.. DO NOT EDIT.
.. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY.
.. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE:
.. "generated/examples/coordinates/plot_obs-planning.py"
.. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW.

.. only:: html

    .. note::
        :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note

        Click :ref:`here <sphx_glr_download_generated_examples_coordinates_plot_obs-planning.py>`
        to download the full example code

.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title

.. _sphx_glr_generated_examples_coordinates_plot_obs-planning.py:


===================================================================
Determining and plotting the altitude/azimuth of a celestial object
===================================================================

This example demonstrates coordinate transformations and the creation of
visibility curves to assist with observing run planning.

In this example, we make a `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord` instance for M33.
The altitude-azimuth coordinates are then found using
`astropy.coordinates.EarthLocation` and `astropy.time.Time` objects.

This example is meant to demonstrate the capabilities of the
`astropy.coordinates` package. For more convenient and/or complex observation
planning, consider the `astroplan <https://astroplan.readthedocs.org/>`_
package.


*By: Erik Tollerud, Kelle Cruz*

*License: BSD*

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 27-35

Let's suppose you are planning to visit picturesque Bear Mountain State Park
in New York, USA. You're bringing your telescope with you (of course), and
someone told you M33 is a great target to observe there. You happen to know
you're free at 11:00 pm local time, and you want to know if it will be up.
Astropy can answer that.

Import numpy and matplotlib. For the latter, use a nicer set of plot
parameters and set up support for plotting/converting quantities.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 35-45

.. code-block:: default


    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import numpy as np

    from astropy.visualization import astropy_mpl_style, quantity_support

    plt.style.use(astropy_mpl_style)
    quantity_support()






.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 Out:

 .. code-block:: none


    <astropy.visualization.units.quantity_support.<locals>.MplQuantityConverter object at 0x7f7d758c4610>



.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 46-48

Import the packages necessary for finding coordinates and making
coordinate transformations

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 48-53

.. code-block:: default


    import astropy.units as u
    from astropy.coordinates import AltAz, EarthLocation, SkyCoord
    from astropy.time import Time








.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 54-58

`astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord.from_name` uses Simbad to resolve object
names and retrieve coordinates.

Get the coordinates of M33:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 58-61

.. code-block:: default


    m33 = SkyCoord(23.4621 * u.deg, 30.6599417 * u.deg)








.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 62-64

Use `astropy.coordinates.EarthLocation` to provide the location of Bear
Mountain and set the time to 11pm EDT on 2012 July 12:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 64-69

.. code-block:: default


    bear_mountain = EarthLocation(lat=41.3*u.deg, lon=-74*u.deg, height=390*u.m)
    utcoffset = -4*u.hour  # Eastern Daylight Time
    time = Time('2012-7-12 23:00:00') - utcoffset








.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 70-76

`astropy.coordinates.EarthLocation.get_site_names` and
`~astropy.coordinates.EarthLocation.get_site_names` can be used to get
locations of major observatories.

Use `astropy.coordinates` to find the Alt, Az coordinates of M33 at as
observed from Bear Mountain at 11pm on 2012 July 12.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 76-80

.. code-block:: default


    m33altaz = m33.transform_to(AltAz(obstime=time,location=bear_mountain))
    print(f"M33's Altitude = {m33altaz.alt:.2}")





.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 Out:

 .. code-block:: none

    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://datacenter.iers.org/data/9/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:786: IERSWarning: unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B
      warn("unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B", IERSWarning)
    M33's Altitude = 0.13 deg




.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 81-87

This is helpful since it turns out M33 is barely above the horizon at this
time. It's more informative to find M33's airmass over the course of
the night.

Find the alt,az coordinates of M33 at 100 times evenly spaced between 10pm
and 7am EDT:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 87-94

.. code-block:: default


    midnight = Time('2012-7-13 00:00:00') - utcoffset
    delta_midnight = np.linspace(-2, 10, 100)*u.hour
    frame_July13night = AltAz(obstime=midnight+delta_midnight,
                              location=bear_mountain)
    m33altazs_July13night = m33.transform_to(frame_July13night)





.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 Out:

 .. code-block:: none

    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://datacenter.iers.org/data/9/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:786: IERSWarning: unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B
      warn("unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B", IERSWarning)




.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 95-96

convert alt, az to airmass with `~astropy.coordinates.AltAz.secz` attribute:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 96-99

.. code-block:: default


    m33airmasss_July13night = m33altazs_July13night.secz








.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 100-101

Plot the airmass as a function of time:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 101-109

.. code-block:: default


    plt.plot(delta_midnight, m33airmasss_July13night)
    plt.xlim(-2, 10)
    plt.ylim(1, 4)
    plt.xlabel('Hours from EDT Midnight')
    plt.ylabel('Airmass [Sec(z)]')
    plt.show()




