Source code for astropy.coordinates.spectral_coordinate

import warnings
from textwrap import indent

import numpy as np

import astropy.units as u
from astropy.constants import c
from astropy.coordinates import (
    ICRS,
    CartesianDifferential,
    CartesianRepresentation,
    SkyCoord,
)
from astropy.coordinates.baseframe import BaseCoordinateFrame, frame_transform_graph
from astropy.coordinates.spectral_quantity import SpectralQuantity
from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyUserWarning

__all__ = ["SpectralCoord"]


class NoVelocityWarning(AstropyUserWarning):
    pass


class NoDistanceWarning(AstropyUserWarning):
    pass


KMS = u.km / u.s
ZERO_VELOCITIES = CartesianDifferential([0, 0, 0] * KMS)

# Default distance to use for target when none is provided
DEFAULT_DISTANCE = 1e6 * u.kpc

# We don't want to run doctests in the docstrings we inherit from Quantity
__doctest_skip__ = ["SpectralCoord.*"]


def _apply_relativistic_doppler_shift(scoord, velocity):
    """
    Given a `SpectralQuantity` and a velocity, return a new `SpectralQuantity`
    that is Doppler shifted by this amount.

    Note that the Doppler shift applied is the full relativistic one, so
    `SpectralQuantity` currently expressed in velocity and not using the
    relativistic convention will temporarily be converted to use the
    relativistic convention while the shift is applied.

    Positive velocities are assumed to redshift the spectral quantity,
    while negative velocities blueshift the spectral quantity.
    """

    # NOTE: we deliberately don't keep sub-classes of SpectralQuantity intact
    # since we can't guarantee that their metadata would be correct/consistent.
    squantity = scoord.view(SpectralQuantity)

    beta = velocity / c
    doppler_factor = np.sqrt((1 + beta) / (1 - beta))

    if squantity.unit.is_equivalent(u.m):  # wavelength
        return squantity * doppler_factor
    elif (
        squantity.unit.is_equivalent(u.Hz)
        or squantity.unit.is_equivalent(u.eV)
        or squantity.unit.is_equivalent(1 / u.m)
    ):
        return squantity / doppler_factor
    elif squantity.unit.is_equivalent(KMS):  # velocity
        return (squantity.to(u.Hz) / doppler_factor).to(squantity.unit)
    else:  # pragma: no cover
        raise RuntimeError(
            f"Unexpected units in velocity shift: {squantity.unit}. This should not"
            " happen, so please report this in the astropy issue tracker!"
        )


def update_differentials_to_match(
    original, velocity_reference, preserve_observer_frame=False
):
    """
    Given an original coordinate object, update the differentials so that
    the final coordinate is at the same location as the original coordinate
    but co-moving with the velocity reference object.

    If preserve_original_frame is set to True, the resulting object will be in
    the frame of the original coordinate, otherwise it will be in the frame of
    the velocity reference.
    """

    if not velocity_reference.data.differentials:
        raise ValueError("Reference frame has no velocities")

    # If the reference has an obstime already defined, we should ignore
    # it and stick with the original observer obstime.
    if "obstime" in velocity_reference.frame_attributes and hasattr(
        original, "obstime"
    ):
        velocity_reference = velocity_reference.replicate(obstime=original.obstime)

    # We transform both coordinates to ICRS for simplicity and because we know
    # it's a simple frame that is not time-dependent (it could be that both
    # the original and velocity_reference frame are time-dependent)

    original_icrs = original.transform_to(ICRS())
    velocity_reference_icrs = velocity_reference.transform_to(ICRS())

    differentials = velocity_reference_icrs.data.represent_as(
        CartesianRepresentation, CartesianDifferential
    ).differentials

    data_with_differentials = original_icrs.data.represent_as(
        CartesianRepresentation
    ).with_differentials(differentials)

    final_icrs = original_icrs.realize_frame(data_with_differentials)

