Source code for astropy.modeling.core

# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst

"""
This module defines base classes for all models.  The base class of all
models is `~astropy.modeling.Model`. `~astropy.modeling.FittableModel` is
the base class for all fittable models. Fittable models can be linear or
nonlinear in a regression analysis sense.

All models provide a `__call__` method which performs the transformation in
a purely mathematical way, i.e. the models are unitless.  Model instances can
represent either a single model, or a "model set" representing multiple copies
of the same type of model, but with potentially different values of the
parameters in each model making up the set.
"""
# pylint: disable=invalid-name, protected-access, redefined-outer-name
import abc
import copy
import functools
import inspect
import itertools
import operator
import types
from collections import defaultdict, deque
from inspect import signature
from itertools import chain

import numpy as np

from astropy.nddata.utils import add_array, extract_array
from astropy.table import Table
from astropy.units import Quantity, UnitsError, dimensionless_unscaled
from astropy.units.utils import quantity_asanyarray
from astropy.utils import (
    IncompatibleShapeError,
    check_broadcast,
    find_current_module,
    indent,
    isiterable,
    metadata,
    sharedmethod,
)
from astropy.utils.codegen import make_function_with_signature

from .bounding_box import CompoundBoundingBox, ModelBoundingBox
from .parameters import InputParameterError, Parameter, _tofloat, param_repr_oneline
from .utils import (
    _combine_equivalency_dict,
    _ConstraintsDict,
    _SpecialOperatorsDict,
    combine_labels,
    get_inputs_and_params,
    make_binary_operator_eval,
)

__all__ = [
    "Model",
    "FittableModel",
    "Fittable1DModel",
    "Fittable2DModel",
    "CompoundModel",
    "fix_inputs",
    "custom_model",
    "ModelDefinitionError",
    "bind_bounding_box",
    "bind_compound_bounding_box",
]


def _model_oper(oper, **kwargs):
    """
    Returns a function that evaluates a given Python arithmetic operator
    between two models.  The operator should be given as a string, like ``'+'``
    or ``'**'``.
    """
    return lambda left, right: CompoundModel(oper, left, right, **kwargs)


[docs]class ModelDefinitionError(TypeError): """Used for incorrect models definitions."""
class _ModelMeta(abc.ABCMeta): """ Metaclass for Model. Currently just handles auto-generating the param_names list based on Parameter descriptors declared at the class-level of Model subclasses. """ _is_dynamic = False """ This flag signifies whether this class was created in the "normal" way, with a class statement in the body of a module, as opposed to a call to `type` or some other metaclass constructor, such that the resulting class does not belong to a specific module. This is important for pickling of dynamic classes. This flag is always forced to False for new classes, so code that creates dynamic classes should manually set it to True on those classes when creating them. """ # Default empty dict for _parameters_, which will be empty on model # classes that don't have any Parameters def __new__(mcls, name, bases, members, **kwds): # See the docstring for _is_dynamic above if "_is_dynamic" not in members: members["_is_dynamic"] = mcls._is_dynamic opermethods = [ ("__add__", _model_oper("+")), ("__sub__", _model_oper("-")), ("__mul__", _model_oper("*")), ("__truediv__", _model_oper("/")), ("__pow__", _model_oper("**")), ("__or__", _model_oper("|")), ("__and__", _model_oper("&")), ("_fix_inputs", _model_oper("fix_inputs")), ] members["_parameters_"] = { k: v for k, v in members.items() if isinstance(v, Parameter) } for opermethod, opercall in opermethods: members[opermethod] = opercall cls = super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, members, **kwds) param_names = list(members["_parameters_"]) # Need to walk each base MRO to collect all parameter names for base in bases: for tbase in base.__mro__: if issubclass(tbase, Model): # Preserve order of definitions param_names = list(tbase._parameters_) + param_names # Remove duplicates (arising from redefinition in subclass). param_names = list(dict.fromkeys(param_names)) if cls._parameters_: if hasattr(cls, "_param_names"): # Slight kludge to support compound models, where # cls.param_names is a property; could be improved with a # little refactoring but fine for now cls._param_names = tuple(param_names) else: cls.param_names = tuple(param_names) return cls def __init__(cls, name, bases, members, **kwds): super().__init__(name, bases, members, **kwds) cls._create_inverse_property(members) cls._create_bounding_box_property(members) pdict = {} for base in bases: for tbase in base.__mro__: if issubclass(tbase, Model): for parname, val in cls._parameters_.items(): pdict[parname] = val cls._handle_special_methods(members, pdict) def __repr__(cls): """ Custom repr for Model subclasses. """ return cls._format_cls_repr() def _repr_pretty_(cls, p, cycle): """ Repr for IPython's pretty printer. By default IPython "pretty prints" classes, so we need to implement this so that IPython displays the custom repr for Models. """ p.text(repr(cls)) def __reduce__(cls): if not cls._is_dynamic: # Just return a string specifying where the class can be imported # from return cls.__name__ members = dict(cls.__dict__) # Delete any ABC-related attributes--these will be restored when # the class is reconstructed: for key in list(members): if key.startswith("_abc_"): del members[key] # Delete custom __init__ and __call__ if they exist: for key in ("__init__", "__call__"): if key in members: del members[key] return (type(cls), (cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, members)) @property def name(cls): """ The name of this model class--equivalent to ``cls.__name__``. This attribute is provided for symmetry with the `Model.name` attribute of model instances. """ return cls.__name__ @property def _is_concrete(cls): """ A class-level property that determines whether the class is a concrete implementation of a Model--i.e. it is not some abstract base class or internal implementation detail (i.e. begins with '_'). """ return not (cls.__name__.startswith("_") or inspect.isabstract(cls)) def rename(cls, name=None, inputs=None, outputs=None): """ Creates a copy of this model class with a new name, inputs or outputs. The new class is technically a subclass of the original class, so that instance and type checks will still work. For example:: >>> from astropy.modeling.models import Rotation2D >>> SkyRotation = Rotation2D.rename('SkyRotation') >>> SkyRotation <class 'astropy.modeling.core.SkyRotation'> Name: SkyRotation (Rotation2D) N_inputs: 2 N_outputs: 2 Fittable parameters: ('angle',) >>> issubclass(SkyRotation, Rotation2D) True >>> r = SkyRotation(90) >>> isinstance(r, Rotation2D) True """ mod = find_current_module(2) if mod: modname = mod.__name__ else: modname = "__main__" if name is None: name = cls.name if inputs is None: inputs = cls.inputs else: if not isinstance(inputs, tuple): raise TypeError("Expected 'inputs' to be a tuple of strings.") elif len(inputs) != len(cls.inputs): raise ValueError(f"{cls.name} expects {len(cls.inputs)} inputs") if outputs is None: outputs = cls.outputs else: if not isinstance(outputs, tuple): raise TypeError("Expected 'outputs' to be a tuple of strings.") elif len(outputs) != len(cls.outputs): raise ValueError(f"{cls.name} expects {len(cls.outputs)} outputs") new_cls = type(name, (cls,), {"inputs": inputs, "outputs": outputs}) new_cls.__module__ = modname new_cls.__qualname__ = name return new_cls def _create_inverse_property(cls, members): inverse = members.get("inverse") if inverse is None or cls.__bases__[0] is object: # The latter clause is the prevent the below code from running on # the Model base class, which implements the default getter and # setter for .inverse return if isinstance(inverse, property): # We allow the @property decorator to be omitted entirely from # the class definition, though its use should be encouraged for # clarity inverse = inverse.fget # Store the inverse getter internally, then delete the given .inverse # attribute so that cls.inverse resolves to Model.inverse instead cls._inverse = inverse del cls.inverse def _create_bounding_box_property(cls, members): """ Takes any bounding_box defined on a concrete Model subclass (either as a fixed tuple or a property or method) and wraps it in the generic getter/setter interface for the bounding_box attribute. """ # TODO: Much of this is verbatim from _create_inverse_property--I feel # like there could be a way to generify properties that work this way, # but for the time being that would probably only confuse things more. bounding_box = members.get("bounding_box") if bounding_box is None or cls.__bases__[0] is object: return if isinstance(bounding_box, property): bounding_box = bounding_box.fget if not callable(bounding_box): # See if it's a hard-coded bounding_box (as a sequence) and # normalize it try: bounding_box = ModelBoundingBox.validate( cls, bounding_box, _preserve_ignore=True ) except ValueError as exc: raise ModelDefinitionError(exc.args[0]) else: sig = signature(bounding_box) # May be a method that only takes 'self' as an argument (like a # property, but the @property decorator was forgotten) # # However, if the method takes additional arguments then this is a # parameterized bounding box and should be callable if len(sig.parameters) > 1: bounding_box = cls._create_bounding_box_subclass(bounding_box, sig) # See the Model.bounding_box getter definition for how this attribute # is used cls._bounding_box = bounding_box del cls.bounding_box def _create_bounding_box_subclass(cls, func, sig): """ For Models that take optional arguments for defining their bounding box, we create a subclass of ModelBoundingBox with a ``__call__`` method that supports those additional arguments. Takes the function's Signature as an argument since that is already computed in _create_bounding_box_property, so no need to duplicate that effort. """ # TODO: Might be convenient if calling the bounding box also # automatically sets the _user_bounding_box. So that # # >>> model.bounding_box(arg=1) # # in addition to returning the computed bbox, also sets it, so that # it's a shortcut for # # >>> model.bounding_box = model.bounding_box(arg=1) # # Not sure if that would be non-obvious / confusing though... def __call__(self, **kwargs): return func(self._model, **kwargs) kwargs = [] for idx, param in enumerate(sig.parameters.values()): if idx == 0: # Presumed to be a 'self' argument continue if param.default is param.empty: raise ModelDefinitionError( f"The bounding_box method for {cls.name} is not correctly " "defined: If defined as a method all arguments to that " "method (besides self) must be keyword arguments with " "default values that can be used to compute a default " "bounding box." ) kwargs.append((param.name, param.default)) __call__.__signature__ = sig return type( f"{cls.name}ModelBoundingBox", (ModelBoundingBox,), {"__call__": __call__} ) def _handle_special_methods(cls, members, pdict): # Handle init creation from inputs def update_wrapper(wrapper, cls): # Set up the new __call__'s metadata attributes as though it were # manually defined in the class definition # A bit like functools.update_wrapper but uses the class instead of # the wrapped function wrapper.__module__ = cls.__module__ wrapper.__doc__ = getattr(cls, wrapper.__name__).__doc__ if hasattr(cls, "__qualname__"): wrapper.__qualname__ = f"{cls.__qualname__}.{wrapper.__name__}" if ( "__call__" not in members and "n_inputs" in members and isinstance(members["n_inputs"], int) and members["n_inputs"] > 0 ): # Don't create a custom __call__ for classes that already have one # explicitly defined (this includes the Model base class, and any # other classes that manually override __call__ def __call__(self, *inputs, **kwargs): """Evaluate this model on the supplied inputs.""" return super(cls, self).__call__(*inputs, **kwargs) # When called, models can take two optional keyword arguments: # # * model_set_axis, which indicates (for multi-dimensional input) # which axis is used to indicate different models # # * equivalencies, a dictionary of equivalencies to be applied to # the input values, where each key should correspond to one of # the inputs. # # The following code creates the __call__ function with these # two keyword arguments. args = ("self",) kwargs = { "model_set_axis": None, "with_bounding_box": False, "fill_value": np.nan, "equivalencies": None, "inputs_map": None, } new_call = make_function_with_signature( __call__, args, kwargs, varargs="inputs", varkwargs="new_inputs" ) # The following makes it look like __call__ # was defined in the class update_wrapper(new_call, cls) cls.__call__ = new_call if ( "__init__" not in members and not inspect.isabstract(cls) and cls._parameters_ ): # Build list of all parameters including inherited ones # If *all* the parameters have default values we can make them # keyword arguments; otherwise they must all be positional # arguments if all(p.default is not None for p in pdict.values()): args = ("self",) kwargs = [] for param_name, param_val in pdict.items(): default = param_val.default unit = param_val.unit # If the unit was specified in the parameter but the # default is not a Quantity, attach the unit to the # default. if unit is not None: default = Quantity(default, unit, copy=False, subok=True) kwargs.append((param_name, default)) else: args = ("self",) + tuple(pdict.keys()) kwargs = {} def __init__(self, *params, **kwargs): return super(cls, self).__init__(*params, **kwargs) new_init = make_function_with_signature( __init__, args, kwargs, varkwargs="kwargs" ) update_wrapper(new_init, cls) cls.__init__ = new_init # *** Arithmetic operators for creating compound models *** __add__ = _model_oper("+") __sub__ = _model_oper("-") __mul__ = _model_oper("*") __truediv__ = _model_oper("/") __pow__ = _model_oper("**") __or__ = _model_oper("|") __and__ = _model_oper("&") _fix_inputs = _model_oper("fix_inputs") # *** Other utilities *** def _format_cls_repr(cls, keywords=[]): """ Internal implementation of ``__repr__``. This is separated out for ease of use by subclasses that wish to override the default ``__repr__`` while keeping the same basic formatting. """ # For the sake of familiarity start the output with the standard class # __repr__ parts = [super().__repr__()] if not cls._is_concrete: return parts[0] def format_inheritance(cls): bases = [] for base in cls.mro()[1:]: if not issubclass(base, Model): continue elif inspect.isabstract(base) or base.__name__.startswith("_"): break bases.append(base.name) if bases: return f"{cls.name} ({' -> '.join(bases)})" return cls.name try: default_keywords = [ ("Name", format_inheritance(cls)), ("N_inputs", cls.n_inputs), ("N_outputs", cls.n_outputs), ] if cls.param_names: default_keywords.append(("Fittable parameters", cls.param_names)) for keyword, value in default_keywords + keywords: if value is not None: parts.append(f"{keyword}: {value}") return "\n".join(parts) except Exception: # If any of the above formatting fails fall back on the basic repr # (this is particularly useful in debugging) return parts[0]
