ANSI and GNU Common Lisp Document

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— The Detailed Node Listing — Introduction
• Introduction (Introduction)
• Syntax
• Evaluation and Compilation
• Types and Classes
• Data and Control Flow
• Iteration
• Objects
• Structures
• Conditions
• Symbols
• Packages
• Numbers (Numbers)
• Characters
• Conses
• Arrays
• Strings
• Sequences
• Hash Tables
• Filenames
• Files
• Streams
• Printer
• Reader
• System Construction
• Environment
• Glossary (Glossary)
• Appendix
• Scope
• Organization of the Document
• Referenced Publications
• Definitions
• Conformance
• Language Extensions
• Language Subsets
• Deprecated Language Features
• Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package
Scope, Purpose, and History
• Scope and Purpose
• History
Definitions
• Notational Conventions
• Error Terminology
• Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard
• Interpreting Dictionary Entries
Notational Conventions
• Font Key
• Modified BNF Syntax
• Splicing in Modified BNF Syntax
• Indirection in Modified BNF Syntax
• Additional Uses for Indirect Definitions in Modified BNF Syntax
• Special Symbols
• Objects with Multiple Notations
• Case in Symbols
• Numbers (Objects with Multiple Notations)
• Use of the Dot Character
• NIL
• Designators
• Nonsense Words
Interpreting Dictionary Entries
• The "Affected By" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Arguments" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Arguments and Values" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Binding Types Affected" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Class Precedence List" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• Dictionary Entries for Type Specifiers
• The "Compound Type Specifier Kind" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Compound Type Specifier Syntax" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Compound Type Specifier Arguments" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Compound Type Specifier Description" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Constant Value" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Description" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Examples" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Exceptional Situations" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Initial Value" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Argument Precedence Order" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Method Signature" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Name" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Notes" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Pronunciation" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "See Also" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Side Effects" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Supertypes" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Syntax" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• Special "Syntax" Notations for Overloaded Operators
• Naming Conventions for Rest Parameters
• Requiring Non-Null Rest Parameters in The "Syntax" Section
• Return values in The "Syntax" Section
• No Arguments or Values in The "Syntax" Section
• Unconditional Transfer of Control in The "Syntax" Section
• The "Valid Context" Section of a Dictionary Entry
• The "Value Type" Section of a Dictionary Entry
Conformance
• Conforming Implementations
• Conforming Programs
Conforming Implementations
• Required Language Features
• Documentation of Implementation-Dependent Features
• Documentation of Extensions
• Treatment of Exceptional Situations
• Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations
• Examples of Resolution of Apparent Conflict in Exceptional Situations
• Conformance Statement
Conforming Programs
• Use of Implementation-Defined Language Features
• Use of Read-Time Conditionals
Deprecated Language Features
• Deprecated Functions
• Deprecated Argument Conventions
• Deprecated Variables
• Deprecated Reader Syntax
Syntax
• Character Syntax
• Reader Algorithm
• Interpretation of Tokens
• Standard Macro Characters
Character Syntax
• Readtables
• Variables that affect the Lisp Reader
• Standard Characters
• Character Syntax Types
Readtables
• The Current Readtable
• The Standard Readtable
• The Initial Readtable
Character Syntax Types
• Constituent Characters
• Constituent Traits
• Invalid Characters
• Macro Characters
• Multiple Escape Characters
• Examples of Multiple Escape Characters
• Single Escape Character
• Examples of Single Escape Characters
• Whitespace Characters
• Examples of Whitespace Characters
Interpretation of Tokens
• Numbers as Tokens
• Constructing Numbers from Tokens
• The Consing Dot
• Symbols as Tokens
• Valid Patterns for Tokens
