Easy, clean, reliable Python 2/3 compatibility

python-future is the missing compatibility layer between Python 2 and Python 3. It allows you to use a single, clean Python 3.x-compatible codebase to support both Python 2 and Python 3 with minimal overhead.

Contents:

• What’s New
  • What’s new in version 0.18.2 (2019-10-30)
  • What’s new in version 0.18.1 (2019-10-09)
  • What’s new in version 0.18.0 (2019-10-09)
  • What’s new in version 0.17.1 (2018-10-30)
  • What’s new in version 0.17.0 (2018-10-19)
  • What’s new in version 0.16.0 (2016-10-27)
  • What’s new in version 0.15.2 (2015-09-11)
  • What’s new in version 0.15.1 (2015-09-09)
  • What’s new in version 0.15.0 (2015-07-25)
  • Previous versions
• Overview: Easy, clean, reliable Python 2/3 compatibility
  • Features
  • Code examples
  • Automatic conversion to Py2/3-compatible code
  • Automatic translation
  • Licensing
  • Next steps
• Quick-start guide
  • Installation
  • If you are writing code from scratch
  • To convert existing Python 3 code
  • To convert existing Python 2 code
  • Standard library reorganization
  • Python 2-only dependencies
  • Next steps
• Cheat Sheet: Writing Python 2-3 compatible code
  • Setup
  • Essential syntax differences
  • Strings and bytes
  • Imports relative to a package
  • Dictionaries
  • Custom class behaviour
  • Lists versus iterators
  • Other builtins
  • Standard library
• Imports
  • __future__ imports
  • Imports of builtins
  • Standard library imports
  • External standard-library backports
  • Included full backports
  • Using Python 2-only dependencies on Python 3
  • Should I import unicode_literals?
  • Next steps
• What else you need to know
  • bytes
  • str
  • dict
  • int
  • isinstance
  • Passing data to/from Python 2 libraries
  • Native string type
  • open()
  • Custom __str__ methods
  • Custom iterators
  • Binding a method to a class
  • Metaclasses
• Automatic conversion to Py2/3
  • futurize: Py2 to Py2/3
  • futurize quick-start guide
  • pasteurize: Py3 to Py2/3
  • Known limitations
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
  • Who is this for?
  • Why upgrade to Python 3?
  • Porting philosophy
  • Maturity
  • Relationship between python-future and other compatibility tools
  • Platform and version support
  • Support
  • Contributing
• Standard library incompatibilities
  • array.array()
  • array.array.read()
  • base64.decodebytes() and base64.encodebytes()
  • re.ASCII
  • struct.pack()
• Older interfaces
  • future.moves interface
  • import_ and from_import functions
  • Context-manager for import hooks
  • install_hooks() call (deprecated)
• Changes in previous versions
  • Changes in version 0.14.3 (2014-12-15)
  • Changes in version 0.14.2 (2014-11-21)
  • Changes in version 0.14.1 (2014-10-02)
  • Changes in version 0.14.0 (2014-10-02)
  • Changes in version 0.13.1 (2014-09-23)
  • Changes in version 0.13.0 (2014-08-13)
  • Changes in version 0.12.4 (2014-07-18)
  • Changes in version 0.12.3 (2014-06-19)
  • Changes in version 0.12.2 (2014-05-25)
  • Changes in version 0.12.1 (2014-05-14)
  • Changes in version 0.12.0 (2014-05-06)
  • Changes in version 0.11.4 (2014-05-25)
  • Changes in version 0.11.3 (2014-02-27)
  • Changes in version 0.11 (2014-01-28)
  • Changes in version 0.10.2 (2014-01-11)
  • Changes in version 0.10.0 (2013-12-02)
  • Changes in version 0.9 (2013-11-06)
  • Changes in version 0.8 (2013-10-28)
  • Summary of all changes
• Licensing and credits
  • Licence
  • Sponsors
  • Maintainer
  • Authors
  • Other Credits
• API Reference (in progress)
  • future.builtins Interface
  • Backported types from Python 3
  • future.standard_library Interface
  • future.utils Interface
  • past.builtins Interface
  • Forward-ported types from Python 2

Indices and tables

• Index

• Module Index

• Search Page