# lammps.py (2011/03/29)
# An ASE calculator for the LAMMPS classical MD code available from
# http://lammps.sandia.gov/
# The environment variable ASE_LAMMPSRUN_COMMAND must be defined to point to the
# LAMMPS binary.
#
# Copyright (C) 2009 - 2011 Joerg Meyer, joerg.meyer@ch.tum.de
#
# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License along with this file; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301
# USA or see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
import os
import shutil
import shlex
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, TimeoutExpired
from threading import Thread
from re import compile as re_compile, IGNORECASE
from tempfile import mkdtemp, NamedTemporaryFile, mktemp as uns_mktemp
import inspect
import warnings
from typing import Dict, Any
import numpy as np
from ase import Atoms
from ase.parallel import paropen
from ase.calculators.calculator import Calculator
from ase.calculators.calculator import all_changes
from ase.data import chemical_symbols
from ase.data import atomic_masses
from ase.io.lammpsdata import write_lammps_data
from ase.io.lammpsrun import read_lammps_dump
from ase.calculators.lammps import Prism
from ase.calculators.lammps import write_lammps_in
from ase.calculators.lammps import CALCULATION_END_MARK
from ase.calculators.lammps import convert
__all__ = ["LAMMPS"]
[docs]class LAMMPS(Calculator):
"""The LAMMPS calculators object
files: list
List of files typically containing relevant potentials for the
calculation
parameters: dict
Dictionary of settings to be passed into the input file for calculation.
specorder: list
Within LAAMPS, atoms are identified by an integer value starting from 1.
This variable allows the user to define the order of the indices
assigned to the atoms in the calculation, with the default
if not given being alphabetical
keep_tmp_files: bool
Retain any temporary files created. Mostly useful for debugging.
tmp_dir: str
path/dirname (default None -> create automatically).
Explicitly control where the calculator object should create
its files. Using this option implies 'keep_tmp_files'
no_data_file: bool
Controls whether an explicit data file will be used for feeding
atom coordinates into lammps. Enable it to lessen the pressure on
the (tmp) file system. THIS OPTION MIGHT BE UNRELIABLE FOR CERTAIN
CORNER CASES (however, if it fails, you will notice...).
keep_alive: bool
When using LAMMPS as a spawned subprocess, keep the subprocess
alive (but idling when unused) along with the calculator object.
always_triclinic: bool
Force use of a triclinic cell in LAMMPS, even if the cell is
a perfect parallelepiped.
**Example**
Provided that the respective potential file is in the working directory, one
can simply run (note that LAMMPS needs to be compiled to work with EAM
potentials)
::
from ase import Atom, Atoms
from ase.build import bulk
from ase.calculators.lammpsrun import LAMMPS
parameters = {'pair_style': 'eam/alloy',
'pair_coeff': ['* * NiAlH_jea.eam.alloy H Ni']}
files = ['NiAlH_jea.eam.alloy']
Ni = bulk('Ni', cubic=True)
H = Atom('H', position=Ni.cell.diagonal()/2)
NiH = Ni + H
lammps = LAMMPS(parameters=parameters, files=files)
NiH.calc = lammps
print("Energy ", NiH.get_potential_energy())
(Remember you also need to set the environment variable
``$ASE_LAMMPSRUN_COMMAND``)
"""
name = "lammpsrun"
implemented_properties = ["energy", "forces", "stress", "energies"]
# parameters to choose options in LAMMPSRUN
ase_parameters: Dict[str, Any] = dict(
specorder=None,
always_triclinic=False,
keep_alive=True,
keep_tmp_files=False,
no_data_file=False,
tmp_dir=None,
files=[], # usually contains potential parameters
verbose=False,
write_velocities=False,
binary_dump=True, # bool - use binary dump files (full