• Package System Consistency Rules
Numbers as Tokens
• Potential Numbers as Tokens
• Escape Characters and Potential Numbers
• Examples of Potential Numbers
Constructing Numbers from Tokens
• Syntax of a Rational
• Syntax of an Integer
• Syntax of a Ratio
• Syntax of a Float
• Syntax of a Complex
Standard Macro Characters
• Left-Parenthesis
• Right-Parenthesis
• Single-Quote
• Semicolon
• Double-Quote
• Backquote
• Comma
• Sharpsign
• Re-Reading Abbreviated Expressions
Single-Quote
• Examples of Single-Quote
Semicolon
• Examples of Semicolon
• Notes about Style for Semicolon
• Use of Single Semicolon
• Use of Double Semicolon
• Use of Triple Semicolon
• Use of Quadruple Semicolon
• Examples of Style for Semicolon
Backquote
• Notes about Backquote
Sharpsign
• Sharpsign Backslash
• Sharpsign Single-Quote
• Sharpsign Left-Parenthesis
• Sharpsign Asterisk
• Examples of Sharpsign Asterisk
• Sharpsign Colon
• Sharpsign Dot
• Sharpsign B
• Sharpsign O
• Sharpsign X
• Sharpsign R
• Sharpsign C
• Sharpsign A
• Sharpsign S
• Sharpsign P
• Sharpsign Equal-Sign
• Sharpsign Sharpsign
• Sharpsign Plus
• Sharpsign Minus
• Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
• Examples of Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
• Notes about Style for Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
• Sharpsign Less-Than-Sign
• Sharpsign Whitespace
• Sharpsign Right-Parenthesis
Evaluation and Compilation
• Evaluation
• Compilation
• Declarations
• Lambda Lists
• Error Checking in Function Calls
• Traversal Rules and Side Effects
• Destructive Operations
• Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
Evaluation
• Introduction to Environments
• The Evaluation Model
• Lambda Expressions
• Closures and Lexical Binding
• Shadowing
• Extent
• Return Values
Introduction to Environments
• The Global Environment
• Dynamic Environments
• Lexical Environments
• The Null Lexical Environment
• Environment Objects
The Evaluation Model
• Form Evaluation
• Symbols as Forms
• Lexical Variables
• Dynamic Variables
• Constant Variables
• Symbols Naming Both Lexical and Dynamic Variables
• Conses as Forms
• Special Forms
• Macro Forms
• Function Forms
• Lambda Forms
• Self-Evaluating Objects
• Examples of Self-Evaluating Objects
Compilation
• Compiler Terminology
• Compilation Semantics
• File Compilation
• Literal Objects in Compiled Files
• Exceptional Situations in the Compiler
Compilation Semantics
• Compiler Macros
• Purpose of Compiler Macros
• Naming of Compiler Macros
• When Compiler Macros Are Used
• Notes about the Implementation of Compiler Macros
• Minimal Compilation
• Semantic Constraints
File Compilation
• Processing of Top Level Forms
• Processing of Defining Macros
• Constraints on Macros and Compiler Macros
Literal Objects in Compiled Files
• Externalizable Objects
• Similarity of Literal Objects
• Similarity of Aggregate Objects
• Definition of Similarity
• Extensions to Similarity Rules
• Additional Constraints on Externalizable Objects
Declarations
• Minimal Declaration Processing Requirements
• Declaration Specifiers
• Declaration Identifiers
• Declaration Scope
Declaration Identifiers
• Shorthand notation for Type Declarations
Declaration Scope
• Examples of Declaration Scope
Lambda Lists
• Ordinary Lambda Lists
• Generic Function Lambda Lists
• Specialized Lambda Lists
• Macro Lambda Lists
• Destructuring Lambda Lists
• Boa Lambda Lists
• Defsetf Lambda Lists
• Deftype Lambda Lists
• Define-modify-macro Lambda Lists
• Define-method-combination Arguments Lambda Lists
• Syntactic Interaction of Documentation Strings and Declarations
Ordinary Lambda Lists
• Specifiers for the required parameters
• Specifiers for optional parameters
• A specifier for a rest parameter
• Specifiers for keyword parameters
• Suppressing Keyword Argument Checking
• Examples of Suppressing Keyword Argument Checking
• Specifiers for &aux variables
• Examples of Ordinary Lambda Lists
Macro Lambda Lists
• Destructuring by Lambda Lists
• Data-directed Destructuring by Lambda Lists
• Examples of Data-directed Destructuring by Lambda Lists
• Lambda-list-directed Destructuring by Lambda Lists
Error Checking in Function Calls
• Argument Mismatch Detection
Argument Mismatch Detection
• Safe and Unsafe Calls
• Error Detection Time in Safe Calls
• Too Few Arguments
• Too Many Arguments
• Unrecognized Keyword Arguments
• Invalid Keyword Arguments
• Odd Number of Keyword Arguments
• Destructuring Mismatch
• Errors When Calling a Next Method
Destructive Operations
• Modification of Literal Objects
• Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation
Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation
• Examples of Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation
Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
• lambda (Symbol)
• lambda
