**********************
Fitting Models to Data
**********************

This module provides wrappers, called Fitters, around some Numpy and Scipy
fitting functions. All Fitters can be called as functions. They take an
instance of `~astropy.modeling.FittableModel` as input and modify its
``parameters`` attribute. The idea is to make this extensible and allow
users to easily add other fitters.

Linear fitting is done using Numpy's `numpy.linalg.lstsq` function.  There are
currently non-linear fitters which use `scipy.optimize.leastsq`,
`scipy.optimize.least_squares`, and `scipy.optimize.fmin_slsqp`.

The rules for passing input to fitters are:

* Non-linear fitters currently work only with single models (not model sets).

* The linear fitter can fit a single input to multiple model sets creating
  multiple fitted models.  This may require specifying the ``model_set_axis``
  argument just as used when evaluating models; this may be required for the
  fitter to know how to broadcast the input data.

* The `~astropy.modeling.fitting.LinearLSQFitter` currently works only with
  simple (not compound) models.

* The current fitters work only with models that have a single output
  (including bivariate functions such as
  `~astropy.modeling.polynomial.Chebyshev2D` but not compound models that map
  ``x, y -> x', y'``).

* The units of the fitting data and the model parameters are stripped before fitting
  so that the underlying ``scipy`` methods can handle this data. One should be aware
  of this when fitting data with units as unit conversions will only be performed
  initially. These conversions will be performed using the ``equivalencies``
  argument to the fitter combined with the ``model.input_units_equivalencies`` attribute
  of the model being fit.

.. note::
    In general, non-linear fitters do not support fitting to data which contains
    non-finite values: ``NaN``, ``Inf``, or ``-Inf``. This is a limitation of the
    underlying scipy library. As a consequence, an error will be raised whenever
    any non-finite value is present in the data to be fitted. To avoid this error
    users should "filter" the non-finite values from their data, for example
    when fitting a ``model``, with a ``fitter`` using ``data`` containing non-finite
    values one can "filter" these problems as follows for the 1D case::

          # Filter non-finite values from data
          mask = np.isfinite(data)
          # Fit model to filtered data
          model = fitter(model, x[mask], data[mask])

    or for the 2D case::

          # Filter non-finite values from data
          mask = np.isfinite(data)
          # Fit model to filtered data
          model = fitter(model, x[mask], y[mask], data[mask])

.. _modeling-getting-started-nonlinear-notes:

Notes on non-linear fitting
---------------------------

There are several non-linear fitters, which rely on several different optimization
algorithms now. Choice of algorithm is problem dependent. The main non-linear
fitters are:

* :class:`~astropy.modeling.fitting.LevMarLSQFitter`, which uses the Levenberg-Marquardt
  algorithm via the scipy legacy function `scipy.optimize.leastsq`. This fitter supports
  parameter bounds via an unsophisticated min/max condition which can cause parameters
  to "stick" to one of the bounds if during the fitting process the parameter gets close
  to the bound during some of the intermediate fitting operations.

* :class:`~astropy.modeling.fitting.TRFLSQFitter`, which uses the Trust Region Reflective
  (TRF) algorithm that is particularly suitable for large sparse problems with bounds, see
  `scipy.optimize.least_squares` for more details. Note that this fitter supports parameter
  bounds in a sophisticated fashion which prevents fitting from "sticking" to one of the
  bounds provided. This fitter can be switched over to using the min/max bound method
  by setting ``use_min_max_bounds=False`` when initializing the fitter. This is the recommended
  algorithm by scipy.

* :class:`~astropy.modeling.fitting.DogBoxLSQFitter`, which uses the dogleg algorithm
  with rectangular trust regions, typical use case is small problems with bounds. Not
  recommended for problems with rank-deficient Jacobian, see `scipy.optimize.least_squares`
  for more details. This fitter supports bounds in the same fashion that
  :class:`~astropy.modeling.fitting.TRFLSQFitter` does.