    if preserve_observer_frame:
        final = final_icrs.transform_to(original)
    else:
        final = final_icrs.transform_to(velocity_reference)

    return final.replicate(
        representation_type=CartesianRepresentation,
        differential_type=CartesianDifferential,
    )


def attach_zero_velocities(coord):
    """
    Set the differentials to be stationary on a coordinate object.
    """
    new_data = coord.cartesian.with_differentials(ZERO_VELOCITIES)
    return coord.realize_frame(new_data)


def _get_velocities(coord):
    if "s" in coord.data.differentials:
        return coord.velocity
    else:
        return ZERO_VELOCITIES


[docs]class SpectralCoord(SpectralQuantity): """ A spectral coordinate with its corresponding unit. .. note:: The |SpectralCoord| class is new in Astropy v4.1 and should be considered experimental at this time. Note that we do not fully support cases where the observer and target are moving relativistically relative to each other, so care should be taken in those cases. It is possible that there will be API changes in future versions of Astropy based on user feedback. If you have specific ideas for how it might be improved, please let us know on the `astropy-dev mailing list`_ or at http://feedback.astropy.org. Parameters ---------- value : ndarray or `~astropy.units.Quantity` or `SpectralCoord` Spectral values, which should be either wavelength, frequency, energy, wavenumber, or velocity values. unit : unit-like Unit for the given spectral values. observer : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` or `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord`, optional The coordinate (position and velocity) of observer. If no velocities are present on this object, the observer is assumed to be stationary relative to the frame origin. target : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` or `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord`, optional The coordinate (position and velocity) of target. If no velocities are present on this object, the target is assumed to be stationary relative to the frame origin. radial_velocity : `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['speed'], optional The radial velocity of the target with respect to the observer. This can only be specified if ``redshift`` is not specified. redshift : float, optional The relativistic redshift of the target with respect to the observer. This can only be specified if ``radial_velocity`` cannot be specified. doppler_rest : `~astropy.units.Quantity`, optional The rest value to use when expressing the spectral value as a velocity. doppler_convention : str, optional The Doppler convention to use when expressing the spectral value as a velocity. """ @u.quantity_input(radial_velocity=u.km / u.s) def __new__( cls, value, unit=None, observer=None, target=None, radial_velocity=None, redshift=None, **kwargs, ): obj = super().__new__(cls, value, unit=unit, **kwargs) # There are two main modes of operation in this class. Either the # observer and target are both defined, in which case the radial # velocity and redshift are automatically computed from these, or # only one of the observer and target are specified, along with a # manually specified radial velocity or redshift. So if a target and # observer are both specified, we can't also accept a radial velocity # or redshift. if target is not None and observer is not None: if radial_velocity is not None or redshift is not None: raise ValueError( "Cannot specify radial velocity or redshift if both " "target and observer are specified" ) # We only deal with redshifts here and in the redshift property. # Otherwise internally we always deal with velocities. if redshift is not None: if radial_velocity is not None: raise ValueError("Cannot set both a radial velocity and redshift") redshift = u.Quantity(redshift) # For now, we can't specify redshift=u.one in quantity_input above # and have it work with plain floats, but if that is fixed, for # example as in https://github.com/astropy/astropy/pull/10232, we # can remove the check here and add redshift=u.one to the decorator if not redshift.unit.is_equivalent(u.one): raise u.UnitsError("redshift should be dimensionless") radial_velocity = redshift.to(u.km / u.s, u.doppler_redshift()) # If we're initializing from an existing SpectralCoord, keep any # parameters that aren't being overridden if observer is None: observer = getattr(value, "observer", None) if target is None: target = getattr(value, "target", None) # As mentioned above, we should only specify the radial velocity # manually if either or both the observer and target are not # specified. if observer is None or target is None: if radial_velocity is None: radial_velocity = getattr(value, "radial_velocity", None) obj._radial_velocity = radial_velocity obj._observer = cls._validate_coordinate(observer, label="observer") obj._target = cls._validate_coordinate(target, label="target") return obj def __array_finalize__(self, obj): super().