• compile
• eval
• eval-when
• load-time-value
• quote
• compiler-macro-function
• define-compiler-macro
• defmacro
• macro-function
• macroexpand
• define-symbol-macro
• symbol-macrolet
• macroexpand-hook
• proclaim
• declaim
• declare
• ignore
• dynamic-extent
• type
• inline
• ftype
• declaration
• optimize
• special
• locally
• the
• special-operator-p
• constantp
Types and Classes
• Introduction (Types and Classes)
• Types
• Classes
• Types and Classes Dictionary
Types
• Data Type Definition
• Type Relationships
• Type Specifiers
Classes
• Introduction to Classes
• Defining Classes
• Creating Instances of Classes
• Inheritance
• Determining the Class Precedence List
• Redefining Classes
• Integrating Types and Classes
Introduction to Classes
• Standard Metaclasses
Inheritance
• Examples of Inheritance
• Inheritance of Class Options
Determining the Class Precedence List
• Topological Sorting
• Examples of Class Precedence List Determination
Redefining Classes
• Modifying the Structure of Instances
• Initializing Newly Added Local Slots (Redefining Classes)
• Customizing Class Redefinition
Types and Classes Dictionary
• nil (Type)
• boolean
• function (System Class)
• compiled-function
• generic-function
• standard-generic-function
• class
• built-in-class
• structure-class
• standard-class
• method
• standard-method
• structure-object
• standard-object
• method-combination
• t (System Class)
• satisfies
• member (Type Specifier)
• not (Type Specifier)
• and (Type Specifier)
• or (Type Specifier)
• values (Type Specifier)
• eql (Type Specifier)
• coerce
• deftype
• subtypep
• type-of
• typep
• type-error
• type-error-datum
• simple-type-error
Data and Control Flow
• Generalized Reference
• Transfer of Control to an Exit Point
• Data and Control Flow Dictionary
Generalized Reference
• Overview of Places and Generalized Reference
• Kinds of Places
• Treatment of Other Macros Based on SETF
Overview of Places and Generalized Reference
• Evaluation of Subforms to Places
• Examples of Evaluation of Subforms to Places
• Setf Expansions
• Examples of Setf Expansions
Kinds of Places
• Variable Names as Places
• Function Call Forms as Places
• VALUES Forms as Places
• THE Forms as Places
• APPLY Forms as Places
• Setf Expansions and Places
• Macro Forms as Places
• Symbol Macros as Places
• Other Compound Forms as Places
Data and Control Flow Dictionary
• apply
• defun
• fdefinition
• fboundp
• fmakunbound
• flet
• funcall
• function (Special Operator)
• function-lambda-expression
• functionp
• compiled-function-p
• call-arguments-limit
• lambda-list-keywords
• lambda-parameters-limit
• defconstant
• defparameter
• destructuring-bind
• let
• progv
• setq
• psetq
• block
• catch
• go
• return-from
• return
• tagbody
• throw
• unwind-protect
• nil
• not
• t
• eq
• eql
• equal
• equalp
• identity
• complement
• constantly
• every
• and
• cond
• if
• or
• when
• case
• typecase
• multiple-value-bind
• multiple-value-call
• multiple-value-list
• multiple-value-prog1
• multiple-value-setq
• values
• values-list
• multiple-values-limit
• nth-value
• prog
• prog1
• progn
• define-modify-macro
• defsetf
• define-setf-expander
• get-setf-expansion
• setf
• shiftf
• rotatef
• control-error
• program-error
• undefined-function
Iteration
• The LOOP Facility
• Iteration Dictionary
The LOOP Facility
• Overview of the Loop Facility
• Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
• Value Accumulation Clauses
• Termination Test Clauses
• Unconditional Execution Clauses
• Conditional Execution Clauses
• Miscellaneous Clauses
• Examples of Miscellaneous Loop Features
• Notes about Loop
Overview of the Loop Facility
• Simple vs Extended Loop
• Simple Loop
• Extended Loop
• Loop Keywords
• Parsing Loop Clauses
• Expanding Loop Forms
• Summary of Loop Clauses
• Summary of Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
• Summary of Value Accumulation Clauses
• Summary of Termination Test Clauses
• Summary of Unconditional Execution Clauses
• Summary of Conditional Execution Clauses
• Summary of Miscellaneous Clauses
• Order of Execution
• Destructuring
• Restrictions on Side-Effects
Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
• Iteration Control
• The for-as-arithmetic subclause
• Examples of for-as-arithmetic subclause
• The for-as-in-list subclause
• Examples of for-as-in-list subclause
• The for-as-on-list subclause
• Examples of for-as-on-list subclause
• The for-as-equals-then subclause
• Examples of for-as-equals-then subclause
• The for-as-across subclause
• Examples of for-as-across subclause
• The for-as-hash subclause
• The for-as-package subclause
• Examples of for-as-package subclause
• Local Variable Initializations
• Examples of WITH clause
Value Accumulation Clauses
• Examples of COLLECT clause
• Examples of APPEND and NCONC clauses
