherence to the HTTP
standard (and is necessary under Python 3). Under certain
conditions, previous versions could have allowed non-ISO-8859-1
headers to be sent, but their interpretation by a conforming
recipient is unknown; now, a UnicodeError will be raised. See issue #614.
Next page: Changes in gevent 1.0