[docs]class Model(metaclass=_ModelMeta): """ Base class for all models. This is an abstract class and should not be instantiated directly. The following initialization arguments apply to the majority of Model subclasses by default (exceptions include specialized utility models like `~astropy.modeling.mappings.Mapping`). Parametric models take all their parameters as arguments, followed by any of the following optional keyword arguments: Parameters ---------- name : str, optional A human-friendly name associated with this model instance (particularly useful for identifying the individual components of a compound model). meta : dict, optional An optional dict of user-defined metadata to attach to this model. How this is used and interpreted is up to the user or individual use case. n_models : int, optional If given an integer greater than 1, a *model set* is instantiated instead of a single model. This affects how the parameter arguments are interpreted. In this case each parameter must be given as a list or array--elements of this array are taken along the first axis (or ``model_set_axis`` if specified), such that the Nth element is the value of that parameter for the Nth model in the set. See the section on model sets in the documentation for more details. model_set_axis : int, optional This argument only applies when creating a model set (i.e. ``n_models > 1``). It changes how parameter values are interpreted. Normally the first axis of each input parameter array (properly the 0th axis) is taken as the axis corresponding to the model sets. However, any axis of an input array may be taken as this "model set axis". This accepts negative integers as well--for example use ``model_set_axis=-1`` if the last (most rapidly changing) axis should be associated with the model sets. Also, ``model_set_axis=False`` can be used to tell that a given input should be used to evaluate all the models in the model set. fixed : dict, optional Dictionary ``{parameter_name: bool}`` setting the fixed constraint for one or more parameters. `True` means the parameter is held fixed during fitting and is prevented from updates once an instance of the model has been created. Alternatively the `~astropy.modeling.Parameter.fixed` property of a parameter may be used to lock or unlock individual parameters. tied : dict, optional Dictionary ``{parameter_name: callable}`` of parameters which are linked to some other parameter. The dictionary values are callables providing the linking relationship. Alternatively the `~astropy.modeling.Parameter.tied` property of a parameter may be used to set the ``tied`` constraint on individual parameters. bounds : dict, optional A dictionary ``{parameter_name: value}`` of lower and upper bounds of parameters. Keys are parameter names. Values are a list or a tuple of length 2 giving the desired range for the parameter. Alternatively the `~astropy.modeling.Parameter.min` and `~astropy.modeling.Parameter.max` or ~astropy.modeling.Parameter.bounds` properties of a parameter may be used to set bounds on individual parameters. eqcons : list, optional List of functions of length n such that ``eqcons[j](x0, *args) == 0.0`` in a successfully optimized problem. ineqcons : list, optional List of functions of length n such that ``ieqcons[j](x0, *args) >= 0.0`` is a successfully optimized problem. Examples -------- >>> from astropy.modeling import models >>> def tie_center(model): ... mean = 50 * model.stddev ... return mean >>> tied_parameters = {'mean': tie_center} Specify that ``'mean'`` is a tied parameter in one of two ways: >>> g1 = models.Gaussian1D(amplitude=10, mean=5, stddev=.3, ... tied=tied_parameters) or >>> g1 = models.Gaussian1D(amplitude=10, mean=5, stddev=.3) >>> g1.mean.tied False >>> g1.mean.tied = tie_center >>> g1.mean.tied <function tie_center at 0x...> Fixed parameters: >>> g1 = models.Gaussian1D(amplitude=10, mean=5, stddev=.3, ... fixed={'stddev': True}) >>> g1.stddev.fixed True or >>> g1 = models.Gaussian1D(amplitude=10, mean=5, stddev=.3) >>> g1.stddev.fixed False >>> g1.stddev.fixed = True >>> g1.stddev.fixed True """ parameter_constraints = Parameter.constraints """ Primarily for informational purposes, these are the types of constraints that can be set on a model's parameters. """ model_constraints = ("eqcons", "ineqcons") """ Primarily for informational purposes, these are the types of constraints that constrain model evaluation. """ param_names = () """ Names of the parameters that describe models of this type. The parameters in this tuple are in the same order they should be passed in when initializing a model of a specific type. Some types of models, such as polynomial models, have a different number of parameters depending on some other property of the model, such as the degree. When defining a custom model class the value of this attribute is automatically set by the `~astropy.modeling.Parameter` attributes defined in the class body. """ n_inputs = 0 """The number of inputs.""" n_outputs = 0 """ The number of outputs.""" standard_broadcasting = True fittable = False linear = True _separable = None """ A boolean flag to indicate whether a model is separable.""" meta = metadata.MetaData() """A dict-like object to store optional information.""" # By default models either use their own inverse property or have no # inverse at all, but users may also assign a custom inverse to a model, # optionally; in that case it is of course up to the user to determine # whether their inverse is *actually* an inverse to the model they assign # it to. _inverse = None _user_inverse = None _bounding_box = None _user_bounding_box = None _has_inverse_bounding_box = False # Default n_models attribute, so that __len__ is still defined even when a # model hasn't completed initialization yet _n_models = 1 # New classes can set this as a boolean value. # It is converted to a dictionary mapping input name to a boolean value. _input_units_strict = False # Allow dimensionless input (and corresponding output). If this is True, # input values to evaluate will gain the units specified in input_units. If # this is a dictionary then it should map input name to a bool to allow # dimensionless numbers for that input. # Only has an effect if input_units is defined. _input_units_allow_dimensionless = False # Default equivalencies to apply to input values. If set, this should be a # dictionary where each key is a string that corresponds to one of the # model inputs. Only has an effect if input_units is defined. input_units_equivalencies = None # Covariance matrix can be set by fitter if available. # If cov_matrix is available, then std will set as well _cov_matrix = None _stds = None def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs): super().__init_subclass__() def __init__(self, *args, meta=None, name=None, **kwargs): super().__init__() self._default_inputs_outputs() if meta is not None: self.meta = meta self._name = name # add parameters to instance level by walking MRO list mro = self.__class__.__mro__ for cls in mro: if issubclass(cls, Model): for parname, val in cls._parameters_.items(): newpar = copy.deepcopy(val) newpar.model = self if parname not in self.__dict__: self.__dict__[parname] = newpar self._initialize_constraints(kwargs) kwargs = self._initialize_setters(kwargs) # Remaining keyword args are either parameter values or invalid # Parameter values must be passed in as keyword arguments in order to # distinguish them self._initialize_parameters(args, kwargs) self._initialize_slices() self._initialize_unit_support() def _default_inputs_outputs(self): if self.n_inputs == 1 and self.n_outputs == 1: self._inputs = ("x",) self._outputs = ("y",) elif self.n_inputs == 2 and self.n_outputs == 1: self._inputs = ("x", "y") self._outputs = ("z",) else: try: self._inputs = tuple("x" + str(idx) for idx in range(self.n_inputs)) self._outputs = tuple("x" + str(idx) for idx in range(self.n_outputs)) except TypeError: # self.n_inputs and self.n_outputs are properties # This is the case when subclasses of Model do not define # ``n_inputs``, ``n_outputs``, ``inputs`` or ``outputs``. self._inputs = () self._outputs = () def _initialize_setters(self, kwargs): """ This exists to inject defaults for settable properties for models originating from `custom_model`. """ if hasattr(self, "_settable_properties"): setters = { name: kwargs.pop(name, default) for name, default in self._settable_properties.items() } for name, value in setters.items(): setattr(self, name, value) return kwargs @property def inputs(self): return self._inputs @inputs.setter def inputs(self, val): if len(val) != self.n_inputs: raise ValueError( f"Expected {self.n_inputs} number of inputs, got {len(val)}." ) self._inputs = val self._initialize_unit_support() @property def outputs(self): return self._outputs @outputs.setter def outputs(self, val): if len(val) != self.n_outputs: raise ValueError( f"Expected {self.n_outputs} number of outputs, got {len(val)}." ) self._outputs = val @property def n_inputs(self): # TODO: remove the code in the ``if`` block when support # for models with ``inputs`` as class variables is removed. if hasattr(self.__class__, "n_inputs") and isinstance( self.__class__.n_inputs, property ): try: return len(self.__class__.inputs) except TypeError: try: return len(self.inputs) except AttributeError: return 0 return self.__class__.n_inputs @property def n_outputs(self): # TODO: remove the code in the ``if`` block when support # for models with ``outputs`` as class variables is removed. if hasattr(self.__class__, "n_outputs") and isinstance( self.__class__.n_outputs, property ): try: return len(self.__class__.outputs) except TypeError: try: return len(self.outputs) except AttributeError: return 0 return self.__class__.n_outputs def _calculate_separability_matrix(self): """ This is a hook which customises the behavior of modeling.separable. This allows complex subclasses to customise the separability matrix. If it returns `NotImplemented` the default behavior is used. """ return NotImplemented def _initialize_unit_support(self): """ Convert self._input_units_strict and self.input_units_allow_dimensionless to dictionaries mapping input name to a boolean value. """ if isinstance(self._input_units_strict, bool): self._input_units_strict = { key: self._input_units_strict for key in self.inputs } if isinstance(self._input_units_allow_dimensionless, bool): self._input_units_allow_dimensionless = { key: self._input_units_allow_dimensionless for key in self.inputs } @property def input_units_strict(self): """ Enforce strict units on inputs to evaluate. If this is set to True, input values to evaluate will be in the exact units specified by input_units. If the input quantities are convertible to input_units, they are converted. If this is a dictionary then it should map input name to a bool to set strict input units for that parameter. """ val = self._input_units_strict if isinstance(val, bool): return {key: val for key in self.inputs} return dict(zip(self.inputs, val.values())) @property def input_units_allow_dimensionless(self): """ Allow dimensionless input (and corresponding output). If this is True, input values to evaluate will gain the units specified in input_units. If this is a dictionary then it should map input name to a bool to allow dimensionless numbers for that input. Only has an effect if input_units is defined. """ val = self._input_units_allow_dimensionless if isinstance(val, bool): return {key: val for key in self.inputs} return dict(zip(self.inputs, val.values())) @property def uses_quantity(self): """ True if this model has been created with `~astropy.units.Quantity` objects or if there are no parameters. This can be used to determine if this model should be evaluated with `~astropy.units.Quantity` or regular floats. """ pisq = [isinstance(p, Quantity) for p in self._param_sets(units=True)] return (len(pisq) == 0) or any(pisq) def __repr__(self): return self._format_repr() def __str__(self): return self._format_str() def __len__(self): return self._n_models @staticmethod def _strip_ones(intup): return tuple(item for item in intup if item != 1) def __setattr__(self, attr, value): if isinstance(self, CompoundModel): param_names = self._param_names param_names = self.param_names if param_names is not None and attr in self.param_names: param = self.__dict__[attr] value = _tofloat(value) if param._validator is not None: param._validator(self, value) # check consistency with previous shape and size eshape = self._param_metrics[attr]["shape"] if eshape == (): eshape = (1,) vshape = np.array(value).shape if vshape == (): vshape = (1,) esize = self._param_metrics[attr]["size"] if np.size(value) != esize or self._strip_ones(vshape) != self._strip_ones( eshape ): raise InputParameterError( f"Value for parameter {attr} does not match shape or size\nexpected" f" by model ({vshape}, {np.size(value)}) vs ({eshape}, {esize})" ) if param.unit is None: if isinstance(value, Quantity): param._unit = value.unit param.value = value.value else: param.value = value else: if not isinstance(value, Quantity): raise UnitsError( f"The '{param.name}' parameter should be given as a" " Quantity because it was originally " "initialized as a Quantity" ) param._unit = value.unit param.value = value.value else: if attr in ["fittable", "linear"]: self.__dict__[attr] = value else: super().__setattr__(attr, value) def _pre_evaluate(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Model specific input setup that needs to occur prior to model evaluation """ # Broadcast inputs into common size inputs, broadcasted_shapes = self.prepare_inputs(*args, **kwargs) # Setup actual model evaluation method parameters = self._param_sets(raw=True, units=True) def evaluate(_inputs): return self.evaluate(*chain(_inputs, parameters)) return evaluate, inputs, broadcasted_shapes, kwargs
[docs] def get_bounding_box(self, with_bbox=True): """ Return the ``bounding_box`` of a model if it exists or ``None`` otherwise. Parameters ---------- with_bbox : The value of the ``with_bounding_box`` keyword argument when calling the model. Default is `True` for usage when looking up the model's ``bounding_box`` without risk of error. """ bbox = None if not isinstance(with_bbox, bool) or with_bbox: try: bbox = self.bounding_box except NotImplementedError: pass if isinstance(bbox, CompoundBoundingBox) and not isinstance( with_bbox, bool ): bbox = bbox[with_bbox] return bbox
@property def _argnames(self): """The inputs used to determine input_shape for bounding_box evaluation""" return self.inputs def _validate_input_shape( self, _input, idx, argnames, model_set_axis, check_model_set_axis ): """ Perform basic validation of a single model input's shape -- it has the minimum dimensions for the given model_set_axis Returns the shape of the input if validation succeeds. """ input_shape = np.shape(_input) # Ensure that the input's model_set_axis matches the model's # n_models if input_shape and check_model_set_axis: # Note: Scalar inputs *only* get a pass on this if len(input_shape) < model_set_axis + 1: raise ValueError( f"For model_set_axis={model_set_axis}, all inputs must be at " f"least {model_set_axis + 1}-dimensional." ) if input_shape[model_set_axis] != self._n_models: try: argname = argnames[idx] except IndexError: # the case of model.inputs = () argname = str(idx) raise ValueError( f"Input argument '{argname}' does not have the correct dimensions" f" in model_set_axis={model_set_axis} for a model set with" f" n_models={self._n_models}." ) return input_shape def _validate_input_shapes(self, inputs, argnames, model_set_axis): """ Perform basic validation of model inputs --that they are mutually broadcastable and that they have the minimum dimensions for the given model_set_axis. If validation succeeds, returns the total shape that will result from broadcasting the input arrays with each other. """ check_model_set_axis = self._n_models > 1 and model_set_axis is not False all_shapes = [] for idx, _input in enumerate(inputs): all_shapes.append( self._validate_input_shape( _input, idx, argnames, model_set_axis, check_model_set_axis ) ) input_shape = check_broadcast(*all_shapes) if input_shape is None: raise ValueError( "All inputs must have identical shapes or must be scalars." ) return input_shape
[docs] def input_shape(self, inputs): """Get input shape for bounding_box evaluation""" return self._validate_input_shapes(inputs, self._argnames, self.model_set_axis)
def _generic_evaluate(self, evaluate, _inputs, fill_value, with_bbox): """ Generic model evaluation routine Selects and evaluates model with or without bounding_box enforcement """ # Evaluate the model using the prepared evaluation method either # enforcing the bounding_box or not. bbox = self.get_bounding_box(with_bbox) if (not isinstance(with_bbox, bool) or with_bbox) and bbox is not None: outputs = bbox.evaluate(evaluate, _inputs, fill_value) else: outputs = evaluate(_inputs) return outputs def _post_evaluate(self, inputs, outputs, broadcasted_shapes, with_bbox, **kwargs): """ Model specific post evaluation processing of outputs """ if self.get_bounding_box(with_bbox) is None and self.n_outputs == 1: outputs = (outputs,) outputs = self.prepare_outputs(broadcasted_shapes, *outputs, **kwargs) outputs = self._process_output_units(inputs, outputs) if self.n_outputs == 1: return outputs[0] return outputs @property def bbox_with_units(self): return not isinstance(self, CompoundModel)
[docs] def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Evaluate this model using the given input(s) and the parameter values that were specified when the model was instantiated. """ # Turn any keyword arguments into positional arguments. args, kwargs = self._get_renamed_inputs_as_positional(*args, **kwargs) # Read model evaluation related parameters with_bbox = kwargs.pop("with_bounding_box", False) fill_value = kwargs.pop("fill_value", np.nan) # prepare for model evaluation (overridden in CompoundModel) evaluate, inputs, broadcasted_shapes, kwargs = self._pre_evaluate( *args, **kwargs ) outputs = self._generic_evaluate(evaluate, inputs, fill_value, with_bbox) # post-process evaluation results (overridden in CompoundModel) return self._post_evaluate( inputs, outputs, broadcasted_shapes, with_bbox, **kwargs )