• Examples of COUNT clause
• Examples of MAXIMIZE and MINIMIZE clauses
• Examples of SUM clause
Termination Test Clauses
• Examples of REPEAT clause
• Examples of ALWAYS
• Examples of WHILE and UNTIL clauses
Unconditional Execution Clauses
• Examples of unconditional execution
Conditional Execution Clauses
• Examples of WHEN clause
Miscellaneous Clauses
• Control Transfer Clauses
• Examples of NAMED clause
• Initial and Final Execution
Examples of Miscellaneous Loop Features
• Examples of clause grouping
Iteration Dictionary
• do
• dotimes
• dolist
• loop
• loop-finish
Objects
• Object Creation and Initialization
• Changing the Class of an Instance
• Reinitializing an Instance
• Meta-Objects
• Slots
• Generic Functions and Methods
• Objects Dictionary
Object Creation and Initialization
• Initialization Arguments
• Declaring the Validity of Initialization Arguments
• Defaulting of Initialization Arguments
• Rules for Initialization Arguments
• Shared-Initialize
• Initialize-Instance
• Definitions of Make-Instance and Initialize-Instance
Changing the Class of an Instance
• Modifying the Structure of the Instance
• Initializing Newly Added Local Slots (Changing the Class of an Instance)
• Customizing the Change of Class of an Instance
Reinitializing an Instance
• Customizing Reinitialization
Meta-Objects
• Standard Meta-objects
Slots
• Introduction to Slots
• Accessing Slots
• Inheritance of Slots and Slot Options
Generic Functions and Methods
• Introduction to Generic Functions
• Introduction to Methods
• Agreement on Parameter Specializers and Qualifiers
• Congruent Lambda-lists for all Methods of a Generic Function
• Keyword Arguments in Generic Functions and Methods
• Method Selection and Combination
• Inheritance of Methods
Keyword Arguments in Generic Functions and Methods
• Examples of Keyword Arguments in Generic Functions and Methods
Method Selection and Combination
• Determining the Effective Method
• Selecting the Applicable Methods
• Sorting the Applicable Methods by Precedence Order
• Applying method combination to the sorted list of applicable methods
• Standard Method Combination
• Declarative Method Combination
• Built-in Method Combination Types
Objects Dictionary
• function-keywords
• ensure-generic-function
• allocate-instance
• reinitialize-instance
• shared-initialize
• update-instance-for-different-class
• update-instance-for-redefined-class
• change-class
• slot-boundp
• slot-exists-p
• slot-makunbound
• slot-missing
• slot-unbound
• slot-value
• method-qualifiers
• no-applicable-method
• no-next-method
• remove-method
• make-instance
• make-instances-obsolete
• make-load-form
• make-load-form-saving-slots
• with-accessors
• with-slots
• defclass
• defgeneric
• defmethod
• find-class
• next-method-p
• call-method
• call-next-method
• compute-applicable-methods
• define-method-combination
• find-method
• add-method
• initialize-instance
• class-name
• (setf class-name)
• class-of
• unbound-slot
• unbound-slot-instance
Structures
• Structures Dictionary
Structures Dictionary
• defstruct
• copy-structure
Conditions
• Condition System Concepts
• Conditions Dictionary
Condition System Concepts
• Condition Types
• Creating Conditions
• Printing Conditions
• Signaling and Handling Conditions
• Assertions
• Notes about the Condition System`s Background
Condition Types
• Serious Conditions
Creating Conditions
• Condition Designators
Printing Conditions
• Recommended Style in Condition Reporting
• Capitalization and Punctuation in Condition Reports
• Leading and Trailing Newlines in Condition Reports
• Embedded Newlines in Condition Reports
• Note about Tabs in Condition Reports
• Mentioning Containing Function in Condition Reports
Signaling and Handling Conditions
• Signaling
• Resignaling a Condition
• Restarts
• Interactive Use of Restarts
• Interfaces to Restarts
• Restart Tests
• Associating a Restart with a Condition
Conditions Dictionary
• condition
• warning
• style-warning
• serious-condition
• error (Condition Type)
• cell-error
• cell-error-name
• parse-error
• storage-condition
• assert
• error
• cerror
• check-type
• simple-error
• invalid-method-error
• method-combination-error
• signal
• simple-condition
• simple-condition-format-control
• warn
• simple-warning
• invoke-debugger
• break
• debugger-hook
• break-on-signals
• handler-bind
• handler-case
• ignore-errors
• define-condition
• make-condition
• restart
• compute-restarts
• find-restart
• invoke-restart
• invoke-restart-interactively
• restart-bind
• restart-case
• restart-name
• with-condition-restarts
• with-simple-restart
• abort (Restart)
• continue
• muffle-warning
• store-value
• use-value
• abort (Function)
Symbols
• Symbol Concepts
• Symbols Dictionary
Symbols Dictionary
• symbol
• keyword
• symbolp
• keywordp
• make-symbol
• copy-symbol
