5 Basic methods and functions for pcp-groups Pcp-groups are groups in the GAP sense and hence all generic GAP methods for groups can be applied for pcp-groups. However, for a number of group theoretic questions GAP does not provide generic methods that can be applied to pcp-groups. For some of these questions there are functions provided in Polycyclic. 5.1 Elementary methods for pcp-groups In this chapter we describe some important basic functions which are available for pcp-groups. A number of higher level functions are outlined in later sections and chapters. Let U, V and N be subgroups of a pcp-group. 5.1-1 \= \=( U, V )  method decides if U and V are equal as sets. 5.1-2 Size Size( U )  method returns the size of U. 5.1-3 Random Random( U )  method returns a random element of U. 5.1-4 Index Index( U, V )  method returns the index of V in U if V is a subgroup of U. The function does not check if V is a subgroup of U and if it is not, the result is not meaningful. 5.1-5 \in \in( g, U )  method checks if g is an element of U. 5.1-6 Elements Elements( U )  method returns a list containing all elements of U if U is finite and it returns the list [fail] otherwise. 5.1-7 ClosureGroup ClosureGroup( U, V )  method returns the group generated by U and V. 5.1-8 NormalClosure NormalClosure( U, V )  method returns the normal closure of V under action of U. 5.1-9 HirschLength HirschLength( U )  method returns the Hirsch length of U. 5.1-10 CommutatorSubgroup CommutatorSubgroup( U, V )  method returns the group generated by all commutators [u,v] with u in U and v in V. 5.1-11 PRump PRump( U, p )  method returns the subgroup U'U^p of U where p is a prime number. 5.1-12 SmallGeneratingSet SmallGeneratingSet( U )  method returns a small generating set for U. 5.2 Elementary properties of pcp-groups 5.2-1 IsSubgroup IsSubgroup( U, V )  function tests if V is a subgroup of U. 5.2-2 IsNormal IsNormal( U, V )  function tests if V is normal in U. 5.2-3 IsNilpotentGroup IsNilpotentGroup( U )  method checks whether U is nilpotent. 5.2-4 IsAbelian IsAbelian( U )  method checks whether U is abelian. 5.2-5 IsElementaryAbelian IsElementaryAbelian( U )  method checks whether U is elementary abelian. 5.2-6 IsFreeAbelian IsFreeAbelian( U )  property checks whether U is free abelian. 5.3 Subgroups of pcp-groups A subgroup of a pcp-group G can be defined by a set of generators as described in Section 4.3. However, many computations with a subgroup U need an induced generating sequence or igs of U. An igs is a sequence of generators of U whose list of exponent vectors form a matrix in upper triangular form. Note that there may exist many igs of U. The first one calculated for U is stored as an attribute. An induced generating sequence of a subgroup of a pcp-group G is a list of elements of G. An igs is called normed, if each element in the list is normed. Moreover, it is canonical, if the exponent vector matrix is in Hermite Normal Form. The following functions can be used to compute induced generating sequence for a given subgroup U of G. 5.3-1 Igs Igs( U )  attribute Igs( gens )  function IgsParallel( gens, gens2 )  function returns an induced generating sequence of the subgroup U of a pcp-group. In the second form the subgroup is given via a generating set gens. The third form computes an igs for the subgroup generated by gens carrying gens2 through as shadows. This means that each operation that is applied to the first list is also applied to the second list. 5.3-2 Ngs Ngs( U )  attribute Ngs( igs )  function returns a normed induced generating sequence of the subgroup U of a pcp-group. The second form takes an igs as input and norms it. 5.3-3 Cgs Cgs( U )  attribute Cgs( igs )  function CgsParallel( gens, gens2 )  function returns a canonical generating sequence of the subgroup U of a pcp-group. In the second form the function takes an igs as input and returns a canonical generating sequence. The third version takes a generating set and computes a canonical generating sequence carrying gens2 through as shadows. This means that each operation that is applied to the first list is also applied to the second list. For a large number of methods for pcp-groups U we will first of all determine an igs for U. Hence it might speed up computations, if a known igs for a group U is set a priori. The following functions can be used for this purpose. 