def _get_renamed_inputs_as_positional(self, *args, **kwargs): def _keyword2positional(kwargs): # Inputs were passed as keyword (not positional) arguments. # Because the signature of the ``__call__`` is defined at # the class level, the name of the inputs cannot be changed at # the instance level and the old names are always present in the # signature of the method. In order to use the new names of the # inputs, the old names are taken out of ``kwargs``, the input # values are sorted in the order of self.inputs and passed as # positional arguments to ``__call__``. # These are the keys that are always present as keyword arguments. keys = [ "model_set_axis", "with_bounding_box", "fill_value", "equivalencies", "inputs_map", ] new_inputs = {} # kwargs contain the names of the new inputs + ``keys`` allkeys = list(kwargs.keys()) # Remove the names of the new inputs from kwargs and save them # to a dict ``new_inputs``. for key in allkeys: if key not in keys: new_inputs[key] = kwargs[key] del kwargs[key] return new_inputs, kwargs n_args = len(args) new_inputs, kwargs = _keyword2positional(kwargs) n_all_args = n_args + len(new_inputs) if n_all_args < self.n_inputs: raise ValueError( f"Missing input arguments - expected {self.n_inputs}, got {n_all_args}" ) elif n_all_args > self.n_inputs: raise ValueError( f"Too many input arguments - expected {self.n_inputs}, got {n_all_args}" ) if n_args == 0: # Create positional arguments from the keyword arguments in ``new_inputs``. new_args = [] for k in self.inputs: new_args.append(new_inputs[k]) elif n_args != self.n_inputs: # Some inputs are passed as positional, others as keyword arguments. args = list(args) # Create positional arguments from the keyword arguments in ``new_inputs``. new_args = [] for k in self.inputs: if k in new_inputs: new_args.append(new_inputs[k]) else: new_args.append(args[0]) del args[0] else: new_args = args return new_args, kwargs # *** Properties *** @property def name(self): """User-provided name for this model instance.""" return self._name @name.setter def name(self, val): """Assign a (new) name to this model.""" self._name = val @property def model_set_axis(self): """ The index of the model set axis--that is the axis of a parameter array that pertains to which model a parameter value pertains to--as specified when the model was initialized. See the documentation on :ref:`astropy:modeling-model-sets` for more details. """ return self._model_set_axis @property def param_sets(self): """ Return parameters as a pset. This is a list with one item per parameter set, which is an array of that parameter's values across all parameter sets, with the last axis associated with the parameter set. """ return self._param_sets() @property def parameters(self): """ A flattened array of all parameter values in all parameter sets. Fittable parameters maintain this list and fitters modify it. """ # Currently the sequence of a model's parameters must be contiguous # within the _parameters array (which may be a view of a larger array, # for example when taking a sub-expression of a compound model), so # the assumption here is reliable: if not self.param_names: # Trivial, but not unheard of return self._parameters self._parameters_to_array() start = self._param_metrics[self.param_names[0]]["slice"].start stop = self._param_metrics[self.param_names[-1]]["slice"].stop return self._parameters[start:stop] @parameters.setter def parameters(self, value): """ Assigning to this attribute updates the parameters array rather than replacing it. """ if not self.param_names: return start = self._param_metrics[self.param_names[0]]["slice"].start stop = self._param_metrics[self.param_names[-1]]["slice"].stop try: value = np.array(value).flatten() self._parameters[start:stop] = value except ValueError as e: raise InputParameterError( "Input parameter values not compatible with the model " f"parameters array: {e!r}" ) self._array_to_parameters() @property def sync_constraints(self): """ This is a boolean property that indicates whether or not accessing constraints automatically check the constituent models current values. It defaults to True on creation of a model, but for fitting purposes it should be set to False for performance reasons. """ if not hasattr(self, "_sync_constraints"): self._sync_constraints = True return self._sync_constraints @sync_constraints.setter def sync_constraints(self, value): if not isinstance(value, bool): raise ValueError("sync_constraints only accepts True or False as values") self._sync_constraints = value @property def fixed(self): """ A ``dict`` mapping parameter names to their fixed constraint. """ if not hasattr(self, "_fixed") or self.sync_constraints: self._fixed = _ConstraintsDict(self, "fixed") return self._fixed @property def bounds(self): """ A ``dict`` mapping parameter names to their upper and lower bounds as ``(min, max)`` tuples or ``[min, max]`` lists. """ if not hasattr(self, "_bounds") or self.sync_constraints: self._bounds = _ConstraintsDict(self, "bounds") return self._bounds @property def tied(self): """ A ``dict`` mapping parameter names to their tied constraint. """ if not hasattr(self, "_tied") or self.sync_constraints: self._tied = _ConstraintsDict(self, "tied") return self._tied @property def eqcons(self): """List of parameter equality constraints.""" return self._mconstraints["eqcons"] @property def ineqcons(self): """List of parameter inequality constraints.""" return self._mconstraints["ineqcons"]
[docs] def has_inverse(self): """ Returns True if the model has an analytic or user inverse defined. """ try: self.inverse except NotImplementedError: return False return True
@property def inverse(self): """ Returns a new `~astropy.modeling.Model` instance which performs the inverse transform, if an analytic inverse is defined for this model. Even on models that don't have an inverse defined, this property can be set with a manually-defined inverse, such a pre-computed or experimentally determined inverse (often given as a `~astropy.modeling.polynomial.PolynomialModel`, but not by requirement). A custom inverse can be deleted with ``del model.inverse``. In this case the model's inverse is reset to its default, if a default exists (otherwise the default is to raise `NotImplementedError`). Note to authors of `~astropy.modeling.Model` subclasses: To define an inverse for a model simply override this property to return the appropriate model representing the inverse. The machinery that will make the inverse manually-overridable is added automatically by the base class. """ if self._user_inverse is not None: return self._user_inverse elif self._inverse is not None: result = self._inverse() if result is not NotImplemented: if not self._has_inverse_bounding_box: result.bounding_box = None return result raise NotImplementedError( "No analytical or user-supplied inverse transform " "has been implemented for this model." ) @inverse.setter def inverse(self, value): if not isinstance(value, (Model, type(None))): raise ValueError( "The ``inverse`` attribute may be assigned a `Model` " "instance or `None` (where `None` explicitly forces the " "model to have no inverse." ) self._user_inverse = value @inverse.deleter def inverse(self): """ Resets the model's inverse to its default (if one exists, otherwise the model will have no inverse). """ try: del self._user_inverse except AttributeError: pass @property def has_user_inverse(self): """ A flag indicating whether or not a custom inverse model has been assigned to this model by a user, via assignment to ``model.inverse``. """ return self._user_inverse is not None @property def bounding_box(self): r""" A `tuple` of length `n_inputs` defining the bounding box limits, or raise `NotImplementedError` for no bounding_box. The default limits are given by a ``bounding_box`` property or method defined in the class body of a specific model. If not defined then this property just raises `NotImplementedError` by default (but may be assigned a custom value by a user). ``bounding_box`` can be set manually to an array-like object of shape ``(model.n_inputs, 2)``. For further usage, see :ref:`astropy:bounding-boxes` The limits are ordered according to the `numpy` ``'C'`` indexing convention, and are the reverse of the model input order, e.g. for inputs ``('x', 'y', 'z')``, ``bounding_box`` is defined: * for 1D: ``(x_low, x_high)`` * for 2D: ``((y_low, y_high), (x_low, x_high))`` * for 3D: ``((z_low, z_high), (y_low, y_high), (x_low, x_high))`` Examples -------- Setting the ``bounding_box`` limits for a 1D and 2D model: >>> from astropy.modeling.models import Gaussian1D, Gaussian2D >>> model_1d = Gaussian1D() >>> model_2d = Gaussian2D(x_stddev=1, y_stddev=1) >>> model_1d.bounding_box = (-5, 5) >>> model_2d.bounding_box = ((-6, 6), (-5, 5)) Setting the bounding_box limits for a user-defined 3D `custom_model`: >>> from astropy.modeling.models import custom_model >>> def const3d(x, y, z, amp=1): ... return amp ... >>> Const3D = custom_model(const3d) >>> model_3d = Const3D() >>> model_3d.bounding_box = ((-6, 6), (-5, 5), (-4, 4)) To reset ``bounding_box`` to its default limits just delete the user-defined value--this will reset it back to the default defined on the class: >>> del model_1d.bounding_box To disable the bounding box entirely (including the default), set ``bounding_box`` to `None`: >>> model_1d.bounding_box = None >>> model_1d.bounding_box # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL Traceback (most recent call last): NotImplementedError: No bounding box is defined for this model (note: the bounding box was explicitly disabled for this model; use `del model.bounding_box` to restore the default bounding box, if one is defined for this model). """ if self._user_bounding_box is not None: if self._user_bounding_box is NotImplemented: raise NotImplementedError( "No bounding box is defined for this model (note: the " "bounding box was explicitly disabled for this model; " "use `del model.bounding_box` to restore the default " "bounding box, if one is defined for this model)." ) return self._user_bounding_box elif self._bounding_box is None: raise NotImplementedError("No bounding box is defined for this model.") elif isinstance(self._bounding_box, ModelBoundingBox): # This typically implies a hard-coded bounding box. This will # probably be rare, but it is an option return self._bounding_box elif isinstance(self._bounding_box, types.MethodType): return ModelBoundingBox.validate(self, self._bounding_box()) else: # The only other allowed possibility is that it's a ModelBoundingBox # subclass, so we call it with its default arguments and return an # instance of it (that can be called to recompute the bounding box # with any optional parameters) # (In other words, in this case self._bounding_box is a *class*) bounding_box = self._bounding_box((), model=self)() return self._bounding_box(bounding_box, model=self) @bounding_box.setter def bounding_box(self, bounding_box): """ Assigns the bounding box limits. """ if bounding_box is None: cls = None # We use this to explicitly set an unimplemented bounding box (as # opposed to no user bounding box defined) bounding_box = NotImplemented elif isinstance(bounding_box, CompoundBoundingBox) or isinstance( bounding_box, dict ): cls = CompoundBoundingBox elif isinstance(self._bounding_box, type) and issubclass( self._bounding_box, ModelBoundingBox ): cls = self._bounding_box else: cls = ModelBoundingBox if cls is not None: try: bounding_box = cls.validate(self, bounding_box, _preserve_ignore=True) except ValueError as exc: raise ValueError(exc.args[0]) self._user_bounding_box = bounding_box
[docs] def set_slice_args(self, *args): if isinstance(self._user_bounding_box, CompoundBoundingBox): self._user_bounding_box.slice_args = args else: raise RuntimeError("The bounding_box for this model is not compound")
@bounding_box.deleter def bounding_box(self): self._user_bounding_box = None @property def has_user_bounding_box(self): """ A flag indicating whether or not a custom bounding_box has been assigned to this model by a user, via assignment to ``model.bounding_box``. """ return self._user_bounding_box is not None @property def cov_matrix(self): """ Fitter should set covariance matrix, if available. """ return self._cov_matrix @cov_matrix.setter def cov_matrix(self, cov): self._cov_matrix = cov unfix_untied_params = [ p for p in self.param_names if (self.fixed[p] is False) and (self.tied[p] is False) ] if type(cov) == list: # model set param_stds = [] for c in cov: param_stds.append( [np.sqrt(x) if x > 0 else None for x in np.diag(c.cov_matrix)] ) for p, param_name in enumerate(unfix_untied_params): par = getattr(self, param_name) par.std = [item[p] for item in param_stds] setattr(self, param_name, par) else: param_stds = [ np.sqrt(x) if x > 0 else None for x in np.diag(cov.cov_matrix) ] for param_name in unfix_untied_params: par = getattr(self, param_name) par.std = param_stds.pop(0) setattr(self, param_name, par) @property def stds(self): """ Standard deviation of parameters, if covariance matrix is available. """ return self._stds @stds.setter def stds(self, stds): self._stds = stds @property def separable(self): """A flag indicating whether a model is separable.""" if self._separable is not None: return self._separable raise NotImplementedError( 'The "separable" property is not defined for ' f"model {self.__class__.__name__}" ) # *** Public methods ***
[docs] def without_units_for_data(self, **kwargs): """ Return an instance of the model for which the parameter values have been converted to the right units for the data, then the units have been stripped away. The input and output Quantity objects should be given as keyword arguments. Notes ----- This method is needed in order to be able to fit models with units in the parameters, since we need to temporarily strip away the units from the model during the fitting (which might be done by e.g. scipy functions). The units that the parameters should be converted to are not necessarily the units of the input data, but are derived from them. Model subclasses that want fitting to work in the presence of quantities need to define a ``_parameter_units_for_data_units`` method that takes the input and output units (as two dictionaries) and returns a dictionary giving the target units for each parameter. """ model = self.copy() inputs_unit = { inp: getattr(kwargs[inp], "unit", dimensionless_unscaled) for inp in self.inputs if kwargs[inp] is not None } outputs_unit = { out: getattr(kwargs[out], "unit", dimensionless_unscaled) for out in self.outputs if kwargs[out] is not None } parameter_units = self._parameter_units_for_data_units( inputs_unit, outputs_unit ) for name, unit in parameter_units.items(): parameter = getattr(model, name) if parameter.unit is not None: parameter.value = parameter.quantity.to(unit).value parameter._set_unit(None, force=True) if isinstance(model, CompoundModel): model.strip_units_from_tree() return model
[docs] def output_units(self, **kwargs): """ Return a dictionary of output units for this model given a dictionary of fitting inputs and outputs The input and output Quantity objects should be given as keyword arguments. Notes ----- This method is needed in order to be able to fit models with units in the parameters, since we need to temporarily strip away the units from the model during the fitting (which might be done by e.g. scipy functions). This method will force extra model evaluations, which maybe computationally expensive. To avoid this, one can add a return_units property to the model, see :ref:`astropy:models_return_units`. """ units = self.return_units if units is None or units == {}: inputs = {inp: kwargs[inp] for inp in self.inputs} values = self(**inputs) if self.n_outputs == 1: values = (values,) units = { out: getattr(values[index], "unit", dimensionless_unscaled) for index, out in enumerate(self.outputs) } return units
[docs] def strip_units_from_tree(self): for item in self._leaflist: for parname in item.param_names: par = getattr(item, parname) par._set_unit(None, force=True)
[docs] def with_units_from_data(self, **kwargs): """ Return an instance of the model which has units for which the parameter values are compatible with the data units specified. The input and output Quantity objects should be given as keyword arguments. Notes ----- This method is needed in order to be able to fit models with units in the parameters, since we need to temporarily strip away the units from the model during the fitting (which might be done by e.g. scipy functions). The units that the parameters will gain are not necessarily the units of the input data, but are derived from them. Model subclasses that want fitting to work in the presence of quantities need to define a ``_parameter_units_for_data_units`` method that takes the input and output units (as two dictionaries) and returns a dictionary giving the target units for each parameter. """ model = self.copy() inputs_unit = { inp: getattr(kwargs[inp], "unit", dimensionless_unscaled) for inp in self.inputs if kwargs[inp] is not None } outputs_unit = { out: getattr(kwargs[out], "unit", dimensionless_unscaled) for out in self.outputs if kwargs[out] is not None } parameter_units = self._parameter_units_for_data_units( inputs_unit, outputs_unit ) # We are adding units to parameters that already have a value, but we # don't want to convert the parameter, just add the unit directly, # hence the call to ``_set_unit``. for name, unit in parameter_units.items(): parameter = getattr(model, name) parameter._set_unit(unit, force=True) return model
@property def _has_units(self): # Returns True if any of the parameters have units for param in self.param_names: if getattr(self, param).unit is not None: return True else: return False @property def _supports_unit_fitting(self): # If the model has a ``_parameter_units_for_data_units`` method, this # indicates that we have enough information to strip the units away # and add them back after fitting, when fitting quantities return hasattr(self, "_parameter_units_for_data_units")
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod def evaluate(self, *args, **kwargs): """Evaluate the model on some input variables."""