• gensym
• gensym-counter
• gentemp
• symbol-function
• symbol-name
• symbol-package
• symbol-plist
• symbol-value
• get
• remprop
• boundp
• makunbound
• set
• unbound-variable
Packages
• Package Concepts
• Packages Dictionary
Package Concepts
• Introduction to Packages
• Standardized Packages
Introduction to Packages
• Package Names and Nicknames
• Symbols in a Package
• Internal and External Symbols
• Package Inheritance
• Accessibility of Symbols in a Package
• Locating a Symbol in a Package
• Prevention of Name Conflicts in Packages
Standardized Packages
• The COMMON-LISP Package
• Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Implementations
• Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Programs
• Some Exceptions to Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Programs
• The COMMON-LISP-USER Package
• The KEYWORD Package
• Interning a Symbol in the KEYWORD Package
• Notes about The KEYWORD Package
• Implementation-Defined Packages
Packages Dictionary
• package
• export
• find-symbol
• find-package
• find-all-symbols
• import
• list-all-packages
• rename-package
• shadow
• shadowing-import
• delete-package
• make-package
• with-package-iterator
• unexport
• unintern
• in-package
• unuse-package
• use-package
• defpackage
• do-symbols
• intern
• package-name
• package-nicknames
• package-shadowing-symbols
• package-use-list
• package-used-by-list
• packagep
• package
• package-error
• package-error-package
Numbers
• Number Concepts
• Numbers Dictionary
Number Concepts
• Numeric Operations
• Implementation-Dependent Numeric Constants
• Rational Computations
• Floating-point Computations
• Complex Computations
• Interval Designators
• Random-State Operations
Numeric Operations
• Associativity and Commutativity in Numeric Operations
• Examples of Associativity and Commutativity in Numeric Operations
• Contagion in Numeric Operations
• Viewing Integers as Bits and Bytes
• Logical Operations on Integers
• Byte Operations on Integers
Rational Computations
• Rule of Unbounded Rational Precision
• Rule of Canonical Representation for Rationals
• Rule of Float Substitutability
Floating-point Computations
• Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
• Examples of Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
• Rule of Float Approximation
• Rule of Float Underflow and Overflow
• Rule of Float Precision Contagion
Complex Computations
• Rule of Complex Substitutability
• Rule of Complex Contagion
• Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
• Examples of Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
• Principal Values and Branch Cuts
Numbers Dictionary
• number
• complex (System Class)
• real
• float (System Class)
• short-float
• rational (System Class)
• ratio
• integer
• signed-byte
• unsigned-byte
• mod (System Class)
• bit (System Class)
• fixnum
• bignum
• =
• max
• minusp
• zerop
• floor
• sin
• asin
• pi
• sinh
• *
• +
• -
• /
• 1+
• abs
• evenp
• exp
• gcd
• incf
• lcm
• log
• mod (Function)
• signum
• sqrt
• random-state
• make-random-state
• random
• random-state-p
• random-state
• numberp
• cis
• complex
• complexp
• conjugate
• phase
• realpart
• upgraded-complex-part-type
• realp
• numerator
• rational (Function)
• rationalp
• ash
• integer-length
• integerp
• parse-integer
• boole
• boole-1
• logand
• logbitp
• logcount
• logtest
• byte
• deposit-field
• dpb
• ldb
• ldb-test
• mask-field
• most-positive-fixnum
• decode-float
• float
• floatp
• most-positive-short-float
• short-float-epsilon
• arithmetic-error
• arithmetic-error-operands
• division-by-zero
• floating-point-invalid-operation
• floating-point-inexact
• floating-point-overflow
• floating-point-underflow
Characters
• Character Concepts
• Characters Dictionary
Character Concepts
• Introduction to Characters
• Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires
• Character Attributes
• Character Categories
• Identity of Characters
• Ordering of Characters
• Character Names
• Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
• Character Encodings
• Documentation of Implementation-Defined Scripts
Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires
• Character Scripts
• Character Repertoires
Character Categories
• Graphic Characters
• Alphabetic Characters
• Characters With Case
• Uppercase Characters
• Lowercase Characters
• Corresponding Characters in the Other Case
• Case of Implementation-Defined Characters
• Numeric Characters
• Alphanumeric Characters
• Digits in a Radix
Characters Dictionary
• character (System Class)
• base-char
• standard-char
• extended-char
• char=
• character
• characterp
• alpha-char-p
• alphanumericp
• digit-char
• digit-char-p
• graphic-char-p
• standard-char-p
• char-upcase
• upper-case-p
• char-code
• char-int
• code-char
• char-code-limit
• char-name
• name-char