# precision but long long ids are casted to
# double)
lammps_options="-echo log -screen none -log /dev/stdout",
trajectory_out=None, # file object, if is not None the
# trajectory will be saved in it
)
# parameters forwarded to LAMMPS
lammps_parameters = dict(
boundary=None, # bounadry conditions styles
units="metal", # str - Which units used; some potentials
# require certain units
atom_style="atomic",
special_bonds=None,
# potential informations
pair_style="lj/cut 2.5",
pair_coeff=["* * 1 1"],
masses=None,
pair_modify=None,
# variables controlling the output
thermo_args=[
"step", "temp", "press", "cpu", "pxx", "pyy", "pzz",
"pxy", "pxz", "pyz", "ke", "pe", "etotal", "vol", "lx",
"ly", "lz", "atoms", ],
dump_properties=["id", "type", "x", "y", "z", "vx", "vy",
"vz", "fx", "fy", "fz", ],
dump_period=1, # period of system snapshot saving (in MD steps)
)
default_parameters = dict(ase_parameters, **lammps_parameters)
# legacy parameter persist, when the 'parameters' dictinary is manipulated
# from the outside. All others are rested to the default value
legacy_parameters = [
"specorder",
"dump_period",
"always_triclinic",
"keep_alive",
"keep_tmp_files",
"tmp_dir",
"parameters",
"no_data_file",
"files",
"write_velocities",
"trajectory_out",
]
legacy_parameters_map = {"_custom_thermo_args": "thermo_args"}
legacy_warn_string = "You are using an "
legacy_warn_string += "old syntax to set '{}'.\n"
legacy_warn_string += "Please use {}.set().".format(name.upper())
def __init__(self, label="lammps", **kwargs):
# "Parameters" used to be the dictionary with all parameters forwarded
# to lammps. This clashes with the implementation in Calculator to
# reload an old one. Trying to catch both cases to not break old
# scripts.
if "parameters" in kwargs:
old_parameters = kwargs["parameters"]
if isinstance(old_parameters, dict):
warnings.warn(self.legacy_warn_string.format("parameters"))
del kwargs["parameters"]
else:
old_parameters = None
Calculator.__init__(self, label=label, **kwargs)
if old_parameters and isinstance(old_parameters, dict):
self.set(**old_parameters)
self.prism = None
self.calls = 0
self.forces = None
# thermo_content contains data "written by" thermo_style.
# It is a list of dictionaries, each dict (one for each line
# printed by thermo_style) contains a mapping between each
# custom_thermo_args-argument and the corresponding
# value as printed by lammps. thermo_content will be
# re-populated by the read_log method.
self.thermo_content = []
if self.parameters.tmp_dir is not None:
# If tmp_dir is pointing somewhere, don't remove stuff!
self.parameters.keep_tmp_files = True
self._lmp_handle = None # To handle the lmp process
if self.parameters.tmp_dir is None:
self.parameters.tmp_dir = mkdtemp(prefix="LAMMPS-")
else:
self.parameters.tmp_dir = os.path.realpath(self.parameters.tmp_dir)
if not os.path.isdir(self.parameters.tmp_dir):
os.mkdir(self.parameters.tmp_dir, 0o755)
for f in self.parameters.files:
shutil.copy(
f, os.path.join(self.parameters.tmp_dir, os.path.basename(f))
)
def get_lammps_command(self):
cmd = self.parameters.get('command')
if cmd is None:
envvar = 'ASE_{}_COMMAND'.format(self.name.upper())
cmd = os.environ.get(envvar)
if cmd is None:
cmd = 'lammps'
opts = self.parameters.get('lammps_options')
if opts is not None:
cmd = '{} {}'.format(cmd, opts)
return cmd
def __setattr__(self, key, value):
"""Catch attribute sets to emulate legacy behavior.
Old LAMMPSRUN allows to just override the parameters
dictionary. "Modern" ase calculators can assume that default
parameters are always set, overrides of the
'parameters'-dictionary have to be caught and the default
parameters need to be added first. A check refuses to set
calculator attributes if they are unknown and set outside the
'__init__' functions.