[docs] def sum_of_implicit_terms(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Evaluate the sum of any implicit model terms on some input variables. This includes any fixed terms used in evaluating a linear model that do not have corresponding parameters exposed to the user. The prototypical case is `astropy.modeling.functional_models.Shift`, which corresponds to a function y = a + bx, where b=1 is intrinsically fixed by the type of model, such that sum_of_implicit_terms(x) == x. This method is needed by linear fitters to correct the dependent variable for the implicit term(s) when solving for the remaining terms (ie. a = y - bx). """
[docs] def render(self, out=None, coords=None): """ Evaluate a model at fixed positions, respecting the ``bounding_box``. The key difference relative to evaluating the model directly is that this method is limited to a bounding box if the `Model.bounding_box` attribute is set. Parameters ---------- out : `numpy.ndarray`, optional An array that the evaluated model will be added to. If this is not given (or given as ``None``), a new array will be created. coords : array-like, optional An array to be used to translate from the model's input coordinates to the ``out`` array. It should have the property that ``self(coords)`` yields the same shape as ``out``. If ``out`` is not specified, ``coords`` will be used to determine the shape of the returned array. If this is not provided (or None), the model will be evaluated on a grid determined by `Model.bounding_box`. Returns ------- out : `numpy.ndarray` The model added to ``out`` if ``out`` is not ``None``, or else a new array from evaluating the model over ``coords``. If ``out`` and ``coords`` are both `None`, the returned array is limited to the `Model.bounding_box` limits. If `Model.bounding_box` is `None`, ``arr`` or ``coords`` must be passed. Raises ------ ValueError If ``coords`` are not given and the the `Model.bounding_box` of this model is not set. Examples -------- :ref:`astropy:bounding-boxes` """ try: bbox = self.bounding_box except NotImplementedError: bbox = None if isinstance(bbox, ModelBoundingBox): bbox = bbox.bounding_box() ndim = self.n_inputs if (coords is None) and (out is None) and (bbox is None): raise ValueError("If no bounding_box is set, coords or out must be input.") # for consistent indexing if ndim == 1: if coords is not None: coords = [coords] if bbox is not None: bbox = [bbox] if coords is not None: coords = np.asanyarray(coords, dtype=float) # Check dimensions match out and model assert len(coords) == ndim if out is not None: if coords[0].shape != out.shape: raise ValueError("inconsistent shape of the output.") else: out = np.zeros(coords[0].shape) if out is not None: out = np.asanyarray(out) if out.ndim != ndim: raise ValueError( "the array and model must have the same number of dimensions." ) if bbox is not None: # Assures position is at center pixel, # important when using add_array. pd = ( np.array([(np.mean(bb), np.ceil((bb[1] - bb[0]) / 2)) for bb in bbox]) .astype(int) .T ) pos, delta = pd if coords is not None: sub_shape = tuple(delta * 2 + 1) sub_coords = np.array( [extract_array(c, sub_shape, pos) for c in coords] ) else: limits = [slice(p - d, p + d + 1, 1) for p, d in pd.T] sub_coords = np.mgrid[limits] sub_coords = sub_coords[::-1] if out is None: out = self(*sub_coords) else: try: out = add_array(out, self(*sub_coords), pos) except ValueError: raise ValueError( "The `bounding_box` is larger than the input out in " "one or more dimensions. Set " "`model.bounding_box = None`." ) else: if coords is None: im_shape = out.shape limits = [slice(i) for i in im_shape] coords = np.mgrid[limits] coords = coords[::-1] out += self(*coords) return out
@property def input_units(self): """ This property is used to indicate what units or sets of units the evaluate method expects, and returns a dictionary mapping inputs to units (or `None` if any units are accepted). Model sub-classes can also use function annotations in evaluate to indicate valid input units, in which case this property should not be overridden since it will return the input units based on the annotations. """ if hasattr(self, "_input_units"): return self._input_units elif hasattr(self.evaluate, "__annotations__"): annotations = self.evaluate.__annotations__.copy() annotations.pop("return", None) if annotations: # If there are not annotations for all inputs this will error. return {name: annotations[name] for name in self.inputs} else: # None means any unit is accepted return None @property def return_units(self): """ This property is used to indicate what units or sets of units the output of evaluate should be in, and returns a dictionary mapping outputs to units (or `None` if any units are accepted). Model sub-classes can also use function annotations in evaluate to indicate valid output units, in which case this property should not be overridden since it will return the return units based on the annotations. """ if hasattr(self, "_return_units"): return self._return_units elif hasattr(self.evaluate, "__annotations__"): return self.evaluate.__annotations__.get("return", None) else: # None means any unit is accepted return None def _prepare_inputs_single_model(self, params, inputs, **kwargs): broadcasts = [] for idx, _input in enumerate(inputs): input_shape = _input.shape # Ensure that array scalars are always upgrade to 1-D arrays for the # sake of consistency with how parameters work. They will be cast back # to scalars at the end if not input_shape: inputs[idx] = _input.reshape((1,)) if not params: max_broadcast = input_shape else: max_broadcast = () for param in params: try: if self.standard_broadcasting: broadcast = check_broadcast(input_shape, param.shape) else: broadcast = input_shape except IncompatibleShapeError: raise ValueError( f"self input argument {self.inputs[idx]!r} of shape" f" {input_shape!r} cannot be broadcast with parameter" f" {param.name!r} of shape {param.shape!r}." ) if len(broadcast) > len(max_broadcast): max_broadcast = broadcast elif len(broadcast) == len(max_broadcast): max_broadcast = max(max_broadcast, broadcast) broadcasts.append(max_broadcast) if self.n_outputs > self.n_inputs: extra_outputs = self.n_outputs - self.n_inputs if not broadcasts: # If there were no inputs then the broadcasts list is empty # just add a None since there is no broadcasting of outputs and # inputs necessary (see _prepare_outputs_single_self) broadcasts.append(None) broadcasts.extend([broadcasts[0]] * extra_outputs) return inputs, (broadcasts,) @staticmethod def _remove_axes_from_shape(shape, axis): """ Given a shape tuple as the first input, construct a new one by removing that particular axis from the shape and all preceeding axes. Negative axis numbers are permittted, where the axis is relative to the last axis. """ if len(shape) == 0: return shape if axis < 0: axis = len(shape) + axis return shape[:axis] + shape[axis + 1 :] if axis >= len(shape): axis = len(shape) - 1 shape = shape[axis + 1 :] return shape def _prepare_inputs_model_set(self, params, inputs, model_set_axis_input, **kwargs): reshaped = [] pivots = [] model_set_axis_param = self.model_set_axis # needed to reshape param for idx, _input in enumerate(inputs): max_param_shape = () if self._n_models > 1 and model_set_axis_input is not False: # Use the shape of the input *excluding* the model axis input_shape = ( _input.shape[:model_set_axis_input] + _input.shape[model_set_axis_input + 1 :] ) else: input_shape = _input.shape for param in params: try: check_broadcast( input_shape, self._remove_axes_from_shape(param.shape, model_set_axis_param), ) except IncompatibleShapeError: raise ValueError( f"Model input argument {self.inputs[idx]!r} of shape" f" {input_shape!r} " f"cannot be broadcast with parameter {param.name!r} of shape " f"{self._remove_axes_from_shape(param.shape, model_set_axis_param)!r}." ) if len(param.shape) - 1 > len(max_param_shape): max_param_shape = self._remove_axes_from_shape( param.shape, model_set_axis_param ) # We've now determined that, excluding the model_set_axis, the # input can broadcast with all the parameters input_ndim = len(input_shape) if model_set_axis_input is False: if len(max_param_shape) > input_ndim: # Just needs to prepend new axes to the input n_new_axes = 1 + len(max_param_shape) - input_ndim new_axes = (1,) * n_new_axes new_shape = new_axes + _input.shape pivot = model_set_axis_param else: pivot = input_ndim - len(max_param_shape) new_shape = _input.shape[:pivot] + (1,) + _input.shape[pivot:] new_input = _input.reshape(new_shape) else: if len(max_param_shape) >= input_ndim: n_new_axes = len(max_param_shape) - input_ndim pivot = self.model_set_axis new_axes = (1,) * n_new_axes new_shape = ( _input.shape[: pivot + 1] + new_axes + _input.shape[pivot + 1 :] ) new_input = _input.reshape(new_shape) else: pivot = _input.ndim - len(max_param_shape) - 1 new_input = np.rollaxis(_input, model_set_axis_input, pivot + 1) pivots.append(pivot) reshaped.append(new_input) if self.n_inputs < self.n_outputs: pivots.extend([model_set_axis_input] * (self.n_outputs - self.n_inputs)) return reshaped, (pivots,)
[docs] def prepare_inputs( self, *inputs, model_set_axis=None, equivalencies=None, **kwargs ): """ This method is used in `~astropy.modeling.Model.__call__` to ensure that all the inputs to the model can be broadcast into compatible shapes (if one or both of them are input as arrays), particularly if there are more than one parameter sets. This also makes sure that (if applicable) the units of the input will be compatible with the evaluate method. """ # When we instantiate the model class, we make sure that __call__ can # take the following two keyword arguments: model_set_axis and # equivalencies. if model_set_axis is None: # By default the model_set_axis for the input is assumed to be the # same as that for the parameters the model was defined with # TODO: Ensure that negative model_set_axis arguments are respected model_set_axis = self.model_set_axis params = [getattr(self, name) for name in self.param_names] inputs = [np.asanyarray(_input, dtype=float) for _input in inputs] self._validate_input_shapes(inputs, self.inputs, model_set_axis) inputs_map = kwargs.get("inputs_map", None) inputs = self._validate_input_units(inputs, equivalencies, inputs_map) # The input formatting required for single models versus a multiple # model set are different enough that they've been split into separate # subroutines if self._n_models == 1: return self._prepare_inputs_single_model(params, inputs, **kwargs) else: return self._prepare_inputs_model_set( params, inputs, model_set_axis, **kwargs )
def _validate_input_units(self, inputs, equivalencies=None, inputs_map=None): inputs = list(inputs) name = self.name or self.__class__.__name__ # Check that the units are correct, if applicable if self.input_units is not None: # If a leaflist is provided that means this is in the context of # a compound model and it is necessary to create the appropriate # alias for the input coordinate name for the equivalencies dict if inputs_map: edict = {} for mod, mapping in inputs_map: if self is mod: edict[mapping[0]] = equivalencies[mapping[1]] else: edict = equivalencies # We combine any instance-level input equivalencies with user # specified ones at call-time. input_units_equivalencies = _combine_equivalency_dict( self.inputs, edict, self.input_units_equivalencies ) # We now iterate over the different inputs and make sure that their # units are consistent with those specified in input_units. for i in range(len(inputs)): input_name = self.inputs[i] input_unit = self.input_units.get(input_name, None) if input_unit is None: continue if isinstance(inputs[i], Quantity): # We check for consistency of the units with input_units, # taking into account any equivalencies if inputs[i].unit.is_equivalent( input_unit, equivalencies=input_units_equivalencies[input_name] ): # If equivalencies have been specified, we need to # convert the input to the input units - this is # because some equivalencies are non-linear, and # we need to be sure that we evaluate the model in # its own frame of reference. If input_units_strict # is set, we also need to convert to the input units. if ( len(input_units_equivalencies) > 0 or self.input_units_strict[input_name] ): inputs[i] = inputs[i].to( input_unit, equivalencies=input_units_equivalencies[input_name], ) else: # We consider the following two cases separately so as # to be able to raise more appropriate/nicer exceptions if input_unit is dimensionless_unscaled: raise UnitsError( f"{name}: Units of input '{self.inputs[i]}', " f"{inputs[i].unit} ({inputs[i].unit.physical_type})," "could not be converted to " "required dimensionless " "input" ) else: raise UnitsError( f"{name}: Units of input '{self.inputs[i]}', " f"{inputs[i].unit} ({inputs[i].unit.physical_type})," " could not be " "converted to required input" f" units of {input_unit} ({input_unit.physical_type})" ) else: # If we allow dimensionless input, we add the units to the # input values without conversion, otherwise we raise an # exception. if ( not self.input_units_allow_dimensionless[input_name] and input_unit is not dimensionless_unscaled and input_unit is not None ): if np.any(inputs[i] != 0): raise UnitsError( f"{name}: Units of input '{self.inputs[i]}'," " (dimensionless), could not be converted to required " f"input units of {input_unit} " f"({input_unit.physical_type})" ) return inputs def _process_output_units(self, inputs, outputs): inputs_are_quantity = any([isinstance(i, Quantity) for i in inputs]) if self.return_units and inputs_are_quantity: # We allow a non-iterable unit only if there is one output if self.n_outputs == 1 and not isiterable(self.return_units): return_units = {self.outputs[0]: self.return_units} else: return_units = self.return_units outputs = tuple( Quantity(out, return_units.get(out_name, None), subok=True) for out, out_name in zip(outputs, self.outputs) ) return outputs @staticmethod def _prepare_output_single_model(output, broadcast_shape): if broadcast_shape is not None: if not broadcast_shape: return output.item() else: try: return output.reshape(broadcast_shape) except ValueError: try: return output.item() except ValueError: return output return output def _prepare_outputs_single_model(self, outputs, broadcasted_shapes): outputs = list(outputs) for idx, output in enumerate(outputs): try: broadcast_shape = check_broadcast(*broadcasted_shapes[0]) except (IndexError, TypeError): broadcast_shape = broadcasted_shapes[0][idx] outputs[idx] = self._prepare_output_single_model(output, broadcast_shape) return tuple(outputs) def _prepare_outputs_model_set(self, outputs, broadcasted_shapes, model_set_axis): pivots = broadcasted_shapes[0] # If model_set_axis = False was passed then use # self._model_set_axis to format the output. if model_set_axis is None or model_set_axis is False: model_set_axis = self.model_set_axis outputs = list(outputs) for idx, output in enumerate(outputs): pivot = pivots[idx] if pivot < output.ndim and pivot != model_set_axis: outputs[idx] = np.rollaxis(output, pivot, model_set_axis) return tuple(outputs)
[docs] def prepare_outputs(self, broadcasted_shapes, *outputs, **kwargs): model_set_axis = kwargs.get("model_set_axis", None) if len(self) == 1: return self._prepare_outputs_single_model(outputs, broadcasted_shapes) else: return self._prepare_outputs_model_set( outputs, broadcasted_shapes, model_set_axis )
[docs] def copy(self): """ Return a copy of this model. Uses a deep copy so that all model attributes, including parameter values, are copied as well. """ return copy.deepcopy(self)
[docs] def deepcopy(self): """ Return a deep copy of this model. """ return self.copy()
[docs] @sharedmethod def rename(self, name): """ Return a copy of this model with a new name. """ new_model = self.copy() new_model._name = name return new_model