* :class:`~astropy.modeling.fitting.LMLSQFitter`, which uses the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)
  algorithm as implemented by `scipy.optimize.least_squares`. Does not handle bounds and/or
  sparse Jacobians. Usually the most efficient method for small unconstrained problems.
  If a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is desired for your problem, it is now recommended that
  you use this fitter instead of :class:`~astropy.modeling.fitting.LevMarLSQFitter` as it
  makes use of the recommended version of this algorithm in scipy.

.. _modeling-getting-started-1d-fitting:

Simple 1-D model fitting
------------------------

In this section, we look at a simple example of fitting a Gaussian to a
simulated dataset. We use the `~astropy.modeling.functional_models.Gaussian1D`
and `~astropy.modeling.functional_models.Trapezoid1D` models and the
`~astropy.modeling.fitting.LevMarLSQFitter` fitter to fit the data:

.. plot::
   :include-source:

    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from astropy.modeling import models, fitting

    # Generate fake data
    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
    x = np.linspace(-5., 5., 200)
    y = 3 * np.exp(-0.5 * (x - 1.3)**2 / 0.8**2)
    y += rng.normal(0., 0.2, x.shape)

    # Fit the data using a box model.
    # Bounds are not really needed but included here to demonstrate usage.
    t_init = models.Trapezoid1D(amplitude=1., x_0=0., width=1., slope=0.5,
                                bounds={"x_0": (-5., 5.)})
    fit_t = fitting.LevMarLSQFitter()
    t = fit_t(t_init, x, y)

    # Fit the data using a Gaussian
    g_init = models.Gaussian1D(amplitude=1., mean=0, stddev=1.)
    fit_g = fitting.LevMarLSQFitter()
    g = fit_g(g_init, x, y)

    # Plot the data with the best-fit model
    plt.figure(figsize=(8,5))
    plt.plot(x, y, 'ko')
    plt.plot(x, t(x), label='Trapezoid')
    plt.plot(x, g(x), label='Gaussian')
    plt.xlabel('Position')
    plt.ylabel('Flux')
    plt.legend(loc=2)

As shown above, once instantiated, the fitter class can be used as a function
that takes the initial model (``t_init`` or ``g_init``) and the data values
(``x`` and ``y``), and returns a fitted model (``t`` or ``g``).

.. _modeling-getting-started-2d-fitting:

Simple 2-D model fitting
------------------------

Similarly to the 1-D example, we can create a simulated 2-D data dataset, and
fit a polynomial model to it.  This could be used for example to fit the
background in an image.

.. plot::
   :include-source:

    import warnings
    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from astropy.modeling import models, fitting
    from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyUserWarning

    # Generate fake data
    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
    y, x = np.mgrid[:128, :128]
    z = 2. * x ** 2 - 0.5 * x ** 2 + 1.5 * x * y - 1.
    z += rng.normal(0., 0.1, z.shape) * 50000.

    # Fit the data using astropy.modeling
    p_init = models.Polynomial2D(degree=2)
    fit_p = fitting.LevMarLSQFitter()

    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        # Ignore model linearity warning from the fitter
        warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', message='Model is linear in parameters',
                                category=AstropyUserWarning)
        p = fit_p(p_init, x, y, z)

    # Plot the data with the best-fit model
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 2.5))
    plt.subplot(1, 3, 1)
    plt.imshow(z, origin='lower', interpolation='nearest', vmin=-1e4, vmax=5e4)
    plt.title("Data")
    plt.subplot(1, 3, 2)
    plt.imshow(p(x, y), origin='lower', interpolation='nearest', vmin=-1e4,
               vmax=5e4)
    plt.title("Model")
    plt.subplot(1, 3, 3)
    plt.imshow(z - p(x, y), origin='lower', interpolation='nearest', vmin=-1e4,
               vmax=5e4)
    plt.title("Residual")