__array_finalize__(obj) self._radial_velocity = getattr(obj, "_radial_velocity", None) self._observer = getattr(obj, "_observer", None) self._target = getattr(obj, "_target", None) @staticmethod def _validate_coordinate(coord, label=""): """ Checks the type of the frame and whether a velocity differential and a distance has been defined on the frame object. If no distance is defined, the target is assumed to be "really far away", and the observer is assumed to be "in the solar system". Parameters ---------- coord : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` The new frame to be used for target or observer. label : str, optional The name of the object being validated (e.g. 'target' or 'observer'), which is then used in error messages. """ if coord is None: return if not issubclass(coord.__class__, BaseCoordinateFrame): if isinstance(coord, SkyCoord): coord = coord.frame else: raise TypeError( f"{label} must be a SkyCoord or coordinate frame instance" ) # If the distance is not well-defined, ensure that it works properly # for generating differentials # TODO: change this to not set the distance and yield a warning once # there's a good way to address this in astropy.coordinates # https://github.com/astropy/astropy/issues/10247 with np.errstate(all="ignore"): distance = getattr(coord, "distance", None) if distance is not None and distance.unit.physical_type == "dimensionless": coord = SkyCoord(coord, distance=DEFAULT_DISTANCE) warnings.warn( "Distance on coordinate object is dimensionless, an " f"arbitrary distance value of {DEFAULT_DISTANCE} will be set instead.", NoDistanceWarning, ) # If the observer frame does not contain information about the # velocity of the system, assume that the velocity is zero in the # system. if "s" not in coord.data.differentials: warnings.warn( f"No velocity defined on frame, assuming {ZERO_VELOCITIES}.", NoVelocityWarning, ) coord = attach_zero_velocities(coord) return coord
[docs] def replicate( self, value=None, unit=None, observer=None, target=None, radial_velocity=None, redshift=None, doppler_convention=None, doppler_rest=None, copy=False, ): """ Return a replica of the `SpectralCoord`, optionally changing the values or attributes. Note that no conversion is carried out by this method - this keeps all the values and attributes the same, except for the ones explicitly passed to this method which are changed. If ``copy`` is set to `True` then a full copy of the internal arrays will be made. By default the replica will use a reference to the original arrays when possible to save memory. Parameters ---------- value : ndarray or `~astropy.units.Quantity` or `SpectralCoord`, optional Spectral values, which should be either wavelength, frequency, energy, wavenumber, or velocity values. unit : unit-like Unit for the given spectral values. observer : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` or `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord`, optional The coordinate (position and velocity) of observer. target : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` or `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord`, optional The coordinate (position and velocity) of target. radial_velocity : `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['speed'], optional The radial velocity of the target with respect to the observer. redshift : float, optional The relativistic redshift of the target with respect to the observer. doppler_rest : `~astropy.units.Quantity`, optional The rest value to use when expressing the spectral value as a velocity. doppler_convention : str, optional The Doppler convention to use when expressing the spectral value as a velocity. copy : bool, optional If `True`, and ``value`` is not specified, the values are copied to the new `SkyCoord` - otherwise a reference to the same values is used. Returns ------- sc : `SpectralCoord` object Replica of this object """ if isinstance(value, u.Quantity): if