User Interfaces
Qt features multiple technologies for creating user interfaces. While it is possible to mix and match these different technologies as needed, one approach is often better suitable for a certain type of user interface than the others. Qt Creator is a good example of an application that combines traditional Qt Widgets with Qt Quick. Widgets form the basis of the user interface, whereas Qt Quick is used to implement the Welcome mode, for example. The following sections provide brief introductions to the available technologies for creating user interfaces, and a comparison table to help choosing the best suitable technology.
Common Important UI Topics
QML Graphical User Interfaces
QML allows developers to build user interfaces in a declarative way. User interfaces specifically benefit from the simplicity of compounding QML objects and configuring them using property bindings.
Qt Quick is a module which supplies QML types for creating user interfaces such as a visual canvas with its own coordinate system and rendering engine. Animation and transition effects are a first class concept in Qt Quick and visual effects can be supplemented through specialized components for particle and shader effects.
Important UI Topics for QML Applications
- Visual types in QML
- Responding to User Input in QML
- Animations in QML
- Displaying Text in QML
- Layouts in QML
- Style and Theme Support
- Integrating JavaScript in QML
- Scalability
Graphical Controls
The Qt Quick Controls module (since Qt 5.7) provides lightweight QML types for creating performant user interfaces. These controls achieve improved efficiency by employing a simplified styling architecture.
For more about how to create application user interfaces with QML, visit the QML User Interfaces page.
Widget-based User Interfaces
Qt Widgets are traditional user interface elements that are typically found in desktop environments. The widgets integrate well to the underlying platform providing native look'n'feel on Windows, Linux and macOS. The widgets are mature and feature rich user interface elements suitable for mostly static user interfaces. In contrast to Qt Quick, the widgets do not scale that well for touch screens and fluid, highly animated modern user interfaces. The widgets are a good choice for applications with traditional desktop centric user interfaces, such as office type applications.
Important Concepts in Qt Widgets
- Application Main Window
- Desktop Integration
- Dialog Windows
- Layout Management
- Model/View Programming
- Rich Text Processing
- Drag and Drop
- Internationalization
Visualizing Data
Qt provides ready-made C++ classes and QML types for visualizing data in the form of charts and graphs, which are known to be best ways of analyzing data. Qt Charts and Qt Data Visualization are the two Qt add-ons that make data visualization using 2D and 3D models a reality.
Displaying Web Content
Qt provides the Chromium-based WebEngine layout engine, which enables you to embed web content into the Qt application. The engine can be integrated into both Qt Widget-based and Qt Quick-based applications.
For more information about support for web content in Qt, see Integrating Web Content.
Comparison
Choosing the appropriate technology for building a user interface is not always easy. It depends on several variables, such as other technologies used in a project or target platform constraints. To some extent, many items in the following table can be implemented using any of the three available technologies. The following table aims to help you choose the tool best suited for the job.
| Qt Quick / Qt Quick Controls | Qt Widgets | Qt WebEngine | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Used language(s) | QML/JS | C++ | HTML/CSS/JS | |
| Native look'n'feel |  | | Qt Widgets and Qt Quick Controls 1 integrate well to the underlying platform, providing a native look'n'feel on Windows, Linux, and macOS. | |
| Custom look'n'feel | | | | Qt Widgets provide means for customization via style sheets, but Qt Quick is a better performing choice for user interfaces that do not aim to look native. |
| Fluid animated UIs | | | Qt Widgets do not scale well for animations. Qt Quick offers a convenient and natural way to implement animations in a declarative manner. | |
| Touch screen | | | Qt Widgets often require a mouse cursor for good interaction, whereas Qt Quick only provides primitive building blocks that were designed with touch interaction in mind. The WebView Qt Quick component has support for multi-touch gestures to interact with web content. | |
| Standard industry widgets | | Qt Widgets provide all the bells and whistles, developed over two decades, needed for building standard industry type applications. Qt WebEngine Widgets provide widgets and additional classes to render and interact with web content. | ||
| Model/View programming | | | Qt Quick provides convenient views, but Qt Widgets provide more convenient and complete framework. In addition to Qt Quick views, Qt Quick Controls provide a TableView. | |
| Rapid UI development | | | | Qt Quick is an excellent choice for rapid UI prototyping and development. |
| HW accelerated graphics | | | | Qt Widgets provide QGLWidget for rendering OpenGL graphics, and Qt WebEngine supports WebGL, but the OpenGL ES 2.0 or OpenGL 2.0 based Qt Quick Scene Graph has proven to provide the best performance for UIs and for integrating with OpenGL content. |
| Graphical effects | | The particle system and shader effects available in Qt Quick are more flexible. Qt Widgets offer very little in this area. | ||
| Rich text processing | | | Qt Widgets currently provide the most comprehensive base for implementing text editors. Qt's rich text document classes can also be utilized in Qt Quick and Qt Quick Controls' TextArea, but may require some C++ implementation. | |
| Existing web content | | Both Qt Quick and Qt Widgets provide components for presenting simple rich text, but Qt WebEngine is the best choice for presenting full-blown web content. |
Internationalization and Translations
Qt provides excellent support for translating applications into local languages. Release managers, translators, and developers can use Qt translation tools to accomplish their tasks.
- Internationalization with Qt - instructions and the process of creating localized applications.
- Qt Linguist Manual - manual of Qt's translation tool