rand

 

C

Language

headers

Type support

Dynamic memory management

Error handling

Program utilities

Variadic function support

Date and time utilities

Strings library

Algorithms

Numerics

Input/output support

Localization support

Thread support (C11)

Atomic operations (C11)

Technical Specifications

 

Numerics

Common mathematical functions

Floating-point environment

Complex number arithmetics

Random number generation

Type-generic math

 

Pseudo-random number generation

rand

srand

RAND_MAX

 

Defined in header <stdlib.h>
int rand();

Returns a pseudo-random integral value between ​0​ and RAND_MAX (0 and RAND_MAX included).

srand() seeds the pseudo-random number generator used by rand(). If rand() is used before any calls to srand(), rand() behaves as if it was seeded with srand(1). Each time rand() is seeded with srand(), it must produce the same sequence of values.

rand() is not guaranteed to be thread-safe.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Pseudo-random integral value between ​0​ and RAND_MAX, inclusive.

Notes

There are no guarantees as to the quality of the random sequence produced. In the past, some implementations of rand() have had serious shortcomings in the randomness, distribution and period of the sequence produced (in one well-known example, the low-order bit simply alternated between 1 and 0 between calls). rand() is not recommended for serious random-number generation needs, like cryptography.

POSIX requires that the period of the pseudo-random number generator used by rand is at least 232

POSIX offered a thread-safe version of rand called rand_r, which is obsolete in favor of the drand48 family of functions.

Example

Run this code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
 
int main(void)
{
    srand(time(0)); //use current time as seed for random generator
    int random_variable = rand();
    printf("Random value on [0,%d]: %d\n", RAND_MAX, random_variable);
}

Possible output:

Random value on [0 2147483647]: 1373858591

References

• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

• 7.22.2.1 The rand function (p: 346)

• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

• 7.20.2.1 The rand function (p: 312)

• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

• 4.10.2.1 The rand function

See also

srand	seeds pseudo-random number generator (function)
RAND_MAX	maximum possible value generated by rand() (macro constant)
C++ documentation for rand