unit is not None: raise ValueError( "Cannot specify value as a Quantity and also specify unit" ) else: value, unit = value.value, value.unit value = value if value is not None else self.value unit = unit or self.unit observer = self._validate_coordinate(observer) or self.observer target = self._validate_coordinate(target) or self.target doppler_convention = doppler_convention or self.doppler_convention doppler_rest = doppler_rest or self.doppler_rest # If value is being taken from self and copy is Tru if copy: value = value.copy() # Only include radial_velocity if it is not auto-computed from the # observer and target. if ( (self.observer is None or self.target is None) and radial_velocity is None and redshift is None ): radial_velocity = self.radial_velocity with warnings.catch_warnings(): warnings.simplefilter("ignore", NoVelocityWarning) return self.__class__( value=value, unit=unit, observer=observer, target=target, radial_velocity=radial_velocity, redshift=redshift, doppler_convention=doppler_convention, doppler_rest=doppler_rest, copy=False, )
@property def quantity(self): """ Convert the ``SpectralCoord`` to a `~astropy.units.Quantity`. Equivalent to ``self.view(u.Quantity)``. Returns ------- `~astropy.units.Quantity` This object viewed as a `~astropy.units.Quantity`. """ return self.view(u.Quantity) @property def observer(self): """ The coordinates of the observer. If set, and a target is set as well, this will override any explicit radial velocity passed in. Returns ------- `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` The astropy coordinate frame representing the observation. """ return self._observer @observer.setter def observer(self, value): if self.observer is not None: raise ValueError("observer has already been set") self._observer = self._validate_coordinate(value, label="observer") # Switch to auto-computing radial velocity if self._target is not None: self._radial_velocity = None @property def target(self): """ The coordinates of the target being observed. If set, and an observer is set as well, this will override any explicit radial velocity passed in. Returns ------- `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` The astropy coordinate frame representing the target. """ return self._target @target.setter def target(self, value): if self.target is not None: raise ValueError("target has already been set") self._target = self._validate_coordinate(value, label="target") # Switch to auto-computing radial velocity if self._observer is not None: self._radial_velocity = None @property def radial_velocity(self): """ Radial velocity of target relative to the observer. Returns ------- `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['speed'] Radial velocity of target. Notes ----- This is different from the ``.radial_velocity`` property of a coordinate frame in that this calculates the radial velocity with respect to the *observer*, not the origin of the frame. """ if self._observer is None or self._target is None: if self._radial_velocity is None: return 0 * KMS else: return self._radial_velocity else: return self._calculate_radial_velocity( self._observer, self._target, as_scalar=True ) @property def redshift(self): """ Redshift of target relative to observer. Calculated from the radial velocity. Returns ------- `astropy.units.Quantity` Redshift of target. """ return self.radial_velocity.to(u.dimensionless_unscaled, u.doppler_redshift()) @staticmethod def _calculate_radial_velocity(observer, target, as_scalar=False): """ Compute the line-of-sight velocity from the observer to the target. Parameters ---------- observer : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` The frame of the observer. target : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` The frame of the target. as_scalar : bool If `True`, the magnitude of the velocity vector will be returned, otherwise the full vector will be returned. Returns ------- `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['speed'] The radial velocity of the target with respect to the observer. """ # Convert observer and target to ICRS to avoid finite differencing # calculations that lack numerical precision. observer_icrs = observer.transform_to(ICRS()) target_icrs = target.transform_to(ICRS()) pos_hat = SpectralCoord._normalized_position_vector(observer_icrs, target_icrs) d_vel = target_icrs.velocity - observer_icrs.velocity vel_mag = pos_hat.dot(d_vel) if as_scalar: return vel_mag else: return vel_mag * pos_hat @staticmethod def _normalized_position_vector(observer, target): """ Calculate the normalized position vector between two frames. Parameters ---------- observer : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` or `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord` The observation frame or coordinate. target : `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` or `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord` The target frame or coordinate. Returns ------- pos_hat : `BaseRepresentation` Position representation. """ d_pos = ( target.cartesian.without_differentials() - observer.cartesian.without_differentials() ) dp_norm = d_pos.norm() # Reset any that are 0 to 1 to avoid nans from 0/0 dp_norm[dp_norm == 0] = 1 * dp_norm.unit pos_hat = d_pos / dp_norm return pos_hat
[docs] @u.quantity_input(velocity=u.km / u.s) def with_observer_stationary_relative_to( self, frame, velocity=None, preserve_observer_frame=False ): """ A new `SpectralCoord` with the velocity of the observer altered, but not the position. If a coordinate frame is specified, the observer velocities will be modified to be stationary in the specified frame. If a coordinate instance is specified, optionally with non-zero velocities, the observer velocities will be updated so that the observer is co-moving with the specified coordinates. Parameters ---------- frame : str, `~astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame` or `~astropy.coordinates.SkyCoord` The observation frame in which the observer will be stationary. This can be the name of a frame (e.g. 'icrs'), a frame class, frame instance with no data, or instance with data. This can optionally include velocities. velocity : `~astropy.units.Quantity` or `~astropy.coordinates.CartesianDifferential`, optional If ``frame`` does not contain velocities, these can be specified as a 3-element `~astropy.units.Quantity`. In the case where this is also not specified, the velocities default to zero. preserve_observer_frame : bool If `True`, the final observer frame class will be the same as the original one, and if `False` it will be the frame of the velocity reference class. Returns ------- new_coord : `SpectralCoord` The new coordinate object representing the spectral data transformed based on the observer's new velocity frame. """ if self.observer is None or self.target is None: raise ValueError( "This method can only be used if both observer " "and target are defined on the SpectralCoord." ) # Start off by extracting frame if a SkyCoord was passed in if isinstance(frame, SkyCoord): frame = frame.frame if isinstance(frame, BaseCoordinateFrame): if not frame.has_data: frame = frame.realize_frame( CartesianRepresentation(0 * u.km, 0 * u.km, 0 * u.km) ) if frame.data.differentials: if velocity is not None: raise ValueError( "frame already has differentials, cannot also specify velocity" ) # otherwise frame is ready to go else: if velocity is None: differentials = ZERO_VELOCITIES else: differentials = CartesianDifferential(velocity) frame = frame.realize_frame( frame.data.with_differentials(differentials) ) if isinstance(frame, (type, str)): if isinstance(frame, type): frame_cls = frame elif isinstance(frame, str): frame_cls = frame_transform_graph.lookup_name(frame) if velocity is None: velocity = 0 * u.m / u.s, 0 * u.m / u.s, 0 * u.m / u.s elif velocity.shape != (3,): raise ValueError("velocity should be a Quantity vector with 3 elements") frame = frame_cls( 0 * u.m, 0 * u.m, 0 * u.m, *velocity, representation_type="cartesian", differential_type="cartesian", ) observer = update_differentials_to_match( self.observer, frame, preserve_observer_frame=preserve_observer_frame ) # Calculate the initial and final los velocity init_obs_vel = self._calculate_radial_velocity( self.observer, self.target, as_scalar=True ) fin_obs_vel = self._calculate_radial_velocity( observer, self.target, as_scalar=True ) # Apply transformation to data new_data = _apply_relativistic_doppler_shift(self, fin_obs_vel - init_obs_vel) new_coord = self.replicate(value=new_data, observer=observer) return new_coord