Conses
• Cons Concepts
• Conses Dictionary
Cons Concepts
• Conses as Trees
• Conses as Lists
Conses as Trees
• General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Trees
Conses as Lists
• Lists as Association Lists
• Lists as Sets
• General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Lists
Conses Dictionary
• list (System Class)
• null (System Class)
• cons (System Class)
• atom (Type)
• cons
• consp
• atom
• rplaca
• car
• copy-tree
• sublis
• subst
• tree-equal
• copy-list
• list (Function)
• list-length
• listp
• make-list
• push
• pop
• first
• nth
• endp
• null
• nconc
• append
• revappend
• butlast
• last
• ldiff
• nthcdr
• rest
• member (Function)
• mapc
• acons
• assoc
• copy-alist
• pairlis
• rassoc
• get-properties
• getf
• remf
• intersection
• adjoin
• pushnew
• set-difference
• set-exclusive-or
• subsetp
• union
Arrays
• Array Concepts
• Arrays Dictionary
Array Concepts
• Array Elements
• Specialized Arrays
Array Elements
• Array Indices
• Array Dimensions
• Implementation Limits on Individual Array Dimensions
• Array Rank
• Vectors
• Fill Pointers
• Multidimensional Arrays
• Storage Layout for Multidimensional Arrays
• Implementation Limits on Array Rank
Specialized Arrays
• Array Upgrading
• Required Kinds of Specialized Arrays
Arrays Dictionary
• array
• simple-array
• vector (System Class)
• simple-vector
• bit-vector
• simple-bit-vector
• make-array
• adjust-array
• adjustable-array-p
• aref
• array-dimension
• array-dimensions
• array-element-type
• array-has-fill-pointer-p
• array-displacement
• array-in-bounds-p
• array-rank
• array-row-major-index
• array-total-size
• arrayp
• fill-pointer
• row-major-aref
• upgraded-array-element-type
• array-dimension-limit
• array-rank-limit
• array-total-size-limit
• simple-vector-p
• svref
• vector
• vector-pop
• vector-push
• vectorp
• bit (Array)
• bit-and
• bit-vector-p
• simple-bit-vector-p
Strings
• String Concepts
• Strings Dictionary
String Concepts
• Implications of Strings Being Arrays
• Subtypes of STRING
Strings Dictionary
• string (System Class)
• base-string
• simple-string
• simple-base-string
• simple-string-p
• char
• string
• string-upcase
• string-trim
• string=
• stringp
• make-string
Sequences
• Sequence Concepts
• Rules about Test Functions
• Sequences Dictionary
Sequence Concepts
• General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Sequences
Rules about Test Functions
• Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
• Satisfying a One-Argument Test
Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
• Examples of Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
Satisfying a One-Argument Test
• Examples of Satisfying a One-Argument Test
Sequences Dictionary
• sequence
• copy-seq
• elt
• fill
• make-sequence
• subseq
• map
• map-into
• reduce
• count
• length
• reverse
• sort
• find
• position
• search
• mismatch
• replace
• substitute
• concatenate
• merge
• remove
• remove-duplicates
Hash Tables
• Hash Table Concepts
• Hash Tables Dictionary
Hash Table Concepts
• Hash-Table Operations
• Modifying Hash Table Keys
Modifying Hash Table Keys
• Visible Modification of Objects with respect to EQ and EQL
• Visible Modification of Objects with respect to EQUAL
• Visible Modification of Conses with respect to EQUAL
• Visible Modification of Bit Vectors and Strings with respect to EQUAL
• Visible Modification of Objects with respect to EQUALP
• Visible Modification of Structures with respect to EQUALP
• Visible Modification of Arrays with respect to EQUALP
• Visible Modification of Hash Tables with respect to EQUALP
• Visible Modifications by Language Extensions
Hash Tables Dictionary
• hash-table
• make-hash-table
• hash-table-p
• hash-table-count
• hash-table-rehash-size
• hash-table-rehash-threshold
• hash-table-size
• hash-table-test
• gethash
• remhash
• maphash
• with-hash-table-iterator
• clrhash
• sxhash
Filenames
• Overview of Filenames
• Pathnames
• Logical Pathnames
• Filenames Dictionary
Overview of Filenames
• Namestrings as Filenames
• Pathnames as Filenames
• Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames
Pathnames
• Pathname Components
• Interpreting Pathname Component Values
• Merging Pathnames
Pathname Components
• The Pathname Host Component
• The Pathname Device Component
• The Pathname Directory Component
• The Pathname Name Component
• The Pathname Type Component
• The Pathname Version Component
Interpreting Pathname Component Values
• Strings in Component Values
• Special Characters in Pathname Components
• Case in Pathname Components
• Local Case in Pathname Components
• Common Case in Pathname Components
• Special Pathname Component Values
• NIL as a Component Value
• ->WILD as a Component Value
• ->UNSPECIFIC as a Component Value
• Relation between component values NIL and ->UNSPECIFIC