.. image-sg:: /generated/examples/coordinates/images/sphx_glr_plot_obs-planning_001.png
   :alt: plot obs planning
   :srcset: /generated/examples/coordinates/images/sphx_glr_plot_obs-planning_001.png
   :class: sphx-glr-single-img





.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 110-112

Use  `~astropy.coordinates.get_sun` to find the location of the Sun at 1000
evenly spaced times between noon on July 12 and noon on July 13:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 112-121

.. code-block:: default


    from astropy.coordinates import get_sun

    delta_midnight = np.linspace(-12, 12, 1000)*u.hour
    times_July12_to_13 = midnight + delta_midnight
    frame_July12_to_13 = AltAz(obstime=times_July12_to_13, location=bear_mountain)
    sunaltazs_July12_to_13 = get_sun(times_July12_to_13).transform_to(frame_July12_to_13)






.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 Out:

 .. code-block:: none

    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://datacenter.iers.org/data/9/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:786: IERSWarning: unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B
      warn("unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B", IERSWarning)




.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 122-125

Do the same with `~astropy.coordinates.get_moon` to find when the moon is
up. Be aware that this will need to download a 10MB file from the internet
to get a precise location of the moon.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 125-131

.. code-block:: default


    from astropy.coordinates import get_moon

    moon_July12_to_13 = get_moon(times_July12_to_13)
    moonaltazs_July12_to_13 = moon_July12_to_13.transform_to(frame_July12_to_13)





.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 Out:

 .. code-block:: none

    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://datacenter.iers.org/data/9/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:786: IERSWarning: unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B
      warn("unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B", IERSWarning)




.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 132-133

Find the alt,az coordinates of M33 at those same times:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 133-136

.. code-block:: default


    m33altazs_July12_to_13 = m33.transform_to(frame_July12_to_13)





.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 Out:

 .. code-block:: none

    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://datacenter.iers.org/data/9/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:771: IERSWarning: failed to download https://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/finals2000A.all: <urlopen error [Errno 101] Network is unreachable>
      warn(f"failed to download {url}: {err}", IERSWarning)
    /build/astropy-HnJipp/astropy-5.2.1/debian/tmp/usr/lib/python3.11/dist-packages/astropy/utils/iers/iers.py:786: IERSWarning: unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B
      warn("unable to download valid IERS file, using local IERS-B", IERSWarning)




.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 137-139

Make a beautiful figure illustrating nighttime and the altitudes of M33 and
the Sun over that time:

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 139-157

.. code-block:: default


    plt.plot(delta_midnight, sunaltazs_July12_to_13.alt, color='r', label='Sun')
    plt.plot(delta_midnight, moonaltazs_July12_to_13.alt, color=[0.75]*3, ls='--', label='Moon')
    plt.scatter(delta_midnight, m33altazs_July12_to_13.alt,
                c=m33altazs_July12_to_13.az, label='M33', lw=0, s=8,
                cmap='viridis')
    plt.fill_between(delta_midnight, 0*u.deg, 90*u.deg,
                     sunaltazs_July12_to_13.alt < -0*u.deg, color='0.5', zorder=0)
    plt.fill_between(delta_midnight, 0*u.deg, 90*u.deg,
                     sunaltazs_July12_to_13.alt < -18*u.deg, color='k', zorder=0)
    plt.colorbar().set_label('Azimuth [deg]')
    plt.legend(loc='upper left')
    plt.xlim(-12*u.hour, 12*u.hour)
    plt.xticks((np.arange(13)*2-12)*u.hour)
    plt.ylim(0*u.deg, 90*u.deg)
    plt.xlabel('Hours from EDT Midnight')
    plt.ylabel('Altitude [deg]')
    plt.show()



.. image-sg:: /generated/examples/coordinates/images/sphx_glr_plot_obs-planning_002.png
   :alt: plot obs planning
   :srcset: /generated/examples/coordinates/images/sphx_glr_plot_obs-planning_002.png
   :class: sphx-glr-single-img






.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing

   **Total running time of the script:** ( 0 minutes  4.633 seconds)


.. _sphx_glr_download_generated_examples_coordinates_plot_obs-planning.py:


.. only :: html

 .. container:: sphx-glr-footer
    :class: sphx-glr-footer-example



  .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python

     :download:`Download Python source code: plot_obs-planning.py <plot_obs-planning.py>`



  .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter

     :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_obs-planning.ipynb <plot_obs-planning.ipynb>`


.. only:: html

 .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature

    `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery <https://sphinx-gallery.github.io>`_