5.3-4 SubgroupByIgs SubgroupByIgs( G, igs )  function SubgroupByIgs( G, igs, gens )  function returns the subgroup of the pcp-group G generated by the elements of the induced generating sequence igs. Note that igs must be an induced generating sequence of the subgroup generated by the elements of the igs. In the second form igs is a igs for a subgroup and gens are some generators. The function returns the subgroup generated by igs and gens. 5.3-5 AddToIgs AddToIgs( igs, gens )  function AddToIgsParallel( igs, gens, igs2, gens2 )  function AddIgsToIgs( igs, igs2 )  function sifts the elements in the list gens into igs. The second version has the same functionality and carries shadows. This means that each operation that is applied to the first list and the element gens is also applied to the second list and the element gens2. The third version is available for efficiency reasons and assumes that the second list igs2 is not only a generating set, but an igs. 5.4 Polycyclic presentation sequences for subfactors A subfactor of a pcp-group G is again a polycyclic group for which a polycyclic presentation can be computed. However, to compute a polycyclic presentation for a given subfactor can be time-consuming. Hence we introduce polycyclic presentation sequences or Pcp to compute more efficiently with subfactors. (Note that a subgroup is also a subfactor and thus can be handled by a pcp) A pcp for a pcp-group U or a subfactor U / N can be created with one of the following functions. 5.4-1 Pcp Pcp( U[, flag] )  function Pcp( U, N[, flag] )  function returns a polycyclic presentation sequence for the subgroup U or the quotient group U modulo N. If the parameter flag is present and equals the string snf, the function can only be applied to an abelian subgroup U or abelian subfactor U/N. The pcp returned will correspond to a decomposition of the abelian group into a direct product of cyclic groups. A pcp is a component object which behaves similar to a list representing an igs of the subfactor in question. The basic functions to obtain the stored values of this component object are as follows. Let pcp be a pcp for a subfactor U/N of the defining pcp-group G. 5.4-2 GeneratorsOfPcp GeneratorsOfPcp( pcp )  function this returns a list of elements of U corresponding to an igs of U/N. 5.4-3 \[\] \[\]( pcp, i )  method returns the i-th element of pcp. 5.4-4 Length Length( pcp )  method returns the number of generators in pcp. 5.4-5 RelativeOrdersOfPcp RelativeOrdersOfPcp( pcp )  function the relative orders of the igs in U/N. 5.4-6 DenominatorOfPcp DenominatorOfPcp( pcp )  function returns an igs of N. 5.4-7 NumeratorOfPcp NumeratorOfPcp( pcp )  function returns an igs of U. 5.4-8 GroupOfPcp GroupOfPcp( pcp )  function returns U. 5.4-9 OneOfPcp OneOfPcp( pcp )  function returns the identity element of G. The main feature of a pcp are the possibility to compute exponent vectors without having to determine an explicit pcp-group corresponding to the subfactor that is represented by the pcp. Nonetheless, it is possible to determine this subfactor. 5.4-10 ExponentsByPcp ExponentsByPcp( pcp, g )  function returns the exponent vector of g with respect to the generators of pcp. This is the exponent vector of gN with respect to the igs of U/N. 5.4-11 PcpGroupByPcp PcpGroupByPcp( pcp )  function let pcp be a Pcp of a subgroup or a factor group of a pcp-group. This function computes a new pcp-group whose defining generators correspond to the generators in pcp.  Example  gap>  G := DihedralPcpGroup(0); Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 0 ] gap>  pcp := Pcp(G); Pcp [ g1, g2 ] with orders [ 2, 0 ] gap>  pcp[1]; g1 gap>  Length(pcp); 2 gap>  RelativeOrdersOfPcp(pcp); [ 2, 0 ] gap>  DenominatorOfPcp(pcp); [ ] gap>  NumeratorOfPcp(pcp); [ g1, g2 ] gap>  GroupOfPcp(pcp); Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 0 ] gap> OneOfPcp(pcp); identity   Example  gap> G := ExamplesOfSomePcpGroups(5); Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 0, 0, 0 ] gap> D := DerivedSubgroup( G ); Pcp-group with orders [ 0, 0, 0 ] gap>  GeneratorsOfGroup( G ); [ g1, g2, g3, g4 ] gap>  GeneratorsOfGroup( D ); [ g2^-2, g3^-2, g4^2 ]  # an ordinary pcp for G / D gap> pcp1 := Pcp( G, D ); Pcp [ g1, g2, g3, g4 ] with orders [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]  # a pcp for G/D in independent generators gap>  pcp2 := Pcp( G, D, "snf" ); Pcp [ g2, g3, g1 ] with orders [ 2, 2, 4 ]  gap>  g := Random( G ); g1*g2^-4*g3*g4^2  # compute the exponent vector of g in G/D with respect to pcp1 gap> ExponentsByPcp( pcp1, g ); [ 1, 0, 1, 0 ]  # compute the exponent vector of g in G/D with respect to pcp2 gap>  ExponentsByPcp( pcp2, g ); [ 0, 1, 1 ]  5.5 Factor groups of pcp-groups Pcp's for subfactors of pcp-groups have already been described above. These are usually used within algorithms to compute with pcp-groups. However, it is also possible to explicitly construct factor groups and their corresponding natural homomorphisms. 5.5-1 NaturalHomomorphismByNormalSubgroup NaturalHomomorphismByNormalSubgroup( G, N )  method returns the natural homomorphism G -> G/N. Its image is the factor group G/N. 5.5-2 \/ \/( G, N )  method FactorGroup( G, N )  method returns the desired factor as pcp-group without giving the explicit homomorphism. This function is just a wrapper for PcpGroupByPcp( Pcp( G, N ) ). 