[docs] def coerce_units( self, input_units=None, return_units=None, input_units_equivalencies=None, input_units_allow_dimensionless=False, ): """ Attach units to this (unitless) model. Parameters ---------- input_units : dict or tuple, optional Input units to attach. If dict, each key is the name of a model input, and the value is the unit to attach. If tuple, the elements are units to attach in order corresponding to `Model.inputs`. return_units : dict or tuple, optional Output units to attach. If dict, each key is the name of a model output, and the value is the unit to attach. If tuple, the elements are units to attach in order corresponding to `Model.outputs`. input_units_equivalencies : dict, optional Default equivalencies to apply to input values. If set, this should be a dictionary where each key is a string that corresponds to one of the model inputs. input_units_allow_dimensionless : bool or dict, optional Allow dimensionless input. If this is True, input values to evaluate will gain the units specified in input_units. If this is a dictionary then it should map input name to a bool to allow dimensionless numbers for that input. Returns ------- `CompoundModel` A `CompoundModel` composed of the current model plus `~astropy.modeling.mappings.UnitsMapping` model(s) that attach the units. Raises ------ ValueError If the current model already has units. Examples -------- Wrapping a unitless model to require and convert units: >>> from astropy.modeling.models import Polynomial1D >>> from astropy import units as u >>> poly = Polynomial1D(1, c0=1, c1=2) >>> model = poly.coerce_units((u.m,), (u.s,)) >>> model(u.Quantity(10, u.m)) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP <Quantity 21. s> >>> model(u.Quantity(1000, u.cm)) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP <Quantity 21. s> >>> model(u.Quantity(10, u.cm)) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP <Quantity 1.2 s> Wrapping a unitless model but still permitting unitless input: >>> from astropy.modeling.models import Polynomial1D >>> from astropy import units as u >>> poly = Polynomial1D(1, c0=1, c1=2) >>> model = poly.coerce_units((u.m,), (u.s,), input_units_allow_dimensionless=True) >>> model(u.Quantity(10, u.m)) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP <Quantity 21. s> >>> model(10) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP <Quantity 21. s> """ from .mappings import UnitsMapping result = self if input_units is not None: if self.input_units is not None: model_units = self.input_units else: model_units = {} for unit in [model_units.get(i) for i in self.inputs]: if unit is not None and unit != dimensionless_unscaled: raise ValueError( "Cannot specify input_units for model with existing input units" ) if isinstance(input_units, dict): if input_units.keys() != set(self.inputs): message = ( f"""input_units keys ({", ".join(input_units.keys())}) """ f"""do not match model inputs ({", ".join(self.inputs)})""" ) raise ValueError(message) input_units = [input_units[i] for i in self.inputs] if len(input_units) != self.n_inputs: message = ( "input_units length does not match n_inputs: " f"expected {self.n_inputs}, received {len(input_units)}" ) raise ValueError(message) mapping = tuple( (unit, model_units.get(i)) for i, unit in zip(self.inputs, input_units) ) input_mapping = UnitsMapping( mapping, input_units_equivalencies=input_units_equivalencies, input_units_allow_dimensionless=input_units_allow_dimensionless, ) input_mapping.inputs = self.inputs input_mapping.outputs = self.inputs result = input_mapping | result if return_units is not None: if self.return_units is not None: model_units = self.return_units else: model_units = {} for unit in [model_units.get(i) for i in self.outputs]: if unit is not None and unit != dimensionless_unscaled: raise ValueError( "Cannot specify return_units for model " "with existing output units" ) if isinstance(return_units, dict): if return_units.keys() != set(self.outputs): message = ( f"""return_units keys ({", ".join(return_units.keys())}) """ f"""do not match model outputs ({", ".join(self.outputs)})""" ) raise ValueError(message) return_units = [return_units[i] for i in self.outputs] if len(return_units) != self.n_outputs: message = ( "return_units length does not match n_outputs: " f"expected {self.n_outputs}, received {len(return_units)}" ) raise ValueError(message) mapping = tuple( (model_units.get(i), unit) for i, unit in zip(self.outputs, return_units) ) return_mapping = UnitsMapping(mapping) return_mapping.inputs = self.outputs return_mapping.outputs = self.outputs result = result | return_mapping return result
@property def n_submodels(self): """ Return the number of components in a single model, which is obviously 1. """ return 1 def _initialize_constraints(self, kwargs): """ Pop parameter constraint values off the keyword arguments passed to `Model.__init__` and store them in private instance attributes. """ # Pop any constraints off the keyword arguments for constraint in self.parameter_constraints: values = kwargs.pop(constraint, {}) for ckey, cvalue in values.items(): param = getattr(self, ckey) setattr(param, constraint, cvalue) self._mconstraints = {} for constraint in self.model_constraints: values = kwargs.pop(constraint, []) self._mconstraints[constraint] = values def _initialize_parameters(self, args, kwargs): """ Initialize the _parameters array that stores raw parameter values for all parameter sets for use with vectorized fitting algorithms; on FittableModels the _param_name attributes actually just reference slices of this array. """ n_models = kwargs.pop("n_models", None) if not ( n_models is None or (isinstance(n_models, (int, np.integer)) and n_models >= 1) ): raise ValueError( "n_models must be either None (in which case it is " "determined from the model_set_axis of the parameter initial " "values) or it must be a positive integer " f"(got {n_models!r})" ) model_set_axis = kwargs.pop("model_set_axis", None) if model_set_axis is None: if n_models is not None and n_models > 1: # Default to zero model_set_axis = 0 else: # Otherwise disable model_set_axis = False else: if not ( model_set_axis is False or np.issubdtype(type(model_set_axis), np.integer) ): raise ValueError( "model_set_axis must be either False or an integer " "specifying the parameter array axis to map to each " f"model in a set of models (got {model_set_axis!r})." ) # Process positional arguments by matching them up with the # corresponding parameters in self.param_names--if any also appear as # keyword arguments this presents a conflict params = set() if len(args) > len(self.param_names): raise TypeError( f"{self.__class__.__name__}.__init__() takes at most " f"{len(self.param_names)} positional arguments ({len(args)} given)" ) self._model_set_axis = model_set_axis self._param_metrics = defaultdict(dict) for idx, arg in enumerate(args): if arg is None: # A value of None implies using the default value, if exists continue # We use quantity_asanyarray here instead of np.asanyarray because # if any of the arguments are quantities, we need to return a # Quantity object not a plain Numpy array. param_name = self.param_names[idx] params.add(param_name) if not isinstance(arg, Parameter): value = quantity_asanyarray(arg, dtype=float) else: value = arg self._initialize_parameter_value(param_name, value) # At this point the only remaining keyword arguments should be # parameter names; any others are in error. for param_name in self.param_names: if param_name in kwargs: if param_name in params: raise TypeError( f"{self.__class__.__name__}.__init__() got multiple values for" f" parameter {param_name!r}" ) value = kwargs.pop(param_name) if value is None: continue # We use quantity_asanyarray here instead of np.asanyarray # because if any of the arguments are quantities, we need # to return a Quantity object not a plain Numpy array. value = quantity_asanyarray(value, dtype=float) params.add(param_name) self._initialize_parameter_value(param_name, value) # Now deal with case where param_name is not supplied by args or kwargs for param_name in self.param_names: if param_name not in params: self._initialize_parameter_value(param_name, None) if kwargs: # If any keyword arguments were left over at this point they are # invalid--the base class should only be passed the parameter # values, constraints, and param_dim for kwarg in kwargs: # Just raise an error on the first unrecognized argument raise TypeError( f"{self.__class__.__name__}.__init__() got an unrecognized" f" parameter {kwarg!r}" ) # Determine the number of model sets: If the model_set_axis is # None then there is just one parameter set; otherwise it is determined # by the size of that axis on the first parameter--if the other # parameters don't have the right number of axes or the sizes of their # model_set_axis don't match an error is raised if model_set_axis is not False and n_models != 1 and params: max_ndim = 0 if model_set_axis < 0: min_ndim = abs(model_set_axis) else: min_ndim = model_set_axis + 1 for name in self.param_names: value = getattr(self, name) param_ndim = np.ndim(value) if param_ndim < min_ndim: raise InputParameterError( "All parameter values must be arrays of dimension at least" f" {min_ndim} for model_set_axis={model_set_axis} (the value" f" given for {name!r} is only {param_ndim}-dimensional)" ) max_ndim = max(max_ndim, param_ndim) if n_models is None: # Use the dimensions of the first parameter to determine # the number of model sets n_models = value.shape[model_set_axis] elif value.shape[model_set_axis] != n_models: raise InputParameterError( f"Inconsistent dimensions for parameter {name!r} for" f" {n_models} model sets. The length of axis" f" {model_set_axis} must be the same for all input parameter" " values" ) self._check_param_broadcast(max_ndim) else: if n_models is None: n_models = 1 self._check_param_broadcast(None) self._n_models = n_models # now validate parameters for name in params: param = getattr(self, name) if param._validator is not None: param._validator(self, param.value) def _initialize_parameter_value(self, param_name, value): """Mostly deals with consistency checks and determining unit issues.""" if isinstance(value, Parameter): self.__dict__[param_name] = value return param = getattr(self, param_name) # Use default if value is not provided if value is None: default = param.default if default is None: # No value was supplied for the parameter and the # parameter does not have a default, therefore the model # is underspecified raise TypeError( f"{self.__class__.__name__}.__init__() requires a value for " f"parameter {param_name!r}" ) value = default unit = param.unit else: if isinstance(value, Quantity): unit = value.unit value = value.value else: unit = None if unit is None and param.unit is not None: raise InputParameterError( f"{self.__class__.__name__}.__init__() requires a Quantity for" f" parameter {param_name!r}" ) param._unit = unit param._set_unit(unit, force=True) param.internal_unit = None if param._setter is not None: if unit is not None: _val = param._setter(value * unit) else: _val = param._setter(value) if isinstance(_val, Quantity): param.internal_unit = _val.unit param._internal_value = np.array(_val.value) else: param.internal_unit = None param._internal_value = np.array(_val) else: param._value = np.array(value) def _initialize_slices(self): param_metrics = self._param_metrics total_size = 0 for name in self.param_names: param = getattr(self, name) value = param.value param_size = np.size(value) param_shape = np.shape(value) param_slice = slice(total_size, total_size + param_size) param_metrics[name]["slice"] = param_slice param_metrics[name]["shape"] = param_shape param_metrics[name]["size"] = param_size total_size += param_size self._parameters = np.empty(total_size, dtype=np.float64) def _parameters_to_array(self): # Now set the parameter values (this will also fill # self._parameters) param_metrics = self._param_metrics for name in self.param_names: param = getattr(self, name) value = param.value if not isinstance(value, np.ndarray): value = np.array([value]) self._parameters[param_metrics[name]["slice"]] = value.ravel() # Finally validate all the parameters; we do this last so that # validators that depend on one of the other parameters' values will # work def _array_to_parameters(self): param_metrics = self._param_metrics for name in self.param_names: param = getattr(self, name) value = self._parameters[param_metrics[name]["slice"]] value.shape = param_metrics[name]["shape"] param.value = value def _check_param_broadcast(self, max_ndim): """ This subroutine checks that all parameter arrays can be broadcast against each other, and determines the shapes parameters must have in order to broadcast correctly. If model_set_axis is None this merely checks that the parameters broadcast and returns an empty dict if so. This mode is only used for single model sets. """ all_shapes = [] model_set_axis = self._model_set_axis for name in self.param_names: param = getattr(self, name) value = param.value param_shape = np.shape(value) param_ndim = len(param_shape) if max_ndim is not None and param_ndim < max_ndim: # All arrays have the same number of dimensions up to the # model_set_axis dimension, but after that they may have a # different number of trailing axes. The number of trailing # axes must be extended for mutual compatibility. For example # if max_ndim = 3 and model_set_axis = 0, an array with the # shape (2, 2) must be extended to (2, 1, 2). However, an # array with shape (2,) is extended to (2, 1). new_axes = (1,) * (max_ndim - param_ndim) if model_set_axis < 0: # Just need to prepend axes to make up the difference broadcast_shape = new_axes + param_shape else: broadcast_shape = ( param_shape[: model_set_axis + 1] + new_axes + param_shape[model_set_axis + 1 :] ) self._param_metrics[name]["broadcast_shape"] = broadcast_shape all_shapes.append(broadcast_shape) else: all_shapes.append(param_shape) # Now check mutual broadcastability of all shapes try: check_broadcast(*all_shapes) except IncompatibleShapeError as exc: shape_a, shape_a_idx, shape_b, shape_b_idx = exc.args param_a = self.param_names[shape_a_idx] param_b = self.param_names[shape_b_idx] raise InputParameterError( f"Parameter {param_a!r} of shape {shape_a!r} cannot be broadcast with " f"parameter {param_b!r} of shape {shape_b!r}. All parameter arrays " "must have shapes that are mutually compatible according " "to the broadcasting rules." ) def _param_sets(self, raw=False, units=False): """ Implementation of the Model.param_sets property. This internal implementation has a ``raw`` argument which controls whether or not to return the raw parameter values (i.e. the values that are actually stored in the ._parameters array, as opposed to the values displayed to users. In most cases these are one in the same but there are currently a few exceptions. Note: This is notably an overcomplicated device and may be removed entirely in the near future. """ values = [] shapes = [] for name in self.param_names: param = getattr(self, name) if raw and param._setter: value = param._internal_value else: value = param.value broadcast_shape = self._param_metrics[name].get("broadcast_shape") if broadcast_shape is not None: value = value.reshape(broadcast_shape) shapes.append(np.shape(value)) if len(self) == 1: # Add a single param set axis to the parameter's value (thus # converting scalars to shape (1,) array values) for # consistency value = np.array([value]) if units: if raw and param.internal_unit is not None: unit = param.internal_unit else: unit = param.unit if unit is not None: value = Quantity(value, unit, subok=True) values.append(value) if len(set(shapes)) != 1 or units: # If the parameters are not all the same shape, converting to an # array is going to produce an object array # However the way Numpy creates object arrays is tricky in that it # will recurse into array objects in the list and break them up # into separate objects. Doing things this way ensures a 1-D # object array the elements of which are the individual parameter # arrays. There's not much reason to do this over returning a list # except for consistency psets = np.empty(len(values), dtype=object) psets[:] = values return psets return np.array(values) def _format_repr(self, args=[], kwargs={}, defaults={}): """ Internal implementation of ``__repr__``. This is separated out for ease of use by subclasses that wish to override the default ``__repr__`` while keeping the same basic formatting. """ parts = [repr(a) for a in args] parts.extend( f"{name}={param_repr_oneline(getattr(self, name))}" for name in self.param_names ) if self.name is not None: parts.append(f"name={self.name!r}") for kwarg, value in kwargs.items(): if kwarg in defaults and defaults[kwarg] == value: continue parts.append(f"{kwarg}={value!r}") if len(self) > 1: parts.append(f"n_models={len(self)}") return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({', '.join(parts)})>" def _format_str(self, keywords=[], defaults={}): """ Internal implementation of ``__str__``. This is separated out for ease of use by subclasses that wish to override the default ``__str__`` while keeping the same basic formatting. """ default_keywords = [ ("Model", self.__class__.__name__), ("Name", self.name), ("Inputs", self.inputs), ("Outputs", self.outputs), ("Model set size", len(self)), ] parts = [ f"{keyword}: {value}" for keyword, value in default_keywords if value is not None ] for keyword, value in keywords: if keyword.lower() in defaults and defaults[keyword.lower()] == value: continue parts.append(f"{keyword}: {value}") parts.append("Parameters:") if len(self) == 1: columns = [[getattr(self, name).value] for name in self.param_names] else: columns = [getattr(self, name).value for name in self.param_names] if columns: param_table = Table(columns, names=self.param_names) # Set units on the columns for name in self.param_names: param_table[name].unit = getattr(self, name).unit parts.append(indent(str(param_table), width=4)) return "\n".join(parts)