[docs] def with_radial_velocity_shift(self, target_shift=None, observer_shift=None): """ Apply a velocity shift to this spectral coordinate. The shift can be provided as a redshift (float value) or radial velocity (`~astropy.units.Quantity` with physical type of 'speed'). Parameters ---------- target_shift : float or `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['speed'] Shift value to apply to current target. observer_shift : float or `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['speed'] Shift value to apply to current observer. Returns ------- `SpectralCoord` New spectral coordinate with the target/observer velocity changed to incorporate the shift. This is always a new object even if ``target_shift`` and ``observer_shift`` are both `None`. """ if observer_shift is not None and ( self.target is None or self.observer is None ): raise ValueError( "Both an observer and target must be defined " "before applying a velocity shift." ) for arg in [x for x in [target_shift, observer_shift] if x is not None]: if isinstance(arg, u.Quantity) and not arg.unit.is_equivalent((u.one, KMS)): raise u.UnitsError( "Argument must have unit physical type 'speed' for radial velocty" " or 'dimensionless' for redshift." ) # The target or observer value is defined but is not a quantity object, # assume it's a redshift float value and convert to velocity if target_shift is None: if self._observer is None or self._target is None: return self.replicate() target_shift = 0 * KMS else: target_shift = u.Quantity(target_shift) if target_shift.unit.physical_type == "dimensionless": target_shift = target_shift.to(u.km / u.s, u.doppler_redshift()) if self._observer is None or self._target is None: return self.replicate( value=_apply_relativistic_doppler_shift(self, target_shift), radial_velocity=self.radial_velocity + target_shift, ) if observer_shift is None: observer_shift = 0 * KMS else: observer_shift = u.Quantity(observer_shift) if observer_shift.unit.physical_type == "dimensionless": observer_shift = observer_shift.to(u.km / u.s, u.doppler_redshift()) target_icrs = self._target.transform_to(ICRS()) observer_icrs = self._observer.transform_to(ICRS()) pos_hat = SpectralCoord._normalized_position_vector(observer_icrs, target_icrs) target_velocity = _get_velocities(target_icrs) + target_shift * pos_hat observer_velocity = _get_velocities(observer_icrs) + observer_shift * pos_hat target_velocity = CartesianDifferential(target_velocity.xyz) observer_velocity = CartesianDifferential(observer_velocity.xyz) new_target = target_icrs.realize_frame( target_icrs.cartesian.with_differentials(target_velocity) ).transform_to(self._target) new_observer = observer_icrs.realize_frame( observer_icrs.cartesian.with_differentials(observer_velocity) ).transform_to(self._observer) init_obs_vel = self._calculate_radial_velocity( observer_icrs, target_icrs, as_scalar=True ) fin_obs_vel = self._calculate_radial_velocity( new_observer, new_target, as_scalar=True ) new_data = _apply_relativistic_doppler_shift(self, fin_obs_vel - init_obs_vel) return self.replicate(value=new_data, observer=new_observer, target=new_target)
[docs] def to_rest(self): """ Transforms the spectral axis to the rest frame. """ if self.observer is not None and self.target is not None: return self.with_observer_stationary_relative_to(self.target) result = _apply_relativistic_doppler_shift(self, -self.radial_velocity) return self.replicate(value=result, radial_velocity=0.0 * KMS, redshift=None)
def __repr__(self): prefixstr = "<" + self.__class__.__name__ + " " try: radial_velocity = self.radial_velocity redshift = self.redshift except ValueError: radial_velocity = redshift = "Undefined" repr_items = [f"{prefixstr}"] if self.observer is not None: observer_repr = indent(repr(self.observer), 14 * " ").lstrip() repr_items.append(f" observer: {observer_repr}") if self.target is not None: target_repr = indent(repr(self.target), 12 * " ").lstrip() repr_items.append(f" target: {target_repr}") if ( self._observer is not None and self._target is not None ) or self._radial_velocity is not None: if self.observer is not None and self.target is not None: repr_items.append(" observer to target (computed from above):") else: repr_items.append(" observer to target:") repr_items.append(f" radial_velocity={radial_velocity}") repr_items.append(f" redshift={redshift}") if self.doppler_rest is not None or self.doppler_convention is not None: repr_items.append(f" doppler_rest={self.doppler_rest}") repr_items.append(f" doppler_convention={self.doppler_convention}") arrstr = np.array2string(self.view(np.ndarray), separator=", ", prefix=" ") if len(repr_items) == 1: repr_items[0] += f"{arrstr}{self._unitstr:s}" else: repr_items[1] = " (" + repr_items[1].lstrip() repr_items[-1] += ")" repr_items.append(f" {arrstr}{self._unitstr:s}") return "\n".join(repr_items) + ">"