10.4. rootkits を避ける

10.4.1. LKM - Loadable Kernel Modules

Loadable kernel modules are files containing dynamically loadable kernel components used to expand the functionality of the kernel. The main benefit of using modules is the ability to add additional devices, like an Ethernet or sound card, without patching the kernel source and recompiling the entire kernel. However, crackers are now using LKMs for root-kits (knark and adore), opening up back doors in GNU/Linux systems.

LKM back doors are more sophisticated and less detectable than traditional root-kits. They can hide processes, files, directories and even connections without modifying the source code of binaries. For example, a malicious LKM can force the kernel into hiding specific processes from procfs, so that even a known good copy of the binary ps would not list accurate information about the current processes on the system.

10.4.2. rootkits を発見する

There are two approaches to defending your system against LKM root-kits, a proactive defense and a reactive defense. The detection work can be simple and painless, or difficult and tiring, depending on the approach taken.

10.4.2.1. 事前の対策

The advantage of this kind of defense is that it prevents damage to the system in the first place. One such strategy is getting there first, that is, loading an LKM designed to protect the system from other malicious LKMs. A second strategy is to remove capabilities from the kernel itself. For example, you can remove the capability of loadable kernel modules entirely. Note, however, that there are rootkits which might work even in this case, there are some that tamper with /dev/kmem (kernel memory) directly to make themselves undetectable.

Debian GNU/Linux has a few packages that can be used to mount a proactive defense:

lcap - A user friendly interface to remove capabilities (kernel-based access control) in the kernel, making the system more secure. For example, executing lcap CAP_SYS_MODULE^[64] will remove module loading capabilities (even for the root user).^[65] There is some (old) information on capabilities at Jon Corbet's http://lwn.net/1999/1202/kernel.php3 section on LWN (dated December 1999).

If you don't really need many kernel features on your GNU/Linux system, you may want to disable loadable modules support during kernel configuration. To disable loadable module support, just set CONFIG_MODULES=n during the configuration stage of building your kernel, or in the .config file. This will prevent LKM root-kits, but you lose this powerful feature of the Linux kernel. Also, disabling loadable modules can sometimes overload the kernel, making loadable support necessary.

10.4.2.2. 事後の防御

The advantage of a reactive defense is that it does not overload system resources. It works by comparing the system call table with a known clean copy in a disk file, System.map. Of course, a reactive defense will only notify the system administrator after the system has already been compromised.

Detection of some root-kits in Debian can be accomplished with the chkrootkit package. The http://www.chkrootkit.org program checks for signs of several known root-kits on the target system, but is not a definitive test.

^[64] There are over 28 capabilities including: CAP_BSET, CAP_CHOWN, CAP_FOWNER, CAP_FSETID, CAP_FS_MASK, CAP_FULL_SET, CAP_INIT_EFF_SET, CAP_INIT_INH_SET, CAP_IPC_LOCK, CAP_IPC_OWNER, CAP_KILL, CAP_LEASE, CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE, CAP_MKNOD, CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE, CAP_NET_RAW, CAP_SETGID, CAP_SETPCAP, CAP_SETUID, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, CAP_SYS_BOOT, CAP_SYS_CHROOT, CAP_SYS_MODULE, CAP_SYS_NICE, CAP_SYS_PACCT, CAP_SYS_PTRACE, CAP_SYS_RAWIO, CAP_SYS_RESOURCE, CAP_SYS_TIME, and CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG. All of them can be de-activated to harden your kernel.

^[65] You don't need to install lcap to do this, but it's easier than setting /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound by hand.