GNU Scientific Library – Reference Manual: Root Finding Examples

For any root finding algorithm we need to prepare the function to be solved. For this example we will use the general quadratic equation described earlier. We first need a header file (demo_fn.h) to define the function parameters,

struct quadratic_params
  {
    double a, b, c;
  };

double quadratic (double x, void *params);
double quadratic_deriv (double x, void *params);
void quadratic_fdf (double x, void *params, 
                    double *y, double *dy);

double
quadratic (double x, void *params)
{
  struct quadratic_params *p 
    = (struct quadratic_params *) params;

  double a = p->a;
  double b = p->b;
  double c = p->c;

  return (a * x + b) * x + c;
}

double
quadratic_deriv (double x, void *params)
{
  struct quadratic_params *p 
    = (struct quadratic_params *) params;

  double a = p->a;
  double b = p->b;

  return 2.0 * a * x + b;
}

void
quadratic_fdf (double x, void *params, 
               double *y, double *dy)
{
  struct quadratic_params *p 
    = (struct quadratic_params *) params;

  double a = p->a;
  double b = p->b;
  double c = p->c;

  *y = (a * x + b) * x + c;
  *dy = 2.0 * a * x + b;
}

The first program uses the function solver gsl_root_fsolver_brent for Brent’s method and the general quadratic defined above to solve the following equation,

#include <stdio.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_math.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_roots.h>

#include "demo_fn.h"
#include "demo_fn.c"

int
main (void)
{
  int status;
  int iter = 0, max_iter = 100;
  const gsl_root_fsolver_type *T;
  gsl_root_fsolver *s;
  double r = 0, r_expected = sqrt (5.0);
  double x_lo = 0.0, x_hi = 5.0;
  gsl_function F;
  struct quadratic_params params = {1.0, 0.0, -5.0};

  F.function = &quadratic;
  F.params = &params;

  T = gsl_root_fsolver_brent;
  s = gsl_root_fsolver_alloc (T);
  gsl_root_fsolver_set (s, &F, x_lo, x_hi);

  printf ("using %s method\n", 
          gsl_root_fsolver_name (s));

  printf ("%5s [%9s, %9s] %9s %10s %9s\n",
          "iter", "lower", "upper", "root", 
          "err", "err(est)");

  do
    {
      iter++;
      status = gsl_root_fsolver_iterate (s);
      r = gsl_root_fsolver_root (s);
      x_lo = gsl_root_fsolver_x_lower (s);
      x_hi = gsl_root_fsolver_x_upper (s);
      status = gsl_root_test_interval (x_lo, x_hi,
                                       0, 0.001);

      if (status == GSL_SUCCESS)
        printf ("Converged:\n");

      printf ("%5d [%.7f, %.7f] %.7f %+.7f %.7f\n",
              iter, x_lo, x_hi,
              r, r - r_expected, 
              x_hi - x_lo);
    }
  while (status == GSL_CONTINUE && iter < max_iter);

  gsl_root_fsolver_free (s);

  return status;
}

$ ./a.out 
using brent method
 iter [    lower,     upper]      root        err  err(est)
    1 [1.0000000, 5.0000000] 1.0000000 -1.2360680 4.0000000
    2 [1.0000000, 3.0000000] 3.0000000 +0.7639320 2.0000000
    3 [2.0000000, 3.0000000] 2.0000000 -0.2360680 1.0000000
    4 [2.2000000, 3.0000000] 2.2000000 -0.0360680 0.8000000
    5 [2.2000000, 2.2366300] 2.2366300 +0.0005621 0.0366300
Converged:                            
    6 [2.2360634, 2.2366300] 2.2360634 -0.0000046 0.0005666

If the program is modified to use the bisection solver instead of Brent’s method, by changing gsl_root_fsolver_brent to gsl_root_fsolver_bisection the slower convergence of the Bisection method can be observed,

$ ./a.out 
using bisection method
 iter [    lower,     upper]      root        err  err(est)
    1 [0.0000000, 2.5000000] 1.2500000 -0.9860680 2.5000000
    2 [1.2500000, 2.5000000] 1.8750000 -0.3610680 1.2500000
    3 [1.8750000, 2.5000000] 2.1875000 -0.0485680 0.6250000
    4 [2.1875000, 2.5000000] 2.3437500 +0.1076820 0.3125000
    5 [2.1875000, 2.3437500] 2.2656250 +0.0295570 0.1562500
    6 [2.1875000, 2.2656250] 2.2265625 -0.0095055 0.0781250
    7 [2.2265625, 2.2656250] 2.2460938 +0.0100258 0.0390625
    8 [2.2265625, 2.2460938] 2.2363281 +0.0002601 0.0195312
    9 [2.2265625, 2.2363281] 2.2314453 -0.0046227 0.0097656
   10 [2.2314453, 2.2363281] 2.2338867 -0.0021813 0.0048828
   11 [2.2338867, 2.2363281] 2.2351074 -0.0009606 0.0024414
Converged:                            
   12 [2.2351074, 2.2363281] 2.2357178 -0.0003502 0.0012207

#include <stdio.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_math.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_roots.h>

#include "demo_fn.h"
#include "demo_fn.c"

int
main (void)
{
  int status;
  int iter = 0, max_iter = 100;
  const gsl_root_fdfsolver_type *T;
  gsl_root_fdfsolver *s;
  double x0, x = 5.0, r_expected = sqrt (5.0);
  gsl_function_fdf FDF;
  struct quadratic_params params = {1.0, 0.0, -5.0};

  FDF.f = &quadratic;
  FDF.df = &quadratic_deriv;
  FDF.fdf = &quadratic_fdf;
  FDF.params = &params;

  T = gsl_root_fdfsolver_newton;
  s = gsl_root_fdfsolver_alloc (T);
  gsl_root_fdfsolver_set (s, &FDF, x);

  printf ("using %s method\n", 
          gsl_root_fdfsolver_name (s));

  printf ("%-5s %10s %10s %10s\n",
          "iter", "root", "err", "err(est)");
  do
    {
      iter++;
      status = gsl_root_fdfsolver_iterate (s);
      x0 = x;
      x = gsl_root_fdfsolver_root (s);
      status = gsl_root_test_delta (x, x0, 0, 1e-3);

      if (status == GSL_SUCCESS)
        printf ("Converged:\n");

      printf ("%5d %10.7f %+10.7f %10.7f\n",
              iter, x, x - r_expected, x - x0);
    }
  while (status == GSL_CONTINUE && iter < max_iter);

  gsl_root_fdfsolver_free (s);
  return status;
}

$ ./a.out 
using newton method
iter        root        err   err(est)
    1  3.0000000 +0.7639320 -2.0000000
    2  2.3333333 +0.0972654 -0.6666667
    3  2.2380952 +0.0020273 -0.0952381
Converged:      
    4  2.2360689 +0.0000009 -0.0020263

Note that the error can be estimated more accurately by taking the difference between the current iterate and next iterate rather than the previous iterate. The other derivative solvers can be investigated by changing gsl_root_fdfsolver_newton to gsl_root_fdfsolver_secant or gsl_root_fdfsolver_steffenson.

34.10 Examples