[docs]class FittableModel(Model): """ Base class for models that can be fitted using the built-in fitting algorithms. """ linear = False # derivative with respect to parameters fit_deriv = None """ Function (similar to the model's `~Model.evaluate`) to compute the derivatives of the model with respect to its parameters, for use by fitting algorithms. In other words, this computes the Jacobian matrix with respect to the model's parameters. """ # Flag that indicates if the model derivatives with respect to parameters # are given in columns or rows col_fit_deriv = True fittable = True
[docs]class Fittable1DModel(FittableModel): """ Base class for one-dimensional fittable models. This class provides an easier interface to defining new models. Examples can be found in `astropy.modeling.functional_models`. """ n_inputs = 1 n_outputs = 1 _separable = True
[docs]class Fittable2DModel(FittableModel): """ Base class for two-dimensional fittable models. This class provides an easier interface to defining new models. Examples can be found in `astropy.modeling.functional_models`. """ n_inputs = 2 n_outputs = 1
def _make_arithmetic_operator(oper): # We don't bother with tuple unpacking here for efficiency's sake, but for # documentation purposes: # # f_eval, f_n_inputs, f_n_outputs = f # # and similarly for g def op(f, g): return (make_binary_operator_eval(oper, f[0], g[0]), f[1], f[2]) return op def _composition_operator(f, g): # We don't bother with tuple unpacking here for efficiency's sake, but for # documentation purposes: # # f_eval, f_n_inputs, f_n_outputs = f # # and similarly for g return (lambda inputs, params: g[0](f[0](inputs, params), params), f[1], g[2]) def _join_operator(f, g): # We don't bother with tuple unpacking here for efficiency's sake, but for # documentation purposes: # # f_eval, f_n_inputs, f_n_outputs = f # # and similarly for g return ( lambda inputs, params: ( f[0](inputs[: f[1]], params) + g[0](inputs[f[1] :], params) ), f[1] + g[1], f[2] + g[2], ) BINARY_OPERATORS = { "+": _make_arithmetic_operator(operator.add), "-": _make_arithmetic_operator(operator.sub), "*": _make_arithmetic_operator(operator.mul), "/": _make_arithmetic_operator(operator.truediv), "**": _make_arithmetic_operator(operator.pow), "|": _composition_operator, "&": _join_operator, } SPECIAL_OPERATORS = _SpecialOperatorsDict() def _add_special_operator(sop_name, sop): return SPECIAL_OPERATORS.add(sop_name, sop)
[docs]class CompoundModel(Model): """ Base class for compound models. While it can be used directly, the recommended way to combine models is through the model operators. """ def __init__(self, op, left, right, name=None): self.__dict__["_param_names"] = None self._n_submodels = None self.op = op self.left = left self.right = right self._bounding_box = None self._user_bounding_box = None self._leaflist = None self._tdict = None self._parameters = None self._parameters_ = None self._param_metrics = None if op != "fix_inputs" and len(left) != len(right): raise ValueError("Both operands must have equal values for n_models") self._n_models = len(left) if op != "fix_inputs" and ( (left.model_set_axis != right.model_set_axis) or left.model_set_axis ): # not False and not 0 raise ValueError( "model_set_axis must be False or 0 and consistent for operands" ) self._model_set_axis = left.model_set_axis if op in ["+", "-", "*", "/", "**"] or op in SPECIAL_OPERATORS: if left.n_inputs != right.n_inputs or left.n_outputs != right.n_outputs: raise ModelDefinitionError( "Both operands must match numbers of inputs and outputs" ) self.n_inputs = left.n_inputs self.n_outputs = left.n_outputs self.inputs = left.inputs self.outputs = left.outputs elif op == "&": self.n_inputs = left.n_inputs + right.n_inputs self.n_outputs = left.n_outputs + right.n_outputs self.inputs = combine_labels(left.inputs, right.inputs) self.outputs = combine_labels(left.outputs, right.outputs) elif op == "|": if left.n_outputs != right.n_inputs: raise ModelDefinitionError( "Unsupported operands for |:" f" {left.name} (n_inputs={left.n_inputs}," f" n_outputs={left.n_outputs}) and" f" {right.name} (n_inputs={right.n_inputs}," f" n_outputs={right.n_outputs}); n_outputs for the left-hand model" " must match n_inputs for the right-hand model." ) self.n_inputs = left.n_inputs self.n_outputs = right.n_outputs self.inputs = left.inputs self.outputs = right.outputs elif op == "fix_inputs": if not isinstance(left, Model): raise ValueError( 'First argument to "fix_inputs" must be an instance of ' "an astropy Model." ) if not isinstance(right, dict): raise ValueError( 'Expected a dictionary for second argument of "fix_inputs".' ) # Dict keys must match either possible indices # for model on left side, or names for inputs. self.n_inputs = left.n_inputs - len(right) # Assign directly to the private attribute (instead of using the setter) # to avoid asserting the new number of outputs matches the old one. self._outputs = left.outputs self.n_outputs = left.n_outputs newinputs = list(left.inputs) keys = right.keys() input_ind = [] for key in keys: if np.issubdtype(type(key), np.integer): if key >= left.n_inputs or key < 0: raise ValueError( "Substitution key integer value " "not among possible input choices." ) if key in input_ind: raise ValueError( "Duplicate specification of same input (index/name)." ) input_ind.append(key) elif isinstance(key, str): if key not in left.inputs: raise ValueError( "Substitution key string not among possible input choices." ) # Check to see it doesn't match positional # specification. ind = left.inputs.index(key) if ind in input_ind: raise ValueError( "Duplicate specification of same input (index/name)." ) input_ind.append(ind) # Remove substituted inputs input_ind.sort() input_ind.reverse() for ind in input_ind: del newinputs[ind] self.inputs = tuple(newinputs) # Now check to see if the input model has bounding_box defined. # If so, remove the appropriate dimensions and set it for this # instance. try: self.bounding_box = self.left.bounding_box.fix_inputs(self, right) except NotImplementedError: pass else: raise ModelDefinitionError("Illegal operator: ", self.op) self.name = name self._fittable = None self.fit_deriv = None self.col_fit_deriv = None if op in ("|", "+", "-"): self.linear = left.linear and right.linear else: self.linear = False self.eqcons = [] self.ineqcons = [] self.n_left_params = len(self.left.parameters) self._map_parameters() def _get_left_inputs_from_args(self, args): return args[: self.left.n_inputs] def _get_right_inputs_from_args(self, args): op = self.op if op == "&": # Args expected to look like (*left inputs, *right inputs, *left params, *right params) return args[self.left.n_inputs : self.left.n_inputs + self.right.n_inputs] elif op == "|" or op == "fix_inputs": return None else: return args[: self.left.n_inputs] def _get_left_params_from_args(self, args): op = self.op if op == "&": # Args expected to look like (*left inputs, *right inputs, *left params, *right params) n_inputs = self.left.n_inputs + self.right.n_inputs return args[n_inputs : n_inputs + self.n_left_params] else: return args[self.left.n_inputs : self.left.n_inputs + self.n_left_params] def _get_right_params_from_args(self, args): op = self.op if op == "fix_inputs": return None if op == "&": # Args expected to look like (*left inputs, *right inputs, *left params, *right params) return args[self.left.n_inputs + self.right.n_inputs + self.n_left_params :] else: return args[self.left.n_inputs + self.n_left_params :] def _get_kwarg_model_parameters_as_positional(self, args, kwargs): # could do it with inserts but rebuilding seems like simpilist way # TODO: Check if any param names are in kwargs maybe as an intersection of sets? if self.op == "&": new_args = list(args[: self.left.n_inputs + self.right.n_inputs]) args_pos = self.left.n_inputs + self.right.n_inputs else: new_args = list(args[: self.left.n_inputs]) args_pos = self.left.n_inputs for param_name in self.param_names: kw_value = kwargs.pop(param_name, None) if kw_value is not None: value = kw_value else: try: value = args[args_pos] except IndexError: raise IndexError("Missing parameter or input") args_pos += 1 new_args.append(value) return new_args, kwargs def _apply_operators_to_value_lists(self, leftval, rightval, **kw): op = self.op if op == "+": return binary_operation(operator.add, leftval, rightval) elif op == "-": return binary_operation(operator.sub, leftval, rightval) elif op == "*": return binary_operation(operator.mul, leftval, rightval) elif op == "/": return binary_operation(operator.truediv, leftval, rightval) elif op == "**": return binary_operation(operator.pow, leftval, rightval) elif op == "&": if not isinstance(leftval, tuple): leftval = (leftval,) if not isinstance(rightval, tuple): rightval = (rightval,) return leftval + rightval elif op in SPECIAL_OPERATORS: return binary_operation(SPECIAL_OPERATORS[op], leftval, rightval) else: raise ModelDefinitionError("Unrecognized operator {op}")
[docs] def evaluate(self, *args, **kw): op = self.op args, kw = self._get_kwarg_model_parameters_as_positional(args, kw) left_inputs = self._get_left_inputs_from_args(args) left_params = self._get_left_params_from_args(args) if op == "fix_inputs": pos_index = dict(zip(self.left.inputs, range(self.left.n_inputs))) fixed_inputs = { key if np.issubdtype(type(key), np.integer) else pos_index[key]: value for key, value in self.right.items() } left_inputs = [ fixed_inputs[ind] if ind in fixed_inputs.keys() else inp for ind, inp in enumerate(left_inputs) ] leftval = self.left.evaluate(*itertools.chain(left_inputs, left_params)) if op == "fix_inputs": return leftval right_inputs = self._get_right_inputs_from_args(args) right_params = self._get_right_params_from_args(args) if op == "|": if isinstance(leftval, tuple): return self.right.evaluate(*itertools.chain(leftval, right_params)) else: return self.right.evaluate(leftval, *right_params) else: rightval = self.right.evaluate(*itertools.chain(right_inputs, right_params)) return self._apply_operators_to_value_lists(leftval, rightval, **kw)
@property def n_submodels(self): if self._leaflist is None: self._make_leaflist() return len(self._leaflist) @property def submodel_names(self): """Return the names of submodels in a ``CompoundModel``.""" if self._leaflist is None: self._make_leaflist() names = [item.name for item in self._leaflist] nonecount = 0 newnames = [] for item in names: if item is None: newnames.append(f"None_{nonecount}") nonecount += 1 else: newnames.append(item) return tuple(newnames)
[docs] def both_inverses_exist(self): """ if both members of this compound model have inverses return True """ import warnings from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyDeprecationWarning warnings.warn( "CompoundModel.both_inverses_exist is deprecated. Use has_inverse instead.", AstropyDeprecationWarning, ) try: self.left.inverse self.right.inverse except NotImplementedError: return False return True
def _pre_evaluate(self, *args, **kwargs): """ CompoundModel specific input setup that needs to occur prior to model evaluation. Note ---- All of the _pre_evaluate for each component model will be performed at the time that the individual model is evaluated. """ # If equivalencies are provided, necessary to map parameters and pass # the leaflist as a keyword input for use by model evaluation so that # the compound model input names can be matched to the model input # names. if "equivalencies" in kwargs: # Restructure to be useful for the individual model lookup kwargs["inputs_map"] = [ (value[0], (value[1], key)) for key, value in self.inputs_map().items() ] # Setup actual model evaluation method def evaluate(_inputs): return self._evaluate(*_inputs, **kwargs) return evaluate, args, None, kwargs @property def _argnames(self): """ No inputs should be used to determine input_shape when handling compound models """ return () def _post_evaluate(self, inputs, outputs, broadcasted_shapes, with_bbox, **kwargs): """ CompoundModel specific post evaluation processing of outputs Note ---- All of the _post_evaluate for each component model will be performed at the time that the individual model is evaluated. """ if self.get_bounding_box(with_bbox) is not None and self.n_outputs == 1: return outputs[0] return outputs def _evaluate(self, *args, **kw): op = self.op if op != "fix_inputs": if op != "&": leftval = self.left(*args, **kw) if op != "|": rightval = self.right(*args, **kw) else: rightval = None else: leftval = self.left(*(args[: self.left.n_inputs]), **kw) rightval = self.right(*(args[self.left.n_inputs :]), **kw) if op != "|": return self._apply_operators_to_value_lists(leftval, rightval, **kw) elif op == "|": if isinstance(leftval, tuple): return self.right(*leftval, **kw) else: return self.right(leftval, **kw) else: subs = self.right newargs = list(args) subinds = [] subvals = [] for key in subs.keys(): if np.issubdtype(type(key), np.integer): subinds.append(key) elif isinstance(key, str): ind = self.left.inputs.index(key) subinds.append(ind) subvals.append(subs[key]) # Turn inputs specified in kw into positional indices. # Names for compound inputs do not propagate to sub models. kwind = [] kwval = [] for kwkey in list(kw.keys()): if kwkey in self.inputs: ind = self.inputs.index(kwkey) if ind < len(args): raise ValueError( "Keyword argument duplicates positional value supplied." ) kwind.append(ind) kwval.append(kw[kwkey]) del kw[kwkey] # Build new argument list # Append keyword specified args first if kwind: kwargs = list(zip(kwind, kwval)) kwargs.sort() kwindsorted, kwvalsorted = list(zip(*kwargs)) newargs = newargs + list(kwvalsorted) if subinds: subargs = list(zip(subinds, subvals)) subargs.sort() # subindsorted, subvalsorted = list(zip(*subargs)) # The substitutions must be inserted in order for ind, val in subargs: newargs.insert(ind, val) return self.left(*newargs, **kw) @property def param_names(self): """An ordered list of parameter names.""" return self._param_names def _make_leaflist(self): tdict = {} leaflist = [] make_subtree_dict(self, "", tdict, leaflist) self._leaflist = leaflist self._tdict = tdict def __getattr__(self, name): """ If someone accesses an attribute not already defined, map the parameters, and then see if the requested attribute is one of the parameters """ # The following test is needed to avoid infinite recursion # caused by deepcopy. There may be other such cases discovered. if name == "__setstate__": raise AttributeError if name in self._param_names: return self.__dict__[name] else: raise AttributeError(f'Attribute "{name}" not found') def __getitem__(self, index): if self._leaflist is None: self._make_leaflist() leaflist = self._leaflist tdict = self._tdict if isinstance(index, slice): if index.step: raise ValueError("Steps in slices not supported for compound models") if index.start is not None: if isinstance(index.start, str): start = self._str_index_to_int(index.start) else: start = index.start else: start = 0 if index.stop is not None: if isinstance(index.stop, str): stop = self._str_index_to_int(index.stop) else: stop = index.stop - 1 else: stop = len(leaflist) - 1 if index.stop == 0: raise ValueError("Slice endpoint cannot be 0") if start < 0: start = len(leaflist) + start if stop < 0: stop = len(leaflist) + stop # now search for matching node: if stop == start: # only single value, get leaf instead in code below index = start else: for key in tdict: node, leftind, rightind = tdict[key] if leftind == start and rightind == stop: return node raise IndexError("No appropriate subtree matches slice") if np.issubdtype(type(index), np.integer): return leaflist[index] elif isinstance(index, str): return leaflist[self._str_index_to_int(index)] else: raise TypeError("index must be integer, slice, or model name string") def _str_index_to_int(self, str_index): # Search through leaflist for item with that name found = [] for nleaf, leaf in enumerate(self._leaflist): if getattr(leaf, "name", None) == str_index: found.append(nleaf) if len(found) == 0: raise IndexError(f"No component with name '{str_index}' found") if len(found) > 1: raise IndexError( f"Multiple components found using '{str_index}' as name\n" f"at indices {found}" ) return found[0] @property def n_inputs(self): """The number of inputs of a model.""" return self._n_inputs @n_inputs.setter def n_inputs(self, value): self._n_inputs = value @property def n_outputs(self): """The number of outputs of a model.""" return self._n_outputs @n_outputs.setter def n_outputs(self, value): self._n_outputs = value @property def eqcons(self): return self._eqcons @eqcons.setter def eqcons(self, value): self._eqcons = value @property def ineqcons(self): return self._eqcons @ineqcons.setter def ineqcons(self, value): self._eqcons = value