• Restrictions on Wildcard Pathnames
• Restrictions on Examining Pathname Components
• Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Host Component
• Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Device Component
• Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Directory Component
• Directory Components in Non-Hierarchical File Systems
• Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Name Component
• Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Type Component
• Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Version Component
• Notes about the Pathname Version Component
• Restrictions on Constructing Pathnames
Merging Pathnames
• Examples of Merging Pathnames
Logical Pathnames
• Syntax of Logical Pathname Namestrings
• Logical Pathname Components
Syntax of Logical Pathname Namestrings
• Additional Information about Parsing Logical Pathname Namestrings
• The Host part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
• The Device part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
• The Directory part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
• The Type part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
• The Version part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
• Wildcard Words in a Logical Pathname Namestring
• Lowercase Letters in a Logical Pathname Namestring
• Other Syntax in a Logical Pathname Namestring
Logical Pathname Components
• Unspecific Components of a Logical Pathname
• Null Strings as Components of a Logical Pathname
Filenames Dictionary
• pathname (System Class)
• logical-pathname (System Class)
• pathname
• make-pathname
• pathnamep
• pathname-host
• load-logical-pathname-translations
• logical-pathname-translations
• logical-pathname
• default-pathname-defaults
• namestring
• parse-namestring
• wild-pathname-p
• pathname-match-p
• translate-logical-pathname
• translate-pathname
• merge-pathnames
Files
• File System Concepts
• Files Dictionary
File System Concepts
• Coercion of Streams to Pathnames
• File Operations on Open and Closed Streams
• Truenames
Truenames
• Examples of Truenames
Files Dictionary
• directory
• probe-file
• ensure-directories-exist
• truename
• file-author
• file-write-date
• rename-file
• delete-file
• file-error
• file-error-pathname
Streams
• Stream Concepts
• Streams Dictionary
Stream Concepts
• Introduction to Streams
• Stream Variables
• Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions
• Restrictions on Composite Streams
Introduction to Streams
• Abstract Classifications of Streams (Introduction to Streams)
• Input
• Open and Closed Streams
• Interactive Streams
• Abstract Classifications of Streams
• File Streams
• Other Subclasses of Stream
Streams Dictionary
• stream
• broadcast-stream
• concatenated-stream
• echo-stream
• file-stream
• string-stream
• synonym-stream
• two-way-stream
• input-stream-p
• interactive-stream-p
• open-stream-p
• stream-element-type
• streamp
• read-byte
• write-byte
• peek-char
• read-char
• read-char-no-hang
• terpri
• unread-char
• write-char
• read-line
• write-string
• read-sequence
• write-sequence
• file-length
• file-position
• file-string-length
• open
• stream-external-format
• with-open-file
• close
• with-open-stream
• listen
• clear-input
• finish-output
• y-or-n-p
• make-synonym-stream
• synonym-stream-symbol
• broadcast-stream-streams
• make-broadcast-stream
• make-two-way-stream
• two-way-stream-input-stream
• echo-stream-input-stream
• make-echo-stream
• concatenated-stream-streams
• make-concatenated-stream
• get-output-stream-string
• make-string-input-stream
• make-string-output-stream
• with-input-from-string
• with-output-to-string
• debug-io
• terminal-io
• stream-error
• stream-error-stream
• end-of-file
Printer
• The Lisp Printer
• The Lisp Pretty Printer
• Formatted Output
• Printer Dictionary
The Lisp Printer
• Overview of The Lisp Printer
• Printer Dispatching
• Default Print-Object Methods
• Examples of Printer Behavior
Overview of The Lisp Printer
• Multiple Possible Textual Representations
• Printer Escaping
Default Print-Object Methods
• Printing Numbers
• Printing Integers
• Printing Ratios
• Printing Floats
• Printing Complexes
• Note about Printing Numbers
• Printing Characters
• Printing Symbols
• Package Prefixes for Symbols
• Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Printer
• Examples of Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Printer
• Printing Strings
• Printing Lists and Conses
• Printing Bit Vectors
• Printing Other Vectors
• Printing Other Arrays
• Examples of Printing Arrays
• Printing Random States
• Printing Pathnames
• Printing Structures
• Printing Other Objects
The Lisp Pretty Printer
• Pretty Printer Concepts
• Examples of using the Pretty Printer
• Notes about the Pretty Printer`s Background
Pretty Printer Concepts
• Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output
• Format Directive Interface
• Compiling Format Strings
• Pretty Print Dispatch Tables
• Pretty Printer Margins
Formatted Output
• FORMAT Basic Output
• FORMAT Radix Control
• FORMAT Floating-Point Printers
• FORMAT Printer Operations
• FORMAT Pretty Printer Operations
• FORMAT Layout Control
• FORMAT Control-Flow Operations
• FORMAT Miscellaneous Operations
• FORMAT Miscellaneous Pseudo-Operations
• Additional Information about FORMAT Operations
• Examples of FORMAT
• Notes about FORMAT
FORMAT Basic Output
• Tilde C-> Character
• Tilde Percent-> Newline
• Tilde Ampersand-> Fresh-Line
• Tilde Vertical-Bar-> Page
• Tilde Tilde-> Tilde
FORMAT Radix Control
• Tilde R-> Radix
• Tilde D-> Decimal
• Tilde B-> Binary
• Tilde O-> Octal
• Tilde X-> Hexadecimal
FORMAT Floating-Point Printers
• Tilde F-> Fixed-Format Floating-Point
• Tilde E-> Exponential Floating-Point
• Tilde G-> General Floating-Point
• Tilde Dollarsign-> Monetary Floating-Point
FORMAT Printer Operations
• Tilde A-> Aesthetic
• Tilde S-> Standard
• Tilde W-> Write
FORMAT Pretty Printer Operations
• Tilde Underscore-> Conditional Newline
• Tilde Less-Than-Sign-> Logical Block
• Tilde I-> Indent
• Tilde Slash-> Call Function
FORMAT Layout Control
• Tilde T-> Tabulate
• Tilde Less-Than-Sign-> Justification
• Tilde Greater-Than-Sign-> End of Justification
FORMAT Control-Flow Operations
• Tilde Asterisk-> Go-To
• Tilde Left-Bracket-> Conditional Expression
• Tilde Right-Bracket-> End of Conditional Expression
• Tilde Left-Brace-> Iteration
• Tilde Right-Brace-> End of Iteration
• Tilde Question-Mark-> Recursive Processing
FORMAT Miscellaneous Operations
• Tilde Left-Paren-> Case Conversion
• Tilde Right-Paren-> End of Case Conversion
• Tilde P-> Plural
FORMAT Miscellaneous Pseudo-Operations
• Tilde Semicolon-> Clause Separator
• Tilde Circumflex-> Escape Upward
• Tilde Newline-> Ignored Newline
Additional Information about FORMAT Operations
• Nesting of FORMAT Operations
• Missing and Additional FORMAT Arguments
• Additional FORMAT Parameters
• Undefined FORMAT Modifier Combinations
Printer Dictionary
• copy-pprint-dispatch
• formatter
• pprint-dispatch
• pprint-exit-if-list-exhausted
• pprint-fill
• pprint-indent
• pprint-logical-block
• pprint-newline
• pprint-pop
• pprint-tab
• print-object
• print-unreadable-object
• set-pprint-dispatch
• write
• write-to-string
• print-array
• print-base
• print-case
• print-circle
• print-escape
• print-gensym
• print-level
• print-lines
• print-miser-width
• print-pprint-dispatch
• print-pretty
• print-readably
• print-right-margin
• print-not-readable
• print-not-readable-object
• format
Reader
• Reader Concepts
• Reader Dictionary
Reader Concepts
• Dynamic Control of the Lisp Reader
• Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
• Argument Conventions of Some Reader Functions
Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
• Examples of Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
Argument Conventions of Some Reader Functions
• The EOF-ERROR-P argument
• The RECURSIVE-P argument
Reader Dictionary
• readtable
• copy-readtable
• make-dispatch-macro-character
• read
• read-delimited-list
• read-from-string
• readtable-case
• readtablep
• set-dispatch-macro-character
• set-macro-character
• set-syntax-from-char
• with-standard-io-syntax
• read-base
• read-default-float-format
• read-eval
• read-suppress
• readtable
• reader-error
System Construction
• System Construction Concepts
• System Construction Dictionary
System Construction Concepts
• Loading
• Features
Features
• Feature Expressions
• Examples of Feature Expressions
System Construction Dictionary
• compile-file
• compile-file-pathname
• load
• with-compilation-unit
• features
• compile-file-pathname
• load-pathname
• compile-print
• load-print
• modules
• provide
Environment
• The External Environment
• Environment Dictionary
The External Environment
• Top level loop
• Debugging Utilities
• Environment Inquiry
• Time
Time
• Decoded Time
• Universal Time
• Internal Time
• Seconds
Environment Dictionary
• decode-universal-time
• encode-universal-time
• get-universal-time
• sleep
• apropos
• describe
• describe-object
• trace
• step
• time
• internal-time-units-per-second
• get-internal-real-time
• get-internal-run-time
• disassemble
• documentation
• room
• ed
• inspect
• dribble
• -
• +
• *
• /
• lisp-implementation-type
• short-site-name
• machine-instance
• machine-type
• machine-version
• software-type
• user-homedir-pathname
Glossary
• Glossary
Appendix
• Removed Language Features
Removed Language Features
• Requirements for removed and deprecated features
• Removed Types
• Removed Operators
• Removed Argument Conventions
• Removed Variables
• Removed Reader Syntax
• Packages No Longer Required