"""
# !TODO: remove and break somebody's code (e.g. the test examples)
if (
key == "parameters"
and value is not None
and self.parameters is not None
):
temp_dict = self.get_default_parameters()
if self.parameters:
for l_key in self.legacy_parameters:
try:
temp_dict[l_key] = self.parameters[l_key]
except KeyError:
pass
temp_dict.update(value)
value = temp_dict
if key in self.legacy_parameters and key != "parameters":
warnings.warn(self.legacy_warn_string.format(key))
self.set(**{key: value})
elif key in self.legacy_parameters_map:
warnings.warn(
self.legacy_warn_string.format(
"{} for {}".format(self.legacy_parameters_map[key], key)
)
)
self.set(**{self.legacy_parameters_map[key]: value})
# Catch setting none-default attributes
# one test was assigning an useless Attribute, but it still worked
# because the assigned object was before manipulation already handed
# over to the calculator (10/2018)
elif hasattr(self, key) or inspect.stack()[1][3] == "__init__":
Calculator.__setattr__(self, key, value)
else:
raise AttributeError("Setting unknown Attribute '{}'".format(key))
def __getattr__(self, key):
"""Corresponding getattribute-function to emulate legacy behavior.
"""
if key in self.legacy_parameters and key != "parameters":
return self.parameters[key]
if key in self.legacy_parameters_map:
return self.parameters[self.legacy_parameters_map[key]]
return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
def clean(self, force=False):
self._lmp_end()
if not self.parameters.keep_tmp_files or force:
shutil.rmtree(self.parameters.tmp_dir)
def check_state(self, atoms, tol=1.0e-10):
# Transforming the unit cell to conform to LAMMPS' convention for
# orientation (c.f. https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/Howto_triclinic.html)
# results in some precision loss, so we use bit larger tolerance than
# machine precision here. Note that there can also be precision loss
# related to how many significant digits are specified for things in
# the LAMMPS input file.
return Calculator.check_state(self, atoms, tol)
def calculate(self, atoms=None, properties=None, system_changes=None):
if properties is None:
properties = self.implemented_properties
if system_changes is None:
system_changes = all_changes
Calculator.calculate(self, atoms, properties, system_changes)
self.run()
def _lmp_alive(self):
# Return True if this calculator is currently handling a running
# lammps process
return self._lmp_handle and not isinstance(
self._lmp_handle.poll(), int
)
def _lmp_end(self):
# Close lammps input and wait for lammps to end. Return process
# return value
if self._lmp_alive():
# !TODO: handle lammps error codes
try:
self._lmp_handle.communicate(timeout=5)
except TimeoutExpired:
self._lmp_handle.kill()
self._lmp_handle.communicate()
err = self._lmp_handle.poll()
assert err is not None
return err
def set_missing_parameters(self):
"""Verify that all necessary variables are set.
"""
symbols = self.atoms.get_chemical_symbols()
# If unspecified default to atom types in alphabetic order
if not self.parameters.specorder:
self.parameters.specorder = sorted(set(symbols))
# !TODO: handle cases were setting masses actual lead to errors
if not self.parameters.masses:
self.parameters.masses = []
for type_id, specie in enumerate(self.parameters.specorder):
mass = atomic_masses[chemical_symbols.index(specie)]
self.parameters.masses += [
"{0:d} {1:f}".format(type_id + 1, mass)
]
# set boundary condtions
if not self.parameters.boundary:
b_str = " ".join(["fp"[int(x)] for x in self.atoms.get_pbc()])
self.parameters.boundary = b_str
def run(self, set_atoms=False):
# !TODO: split this function
"""Method which explicitly runs LAMMPS."""