[docs] def traverse_postorder(self, include_operator=False): """Postorder traversal of the CompoundModel tree.""" res = [] if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): res = res + self.left.traverse_postorder(include_operator) else: res = res + [self.left] if isinstance(self.right, CompoundModel): res = res + self.right.traverse_postorder(include_operator) else: res = res + [self.right] if include_operator: res.append(self.op) else: res.append(self) return res
def _format_expression(self, format_leaf=None): leaf_idx = 0 operands = deque() if format_leaf is None: format_leaf = lambda i, l: f"[{i}]" # noqa: E731 for node in self.traverse_postorder(): if not isinstance(node, CompoundModel): operands.append(format_leaf(leaf_idx, node)) leaf_idx += 1 continue right = operands.pop() left = operands.pop() if node.op in OPERATOR_PRECEDENCE: oper_order = OPERATOR_PRECEDENCE[node.op] if isinstance(node, CompoundModel): if ( isinstance(node.left, CompoundModel) and OPERATOR_PRECEDENCE[node.left.op] < oper_order ): left = f"({left})" if ( isinstance(node.right, CompoundModel) and OPERATOR_PRECEDENCE[node.right.op] < oper_order ): right = f"({right})" operands.append(" ".join((left, node.op, right))) else: left = f"(({left})," right = f"({right}))" operands.append(" ".join((node.op[0], left, right))) return "".join(operands) def _format_components(self): if self._parameters_ is None: self._map_parameters() return "\n\n".join(f"[{idx}]: {m!r}" for idx, m in enumerate(self._leaflist)) def __str__(self): expression = self._format_expression() components = self._format_components() keywords = [ ("Expression", expression), ("Components", "\n" + indent(components)), ] return super()._format_str(keywords=keywords)
[docs] def rename(self, name): self.name = name return self
@property def isleaf(self): return False @property def inverse(self): if self.op == "|": return self.right.inverse | self.left.inverse elif self.op == "&": return self.left.inverse & self.right.inverse else: return NotImplemented @property def fittable(self): """Set the fittable attribute on a compound model.""" if self._fittable is None: if self._leaflist is None: self._map_parameters() self._fittable = all(m.fittable for m in self._leaflist) return self._fittable __add__ = _model_oper("+") __sub__ = _model_oper("-") __mul__ = _model_oper("*") __truediv__ = _model_oper("/") __pow__ = _model_oper("**") __or__ = _model_oper("|") __and__ = _model_oper("&") def _map_parameters(self): """ Map all the constituent model parameters to the compound object, renaming as necessary by appending a suffix number. This can be an expensive operation, particularly for a complex expression tree. All the corresponding parameter attributes are created that one expects for the Model class. The parameter objects that the attributes point to are the same objects as in the constiutent models. Changes made to parameter values to either are seen by both. Prior to calling this, none of the associated attributes will exist. This method must be called to make the model usable by fitting engines. If oldnames=True, then parameters are named as in the original implementation of compound models. """ if self._parameters is not None: # do nothing return if self._leaflist is None: self._make_leaflist() self._parameters_ = {} param_map = {} self._param_names = [] for lindex, leaf in enumerate(self._leaflist): if not isinstance(leaf, dict): for param_name in leaf.param_names: param = getattr(leaf, param_name) new_param_name = f"{param_name}_{lindex}" self.__dict__[new_param_name] = param self._parameters_[new_param_name] = param self._param_names.append(new_param_name) param_map[new_param_name] = (lindex, param_name) self._param_metrics = {} self._param_map = param_map self._param_map_inverse = {v: k for k, v in param_map.items()} self._initialize_slices() self._param_names = tuple(self._param_names) def _initialize_slices(self): param_metrics = self._param_metrics total_size = 0 for name in self.param_names: param = getattr(self, name) value = param.value param_size = np.size(value) param_shape = np.shape(value) param_slice = slice(total_size, total_size + param_size) param_metrics[name] = {} param_metrics[name]["slice"] = param_slice param_metrics[name]["shape"] = param_shape param_metrics[name]["size"] = param_size total_size += param_size self._parameters = np.empty(total_size, dtype=np.float64) @staticmethod def _recursive_lookup(branch, adict, key): if isinstance(branch, CompoundModel): return adict[key] return branch, key
[docs] def inputs_map(self): """ Map the names of the inputs to this ExpressionTree to the inputs to the leaf models. """ inputs_map = {} if not isinstance( self.op, str ): # If we don't have an operator the mapping is trivial return {inp: (self, inp) for inp in self.inputs} elif self.op == "|": if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): l_inputs_map = self.left.inputs_map() for inp in self.inputs: if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): inputs_map[inp] = l_inputs_map[inp] else: inputs_map[inp] = self.left, inp elif self.op == "&": if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): l_inputs_map = self.left.inputs_map() if isinstance(self.right, CompoundModel): r_inputs_map = self.right.inputs_map() for i, inp in enumerate(self.inputs): if i < len(self.left.inputs): # Get from left if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): inputs_map[inp] = l_inputs_map[self.left.inputs[i]] else: inputs_map[inp] = self.left, self.left.inputs[i] else: # Get from right if isinstance(self.right, CompoundModel): inputs_map[inp] = r_inputs_map[ self.right.inputs[i - len(self.left.inputs)] ] else: inputs_map[inp] = ( self.right, self.right.inputs[i - len(self.left.inputs)], ) elif self.op == "fix_inputs": fixed_ind = list(self.right.keys()) ind = [ list(self.left.inputs).index(i) if isinstance(i, str) else i for i in fixed_ind ] inp_ind = list(range(self.left.n_inputs)) for i in ind: inp_ind.remove(i) for i in inp_ind: inputs_map[self.left.inputs[i]] = self.left, self.left.inputs[i] else: if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): l_inputs_map = self.left.inputs_map() for inp in self.left.inputs: if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): inputs_map[inp] = l_inputs_map[inp] else: inputs_map[inp] = self.left, inp return inputs_map
def _parameter_units_for_data_units(self, input_units, output_units): if self._leaflist is None: self._map_parameters() units_for_data = {} for imodel, model in enumerate(self._leaflist): units_for_data_leaf = model._parameter_units_for_data_units( input_units, output_units ) for param_leaf in units_for_data_leaf: param = self._param_map_inverse[(imodel, param_leaf)] units_for_data[param] = units_for_data_leaf[param_leaf] return units_for_data @property def input_units(self): inputs_map = self.inputs_map() input_units_dict = { key: inputs_map[key][0].input_units[orig_key] for key, (mod, orig_key) in inputs_map.items() if inputs_map[key][0].input_units is not None } if input_units_dict: return input_units_dict return None @property def input_units_equivalencies(self): inputs_map = self.inputs_map() input_units_equivalencies_dict = { key: inputs_map[key][0].input_units_equivalencies[orig_key] for key, (mod, orig_key) in inputs_map.items() if inputs_map[key][0].input_units_equivalencies is not None } if not input_units_equivalencies_dict: return None return input_units_equivalencies_dict @property def input_units_allow_dimensionless(self): inputs_map = self.inputs_map() return { key: inputs_map[key][0].input_units_allow_dimensionless[orig_key] for key, (mod, orig_key) in inputs_map.items() } @property def input_units_strict(self): inputs_map = self.inputs_map() return { key: inputs_map[key][0].input_units_strict[orig_key] for key, (mod, orig_key) in inputs_map.items() } @property def return_units(self): outputs_map = self.outputs_map() return { key: outputs_map[key][0].return_units[orig_key] for key, (mod, orig_key) in outputs_map.items() if outputs_map[key][0].return_units is not None }
[docs] def outputs_map(self): """ Map the names of the outputs to this ExpressionTree to the outputs to the leaf models. """ outputs_map = {} if not isinstance( self.op, str ): # If we don't have an operator the mapping is trivial return {out: (self, out) for out in self.outputs} elif self.op == "|": if isinstance(self.right, CompoundModel): r_outputs_map = self.right.outputs_map() for out in self.outputs: if isinstance(self.right, CompoundModel): outputs_map[out] = r_outputs_map[out] else: outputs_map[out] = self.right, out elif self.op == "&": if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): l_outputs_map = self.left.outputs_map() if isinstance(self.right, CompoundModel): r_outputs_map = self.right.outputs_map() for i, out in enumerate(self.outputs): if i < len(self.left.outputs): # Get from left if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): outputs_map[out] = l_outputs_map[self.left.outputs[i]] else: outputs_map[out] = self.left, self.left.outputs[i] else: # Get from right if isinstance(self.right, CompoundModel): outputs_map[out] = r_outputs_map[ self.right.outputs[i - len(self.left.outputs)] ] else: outputs_map[out] = ( self.right, self.right.outputs[i - len(self.left.outputs)], ) elif self.op == "fix_inputs": return self.left.outputs_map() else: if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): l_outputs_map = self.left.outputs_map() for out in self.left.outputs: if isinstance(self.left, CompoundModel): outputs_map[out] = l_outputs_map()[out] else: outputs_map[out] = self.left, out return outputs_map
@property def has_user_bounding_box(self): """ A flag indicating whether or not a custom bounding_box has been assigned to this model by a user, via assignment to ``model.bounding_box``. """ return self._user_bounding_box is not None
[docs] def render(self, out=None, coords=None): """ Evaluate a model at fixed positions, respecting the ``bounding_box``. The key difference relative to evaluating the model directly is that this method is limited to a bounding box if the `Model.bounding_box` attribute is set. Parameters ---------- out : `numpy.ndarray`, optional An array that the evaluated model will be added to. If this is not given (or given as ``None``), a new array will be created. coords : array-like, optional An array to be used to translate from the model's input coordinates to the ``out`` array. It should have the property that ``self(coords)`` yields the same shape as ``out``. If ``out`` is not specified, ``coords`` will be used to determine the shape of the returned array. If this is not provided (or None), the model will be evaluated on a grid determined by `Model.bounding_box`. Returns ------- out : `numpy.ndarray` The model added to ``out`` if ``out`` is not ``None``, or else a new array from evaluating the model over ``coords``. If ``out`` and ``coords`` are both `None`, the returned array is limited to the `Model.bounding_box` limits. If `Model.bounding_box` is `None`, ``arr`` or ``coords`` must be passed. Raises ------ ValueError If ``coords`` are not given and the the `Model.bounding_box` of this model is not set. Examples -------- :ref:`astropy:bounding-boxes` """ bbox = self.get_bounding_box() ndim = self.n_inputs if (coords is None) and (out is None) and (bbox is None): raise ValueError("If no bounding_box is set, coords or out must be input.") # for consistent indexing if ndim == 1: if coords is not None: coords = [coords] if bbox is not None: bbox = [bbox] if coords is not None: coords = np.asanyarray(coords, dtype=float) # Check dimensions match out and model assert len(coords) == ndim if out is not None: if coords[0].shape != out.shape: raise ValueError("inconsistent shape of the output.") else: out = np.zeros(coords[0].shape) if out is not None: out = np.asanyarray(out) if out.ndim != ndim: raise ValueError( "the array and model must have the same number of dimensions." ) if bbox is not None: # Assures position is at center pixel, important when using # add_array. pd = ( np.array([(np.mean(bb), np.ceil((bb[1] - bb[0]) / 2)) for bb in bbox]) .astype(int) .T ) pos, delta = pd if coords is not None: sub_shape = tuple(delta * 2 + 1) sub_coords = np.array( [extract_array(c, sub_shape, pos) for c in coords] ) else: limits = [slice(p - d, p + d + 1, 1) for p, d in pd.T] sub_coords = np.mgrid[limits] sub_coords = sub_coords[::-1] if out is None: out = self(*sub_coords) else: try: out = add_array(out, self(*sub_coords), pos) except ValueError: raise ValueError( "The `bounding_box` is larger than the input out in " "one or more dimensions. Set " "`model.bounding_box = None`." ) else: if coords is None: im_shape = out.shape limits = [slice(i) for i in im_shape] coords = np.mgrid[limits] coords = coords[::-1] out += self(*coords) return out
[docs] def replace_submodel(self, name, model): """ Construct a new `~astropy.modeling.CompoundModel` instance from an existing CompoundModel, replacing the named submodel with a new model. In order to ensure that inverses and names are kept/reconstructed, it's necessary to rebuild the CompoundModel from the replaced node all the way back to the base. The original CompoundModel is left untouched. Parameters ---------- name : str name of submodel to be replaced model : `~astropy.modeling.Model` replacement model """ submodels = [ m for m in self.traverse_postorder() if getattr(m, "name", None) == name ] if submodels: if len(submodels) > 1: raise ValueError(f"More than one submodel named {name}") old_model = submodels.pop() if len(old_model) != len(model): raise ValueError( "New and old models must have equal values for n_models" ) # Do this check first in order to raise a more helpful Exception, # although it would fail trying to construct the new CompoundModel if ( old_model.n_inputs != model.n_inputs or old_model.n_outputs != model.n_outputs ): raise ValueError( "New model must match numbers of inputs and " "outputs of existing model" ) tree = _get_submodel_path(self, name) while tree: branch = self.copy() for node in tree[:-1]: branch = getattr(branch, node) setattr(branch, tree[-1], model) model = CompoundModel( branch.op, branch.left, branch.right, name=branch.name ) tree = tree[:-1] return model else: raise ValueError(f"No submodels found named {name}")
def _set_sub_models_and_parameter_units(self, left, right): """ Provides a work-around to properly set the sub models and respective parameters's units/values when using ``without_units_for_data`` or ``without_units_for_data`` methods. """ model = CompoundModel(self.op, left, right) self.left = left self.right = right for name in model.param_names: model_parameter = getattr(model, name) parameter = getattr(self, name) parameter.value = model_parameter.value parameter._set_unit(model_parameter.unit, force=True)