5.6 Homomorphisms for pcp-groups Polycyclic provides code for defining group homomorphisms by generators and images where either the source or the range or both are pcp groups. All methods provided by GAP for such group homomorphisms are supported, in particular the following: 5.6-1 GroupHomomorphismByImages GroupHomomorphismByImages( G, H, gens, imgs )  function returns the homomorphism from the (pcp-) group G to the pcp-group H mapping the generators of G in the list gens to the corresponding images in the list imgs of elements of H. 5.6-2 Kernel Kernel( hom )  function returns the kernel of the homomorphism hom from a pcp-group to a pcp-group. 5.6-3 Image Image( hom )  operation Image( hom, U )  function Image( hom, g )  function returns the image of the whole group, of U and of g, respectively, under the homomorphism hom. 5.6-4 PreImage PreImage( hom, U )  function returns the complete preimage of the subgroup U under the homomorphism hom. If the domain of hom is not a pcp-group, then this function only works properly if hom is injective. 5.6-5 PreImagesRepresentative PreImagesRepresentative( hom, g )  method returns a preimage of the element g under the homomorphism hom. 5.6-6 IsInjective IsInjective( hom )  method checks if the homomorphism hom is injective. 5.7 Changing the defining pc-presentation 5.7-1 RefinedPcpGroup RefinedPcpGroup( G )  function returns a new pcp-group isomorphic to G whose defining polycyclic presentation is refined; that is, the corresponding polycyclic series has prime or infinite factors only. If H is the new group, then H!.bijection is the isomorphism G -> H. 5.7-2 PcpGroupBySeries PcpGroupBySeries( ser[, flag] )  function returns a new pcp-group isomorphic to the first subgroup G of the given series ser such that its defining pcp refines the given series. The series must be subnormal and H!.bijection is the isomorphism G -> H. If the parameter flag is present and equals the string snf, the series must have abelian factors. The pcp of the group returned corresponds to a decomposition of each abelian factor into a direct product of cyclic groups.  Example  gap> G := DihedralPcpGroup(0); Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 0 ] gap>  U := Subgroup( G, [Pcp(G)[2]^1440]); Pcp-group with orders [ 0 ] gap>  F := G/U; Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 1440 ] gap> RefinedPcpGroup(F); Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5 ]  gap> ser := [G, U, TrivialSubgroup(G)]; [ Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 0 ],  Pcp-group with orders [ 0 ],  Pcp-group with orders [ ] ] gap>  PcpGroupBySeries(ser); Pcp-group with orders [ 2, 1440, 0 ]  5.8 Printing a pc-presentation By default, a pcp-group is printed using its relative orders only. The following methods can be used to view the pcp presentation of the group. 5.8-1 PrintPcpPresentation PrintPcpPresentation( G[, flag] )  function PrintPcpPresentation( pcp[, flag] )  function prints the pcp presentation defined by the igs of G or the pcp pcp. By default, the trivial conjugator relations are omitted from this presentation to shorten notation. Also, the relations obtained from conjugating with inverse generators are included only if the conjugating generator has infinite order. If this generator has finite order, then the conjugation relation is a consequence of the remaining relations. If the parameter flag is present and equals the string all, all conjugate relations are printed, including the trivial conjugate relations as well as those involving conjugation with inverses. 5.9 Converting to and from a presentation 5.9-1 IsomorphismPcpGroup IsomorphismPcpGroup( G )  attribute returns an isomorphism from G onto a pcp-group H. There are various methods installed for this operation and some of these methods are part of the Polycyclic package, while others may be part of other packages. For example, Polycyclic contains methods for this function in the case that G is a finite pc-group or a finite solvable permutation group. Other examples for methods for IsomorphismPcpGroup are the methods for the case that G is a crystallographic group (see Cryst) or the case that G is an almost crystallographic group (see AClib). A method for the case that G is a rational polycyclic matrix group is included in the Polenta package. 5.9-2 IsomorphismPcpGroupFromFpGroupWithPcPres IsomorphismPcpGroupFromFpGroupWithPcPres( G )  function This function can convert a finitely presented group with a polycyclic presentation into a pcp group. 5.9-3 IsomorphismPcGroup IsomorphismPcGroup( G )  method pc-groups are a representation for finite polycyclic groups. This function can convert finite pcp-groups to pc-groups. 5.9-4 IsomorphismFpGroup IsomorphismFpGroup( G )  method This function can convert pcp-groups to a finitely presented group.