pbc = self.atoms.get_pbc()
if all(pbc):
cell = self.atoms.get_cell()
elif not any(pbc):
# large enough cell for non-periodic calculation -
# LAMMPS shrink-wraps automatically via input command
# "periodic s s s"
# below
cell = 2 * np.max(np.abs(self.atoms.get_positions())) * np.eye(3)
else:
warnings.warn(
"semi-periodic ASE cell detected - translation "
+ "to proper LAMMPS input cell might fail"
)
cell = self.atoms.get_cell()
self.prism = Prism(cell)
self.set_missing_parameters()
self.calls += 1
# change into subdirectory for LAMMPS calculations
tempdir = self.parameters.tmp_dir
# setup file names for LAMMPS calculation
label = "{0}{1:>06}".format(self.label, self.calls)
lammps_in = uns_mktemp(
prefix="in_" + label, dir=tempdir
)
lammps_log = uns_mktemp(
prefix="log_" + label, dir=tempdir
)
lammps_trj_fd = NamedTemporaryFile(
prefix="trj_" + label,
suffix=(".bin" if self.parameters.binary_dump else ""),
dir=tempdir,
delete=(not self.parameters.keep_tmp_files),
)
lammps_trj = lammps_trj_fd.name
if self.parameters.no_data_file:
lammps_data = None
else:
lammps_data_fd = NamedTemporaryFile(
prefix="data_" + label,
dir=tempdir,
delete=(not self.parameters.keep_tmp_files),
mode='w',
encoding='ascii'
)
write_lammps_data(
lammps_data_fd,
self.atoms,
specorder=self.parameters.specorder,
force_skew=self.parameters.always_triclinic,
velocities=self.parameters.write_velocities,
prismobj=self.prism,
units=self.parameters.units,
atom_style=self.parameters.atom_style
)
lammps_data = lammps_data_fd.name
lammps_data_fd.flush()
# see to it that LAMMPS is started
if not self._lmp_alive():
command = self.get_lammps_command()
# Attempt to (re)start lammps
self._lmp_handle = Popen(
shlex.split(command, posix=(os.name == "posix")),
stdin=PIPE,
stdout=PIPE,
)
lmp_handle = self._lmp_handle
# Create thread reading lammps stdout (for reference, if requested,
# also create lammps_log, although it is never used)
if self.parameters.keep_tmp_files:
lammps_log_fd = open(lammps_log, "wb")
fd = SpecialTee(lmp_handle.stdout, lammps_log_fd)
else:
fd = lmp_handle.stdout
thr_read_log = Thread(target=self.read_lammps_log, args=(fd,))
thr_read_log.start()
# write LAMMPS input (for reference, also create the file lammps_in,
# although it is never used)
if self.parameters.keep_tmp_files:
lammps_in_fd = open(lammps_in, "wb")
fd = SpecialTee(lmp_handle.stdin, lammps_in_fd)
else:
fd = lmp_handle.stdin
write_lammps_in(
lammps_in=fd,
parameters=self.parameters,
atoms=self.atoms,
prismobj=self.prism,
lammps_trj=lammps_trj,
lammps_data=lammps_data,
)
if self.parameters.keep_tmp_files:
lammps_in_fd.close()
# Wait for log output to be read (i.e., for LAMMPS to finish)
# and close the log file if there is one
thr_read_log.join()
if self.parameters.keep_tmp_files:
lammps_log_fd.close()
if not self.parameters.keep_alive:
self._lmp_end()
exitcode = lmp_handle.poll()
if exitcode and exitcode != 0:
raise RuntimeError(
"LAMMPS exited in {} with exit code: {}."
"".format(tempdir, exitcode)
)
# A few sanity checks
if len(self.thermo_content) == 0:
raise RuntimeError("Failed to retrieve any thermo_style-output")
if int(self.thermo_content[-1]["atoms"]) != len(self.atoms):
# This obviously shouldn't happen, but if prism.fold_...() fails,
# it could
raise RuntimeError("Atoms have gone missing")
trj_atoms = read_lammps_dump(
infileobj=lammps_trj,
order=False,
index=-1,
prismobj=self.prism,
specorder=self.parameters.specorder,
)
if set_atoms:
self.atoms = trj_atoms.copy()
self.forces = trj_atoms.get_forces()
# !TODO: trj_atoms is only the last snapshot of the system; Is it
# desirable to save also the inbetween steps?
if self.parameters.trajectory_out is not None:
# !TODO: is it advisable to create here temporary atoms-objects
self.trajectory_out.write(trj_atoms)
tc = self.thermo_content[-1]
self.results["energy"] = convert(
tc["pe"], "energy", self.parameters["units"], "ASE"
)
self.results["free_energy"] = self.results["energy"]
self.results["forces"] = self.forces.copy()
stress = np.array(
[-tc[i] for i in ("pxx", "pyy", "pzz", "pyz", "pxz", "pxy")]
)
# We need to apply the Lammps rotation stuff to the stress:
xx, yy, zz, yz, xz, xy = stress
stress_tensor = np.array([[xx, xy, xz],
[xy, yy, yz],
[xz, yz, zz]])
R = self.prism.rot_mat
stress_atoms = np.dot(R, stress_tensor)
stress_atoms = np.dot(stress_atoms, R.T)
stress_atoms = stress_atoms[[0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1]]
stress = stress_atoms
self.results["stress"] = convert(
stress, "pressure", self.parameters["units"], "ASE"
)
lammps_trj_fd.close()
if not self.parameters.no_data_file:
lammps_data_fd.close()
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
self._lmp_end()
def read_lammps_log(self, lammps_log=None):
# !TODO: somehow communicate 'thermo_content' explicitly
"""Method which reads a LAMMPS output log file."""