[docs] def without_units_for_data(self, **kwargs): """ See `~astropy.modeling.Model.without_units_for_data` for overview of this method. Notes ----- This modifies the behavior of the base method to account for the case where the sub-models of a compound model have different output units. This is only valid for compound * and / compound models as in that case it is reasonable to mix the output units. It does this by modifying the output units of each sub model by using the output units of the other sub model so that we can apply the original function and get the desired result. Additional data has to be output in the mixed output unit case so that the units can be properly rebuilt by `~astropy.modeling.CompoundModel.with_units_from_data`. Outside the mixed output units, this method is identical to the base method. """ if self.op in ["*", "/"]: model = self.copy() inputs = {inp: kwargs[inp] for inp in self.inputs} left_units = self.left.output_units(**kwargs) right_units = self.right.output_units(**kwargs) if self.op == "*": left_kwargs = { out: kwargs[out] / right_units[out] for out in self.left.outputs if kwargs[out] is not None } right_kwargs = { out: kwargs[out] / left_units[out] for out in self.right.outputs if kwargs[out] is not None } else: left_kwargs = { out: kwargs[out] * right_units[out] for out in self.left.outputs if kwargs[out] is not None } right_kwargs = { out: 1 / kwargs[out] * left_units[out] for out in self.right.outputs if kwargs[out] is not None } left_kwargs.update(inputs.copy()) right_kwargs.update(inputs.copy()) left = self.left.without_units_for_data(**left_kwargs) if isinstance(left, tuple): left_kwargs["_left_kwargs"] = left[1] left_kwargs["_right_kwargs"] = left[2] left = left[0] right = self.right.without_units_for_data(**right_kwargs) if isinstance(right, tuple): right_kwargs["_left_kwargs"] = right[1] right_kwargs["_right_kwargs"] = right[2] right = right[0] model._set_sub_models_and_parameter_units(left, right) return model, left_kwargs, right_kwargs else: return super().without_units_for_data(**kwargs)
[docs] def with_units_from_data(self, **kwargs): """ See `~astropy.modeling.Model.with_units_from_data` for overview of this method. Notes ----- This modifies the behavior of the base method to account for the case where the sub-models of a compound model have different output units. This is only valid for compound * and / compound models as in that case it is reasonable to mix the output units. In order to do this it requires some additional information output by `~astropy.modeling.CompoundModel.without_units_for_data` passed as keyword arguments under the keywords ``_left_kwargs`` and ``_right_kwargs``. Outside the mixed output units, this method is identical to the base method. """ if self.op in ["*", "/"]: left_kwargs = kwargs.pop("_left_kwargs") right_kwargs = kwargs.pop("_right_kwargs") left = self.left.with_units_from_data(**left_kwargs) right = self.right.with_units_from_data(**right_kwargs) model = self.copy() model._set_sub_models_and_parameter_units(left, right) return model else: return super().with_units_from_data(**kwargs)
def _get_submodel_path(model, name): """Find the route down a CompoundModel's tree to the model with the specified name (whether it's a leaf or not)""" if getattr(model, "name", None) == name: return [] try: return ["left"] + _get_submodel_path(model.left, name) except (AttributeError, TypeError): pass try: return ["right"] + _get_submodel_path(model.right, name) except (AttributeError, TypeError): pass def binary_operation(binoperator, left, right): """ Perform binary operation. Operands may be matching tuples of operands. """ if isinstance(left, tuple) and isinstance(right, tuple): return tuple(binoperator(item[0], item[1]) for item in zip(left, right)) return binoperator(left, right) def get_ops(tree, opset): """ Recursive function to collect operators used. """ if isinstance(tree, CompoundModel): opset.add(tree.op) get_ops(tree.left, opset) get_ops(tree.right, opset) else: return def make_subtree_dict(tree, nodepath, tdict, leaflist): """ Traverse a tree noting each node by a key that indicates all the left/right choices necessary to reach that node. Each key will reference a tuple that contains: - reference to the compound model for that node. - left most index contained within that subtree (relative to all indices for the whole tree) - right most index contained within that subtree """ # if this is a leaf, just append it to the leaflist if not hasattr(tree, "isleaf"): leaflist.append(tree) else: leftmostind = len(leaflist) make_subtree_dict(tree.left, nodepath + "l", tdict, leaflist) make_subtree_dict(tree.right, nodepath + "r", tdict, leaflist) rightmostind = len(leaflist) - 1 tdict[nodepath] = (tree, leftmostind, rightmostind) _ORDER_OF_OPERATORS = [("fix_inputs",), ("|",), ("&",), ("+", "-"), ("*", "/"), ("**",)] OPERATOR_PRECEDENCE = {} for idx, ops in enumerate(_ORDER_OF_OPERATORS): for op in ops: OPERATOR_PRECEDENCE[op] = idx del idx, op, ops
[docs]def fix_inputs(modelinstance, values, bounding_boxes=None, selector_args=None): """ This function creates a compound model with one or more of the input values of the input model assigned fixed values (scalar or array). Parameters ---------- modelinstance : `~astropy.modeling.Model` instance This is the model that one or more of the model input values will be fixed to some constant value. values : dict A dictionary where the key identifies which input to fix and its value is the value to fix it at. The key may either be the name of the input or a number reflecting its order in the inputs. Examples -------- >>> from astropy.modeling.models import Gaussian2D >>> g = Gaussian2D(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) >>> gv = fix_inputs(g, {0: 2.5}) Results in a 1D function equivalent to Gaussian2D(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)(x=2.5, y) """ model = CompoundModel("fix_inputs", modelinstance, values) if bounding_boxes is not None: if selector_args is None: selector_args = tuple((key, True) for key in values.keys()) bbox = CompoundBoundingBox.validate( modelinstance, bounding_boxes, selector_args ) _selector = bbox.selector_args.get_fixed_values(modelinstance, values) new_bbox = bbox[_selector] new_bbox = new_bbox.__class__.validate(model, new_bbox) model.bounding_box = new_bbox return model
[docs]def bind_bounding_box(modelinstance, bounding_box, ignored=None, order="C"): """ Set a validated bounding box to a model instance. Parameters ---------- modelinstance : `~astropy.modeling.Model` instance This is the model that the validated bounding box will be set on. bounding_box : tuple A bounding box tuple, see :ref:`astropy:bounding-boxes` for details ignored : list List of the inputs to be ignored by the bounding box. order : str, optional The ordering of the bounding box tuple, can be either ``'C'`` or ``'F'``. """ modelinstance.bounding_box = ModelBoundingBox.validate( modelinstance, bounding_box, ignored=ignored, order=order )
[docs]def bind_compound_bounding_box( modelinstance, bounding_boxes, selector_args, create_selector=None, ignored=None, order="C", ): """ Add a validated compound bounding box to a model instance. Parameters ---------- modelinstance : `~astropy.modeling.Model` instance This is the model that the validated compound bounding box will be set on. bounding_boxes : dict A dictionary of bounding box tuples, see :ref:`astropy:bounding-boxes` for details. selector_args : list List of selector argument tuples to define selection for compound bounding box, see :ref:`astropy:bounding-boxes` for details. create_selector : callable, optional An optional callable with interface (selector_value, model) which can generate a bounding box based on a selector value and model if there is no bounding box in the compound bounding box listed under that selector value. Default is ``None``, meaning new bounding box entries will not be automatically generated. ignored : list List of the inputs to be ignored by the bounding box. order : str, optional The ordering of the bounding box tuple, can be either ``'C'`` or ``'F'``. """ modelinstance.bounding_box = CompoundBoundingBox.validate( modelinstance, bounding_boxes, selector_args, create_selector=create_selector, ignored=ignored, order=order, )
[docs]def custom_model(*args, fit_deriv=None): """ Create a model from a user defined function. The inputs and parameters of the model will be inferred from the arguments of the function. This can be used either as a function or as a decorator. See below for examples of both usages. The model is separable only if there is a single input. .. note:: All model parameters have to be defined as keyword arguments with default values in the model function. Use `None` as a default argument value if you do not want to have a default value for that parameter. The standard settable model properties can be configured by default using keyword arguments matching the name of the property; however, these values are not set as model "parameters". Moreover, users cannot use keyword arguments matching non-settable model properties, with the exception of ``n_outputs`` which should be set to the number of outputs of your function. Parameters ---------- func : function Function which defines the model. It should take N positional arguments where ``N`` is dimensions of the model (the number of independent variable in the model), and any number of keyword arguments (the parameters). It must return the value of the model (typically as an array, but can also be a scalar for scalar inputs). This corresponds to the `~astropy.modeling.Model.evaluate` method. fit_deriv : function, optional Function which defines the Jacobian derivative of the model. I.e., the derivative with respect to the *parameters* of the model. It should have the same argument signature as ``func``, but should return a sequence where each element of the sequence is the derivative with respect to the corresponding argument. This corresponds to the :meth:`~astropy.modeling.FittableModel.fit_deriv` method. Examples -------- Define a sinusoidal model function as a custom 1D model:: >>> from astropy.modeling.models import custom_model >>> import numpy as np >>> def sine_model(x, amplitude=1., frequency=1.): ... return amplitude * np.sin(2 * np.pi * frequency * x) >>> def sine_deriv(x, amplitude=1., frequency=1.): ... return 2 * np.pi * amplitude * np.cos(2 * np.pi * frequency * x) >>> SineModel = custom_model(sine_model, fit_deriv=sine_deriv) Create an instance of the custom model and evaluate it:: >>> model = SineModel() >>> model(0.25) 1.0 This model instance can now be used like a usual astropy model. The next example demonstrates a 2D Moffat function model, and also demonstrates the support for docstrings (this example could also include a derivative, but it has been omitted for simplicity):: >>> @custom_model ... def Moffat2D(x, y, amplitude=1.0, x_0=0.0, y_0=0.0, gamma=1.0, ... alpha=1.0): ... \"\"\"Two dimensional Moffat function.\"\"\" ... rr_gg = ((x - x_0) ** 2 + (y - y_0) ** 2) / gamma ** 2 ... return amplitude * (1 + rr_gg) ** (-alpha) ... >>> print(Moffat2D.__doc__) Two dimensional Moffat function. >>> model = Moffat2D() >>> model(1, 1) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP 0.3333333333333333 """ if len(args) == 1 and callable(args[0]): return _custom_model_wrapper(args[0], fit_deriv=fit_deriv) elif not args: return functools.partial(_custom_model_wrapper, fit_deriv=fit_deriv) else: raise TypeError( f"{__name__} takes at most one positional argument (the callable/" "function to be turned into a model. When used as a decorator " "it should be passed keyword arguments only (if " "any)." )
def _custom_model_inputs(func): """ Processes the inputs to the `custom_model`'s function into the appropriate categories. Parameters ---------- func : callable Returns ------- inputs : list list of evaluation inputs special_params : dict dictionary of model properties which require special treatment settable_params : dict dictionary of defaults for settable model properties params : dict dictionary of model parameters set by `custom_model`'s function """ inputs, parameters = get_inputs_and_params(func) special = ["n_outputs"] settable = [ attr for attr, value in vars(Model).items() if isinstance(value, property) and value.fset is not None ] properties = [ attr for attr, value in vars(Model).items() if isinstance(value, property) and value.fset is None and attr not in special ] special_params = {} settable_params = {} params = {} for param in parameters: if param.name in special: special_params[param.name] = param.default elif param.name in settable: settable_params[param.name] = param.default elif param.name in properties: raise ValueError( f"Parameter '{param.name}' cannot be a model property: {properties}." ) else: params[param.name] = param.default return inputs, special_params, settable_params, params def _custom_model_wrapper(func, fit_deriv=None): """ Internal implementation `custom_model`. When `custom_model` is called as a function its arguments are passed to this function, and the result of this function is returned. When `custom_model` is used as a decorator a partial evaluation of this function is returned by `custom_model`. """ if not callable(func): raise ModelDefinitionError( "func is not callable; it must be a function or other callable object" ) if fit_deriv is not None and not callable(fit_deriv): raise ModelDefinitionError( "fit_deriv not callable; it must be a function or other callable object" ) model_name = func.__name__ inputs, special_params, settable_params, params = _custom_model_inputs(func) if fit_deriv is not None and len(fit_deriv.__defaults__) != len(params): raise ModelDefinitionError( "derivative function should accept same number of parameters as func." ) params = { param: Parameter(param, default=default) for param, default in params.items() } mod = find_current_module(2) if mod: modname = mod.__name__ else: modname = "__main__" members = { "__module__": str(modname), "__doc__": func.__doc__, "n_inputs": len(inputs), "n_outputs": special_params.pop("n_outputs", 1), "evaluate": staticmethod(func), "_settable_properties": settable_params, } if fit_deriv is not None: members["fit_deriv"] = staticmethod(fit_deriv) members.update(params) cls = type(model_name, (FittableModel,), members) cls._separable = True if (len(inputs) == 1) else False return cls def render_model(model, arr=None, coords=None): """ Evaluates a model on an input array. Evaluation is limited to a bounding box if the `Model.bounding_box` attribute is set. Parameters ---------- model : `Model` Model to be evaluated. arr : `numpy.ndarray`, optional Array on which the model is evaluated. coords : array-like, optional Coordinate arrays mapping to ``arr``, such that ``arr[coords] == arr``. Returns ------- array : `numpy.ndarray` The model evaluated on the input ``arr`` or a new array from ``coords``. If ``arr`` and ``coords`` are both `None`, the returned array is limited to the `Model.bounding_box` limits. If `Model.bounding_box` is `None`, ``arr`` or ``coords`` must be passed. Examples -------- :ref:`astropy:bounding-boxes` """ bbox = model.bounding_box if (coords is None) & (arr is None) & (bbox is None): raise ValueError("If no bounding_box is set, coords or arr must be input.") # for consistent indexing if model.n_inputs == 1: if coords is not None: coords = [coords] if bbox is not None: bbox = [bbox] if arr is not None: arr = arr.copy() # Check dimensions match model if arr.ndim != model.n_inputs: raise ValueError( "number of array dimensions inconsistent with number of model inputs." ) if coords is not None: # Check dimensions match arr and model coords = np.array(coords) if len(coords) != model.n_inputs: raise ValueError( "coordinate length inconsistent with the number of model inputs." ) if arr is not None: if coords[0].shape != arr.shape: raise ValueError("coordinate shape inconsistent with the array shape.") else: arr = np.zeros(coords[0].shape) if bbox is not None: # assures position is at center pixel, important when using add_array pd = pos, delta = ( np.array([(np.mean(bb), np.ceil((bb[1] - bb[0]) / 2)) for bb in bbox]) .astype(int) .T ) if coords is not None: sub_shape = tuple(delta * 2 + 1) sub_coords = np.array([extract_array(c, sub_shape, pos) for c in coords]) else: limits = [slice(p - d, p + d + 1, 1) for p, d in pd.T] sub_coords = np.mgrid[limits] sub_coords = sub_coords[::-1] if arr is None: arr = model(*sub_coords) else: try: arr = add_array(arr, model(*sub_coords), pos) except ValueError: raise ValueError( "The `bounding_box` is larger than the input" " arr in one or more dimensions. Set " "`model.bounding_box = None`." ) else: if coords is None: im_shape = arr.shape limits = [slice(i) for i in im_shape] coords = np.mgrid[limits] arr += model(*coords[::-1]) return arr def hide_inverse(model): """ This is a convenience function intended to disable automatic generation of the inverse in compound models by disabling one of the constituent model's inverse. This is to handle cases where user provided inverse functions are not compatible within an expression. Example: compound_model.inverse = hide_inverse(m1) + m2 + m3 This will insure that the defined inverse itself won't attempt to build its own inverse, which would otherwise fail in this example (e.g., m = m1 + m2 + m3 happens to raises an exception for this reason.) Note that this permanently disables it. To prevent that either copy the model or restore the inverse later. """ del model.inverse return model