if lammps_log is None:
lammps_log = self.label + ".log"
if isinstance(lammps_log, str):
fileobj = paropen(lammps_log, "wb")
close_log_file = True
else:
# Expect lammps_in to be a file-like object
fileobj = lammps_log
close_log_file = False
# read_log depends on that the first (three) thermo_style custom args
# can be capitalized and matched against the log output. I.e.
# don't use e.g. 'ke' or 'cpu' which are labeled KinEng and CPU.
_custom_thermo_mark = " ".join(
[x.capitalize() for x in self.parameters.thermo_args[0:3]]
)
# !TODO: regex-magic necessary?
# Match something which can be converted to a float
f_re = r"([+-]?(?:(?:\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?|nan|inf))"
n_args = len(self.parameters["thermo_args"])
# Create a re matching exactly N white space separated floatish things
_custom_thermo_re = re_compile(
r"^\s*" + r"\s+".join([f_re] * n_args) + r"\s*$", flags=IGNORECASE
)
thermo_content = []
line = fileobj.readline().decode("utf-8")
while line and line.strip() != CALCULATION_END_MARK:
# check error
if 'ERROR:' in line:
if close_log_file:
fileobj.close()
raise RuntimeError(f'LAMMPS exits with error message: {line}')
# get thermo output
if line.startswith(_custom_thermo_mark):
bool_match = True
while bool_match:
line = fileobj.readline().decode("utf-8")
bool_match = _custom_thermo_re.match(line)
if bool_match:
# create a dictionary between each of the
# thermo_style args and it's corresponding value
thermo_content.append(
dict(
zip(
self.parameters.thermo_args,
map(float, bool_match.groups()),
)
)
)
else:
line = fileobj.readline().decode("utf-8")
if close_log_file:
fileobj.close()
self.thermo_content = thermo_content
class SpecialTee:
"""A special purpose, with limited applicability, tee-like thing.
A subset of stuff read from, or written to, orig_fd,
is also written to out_fd.
It is used by the lammps calculator for creating file-logs of stuff
read from, or written to, stdin and stdout, respectively.
"""
def __init__(self, orig_fd, out_fd):
self._orig_fd = orig_fd
self._out_fd = out_fd
self.name = orig_fd.name
def write(self, data):
self._orig_fd.write(data)
self._out_fd.write(data)
self.flush()
def read(self, *args, **kwargs):
data = self._orig_fd.read(*args, **kwargs)
self._out_fd.write(data)
return data
def readline(self, *args, **kwargs):
data = self._orig_fd.readline(*args, **kwargs)
self._out_fd.write(data)
return data
def readlines(self, *args, **kwargs):
data = self._orig_fd.readlines(*args, **kwargs)
self._out_fd.write("".join(data))
return data
def flush(self):
self._orig_fd.flush()
self._out_fd.flush()
if __name__ == "__main__":
pair_style = "eam"
Pd_eam_file = "Pd_u3.eam"
pair_coeff = ["* * " + Pd_eam_file]
parameters = {"pair_style": pair_style, "pair_coeff": pair_coeff}
my_files = [Pd_eam_file]
calc = LAMMPS(parameters=parameters, files=my_files)
a0 = 3.93
b0 = a0 / 2.0
bulk = Atoms(
["Pd"] * 4,
positions=[(0, 0, 0), (b0, b0, 0), (b0, 0, b0), (0, b0, b0)],
cell=[a0] * 3,
pbc=True,
)
# test get_forces
print("forces for a = {0}".format(a0))
print(calc.get_forces(bulk))
# single points for various lattice constants
bulk.calc = calc
for i in range(-5, 5, 1):
a = a0 * (1 + i / 100.0)
bulk.set_cell([a] * 3)
print("a : {0} , total energy : {1}".format(
a, bulk.get_potential_energy()))
calc.clean()