/*
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation;
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 */

//
// This ns-3 example demonstrates the use of helper functions to ease
// the construction of simulation scenarios.
//
// The simulation topology consists of a mixed wired and wireless
// scenario in which a hierarchical mobility model is used.
//
// The simulation layout consists of N backbone routers interconnected
// by an ad hoc wifi network.
// Each backbone router also has a local 802.11 network and is connected
// to a local LAN.  An additional set of (K-1) nodes are connected to
// this backbone.  Finally, a local LAN is connected to each router
// on the backbone, with L-1 additional hosts.
//
// The nodes are populated with TCP/IP stacks, and OLSR unicast routing
// on the backbone.  An example UDP transfer is shown.  The simulator
// be configured to output tcpdumps or traces from different nodes.
//
//
//          +--------------------------------------------------------+
//          |                                                        |
//          |              802.11 ad hoc, ns-2 mobility              |
//          |                                                        |
//          +--------------------------------------------------------+
//                   |       o o o (N backbone routers)       |
//               +--------+                               +--------+
//     wired LAN | mobile |                     wired LAN | mobile |
//    -----------| router |                    -----------| router |
//               ---------                                ---------
//                   |                                        |
//          +----------------+                       +----------------+
//          |     802.11     |                       |     802.11     |
//          |   infra net    |                       |   infra net    |
//          |   K-1 hosts    |                       |   K-1 hosts    |
//          +----------------+                       +----------------+
//
// We'll send data from the first wired LAN node on the first wired LAN
// to the last wireless STA on the last infrastructure net, thereby
// causing packets to traverse CSMA to adhoc to infrastructure links
//
// Note that certain mobility patterns may cause packet forwarding
// to fail (if nodes become disconnected)

#include "ns3/animation-interface.h"
#include "ns3/command-line.h"
#include "ns3/csma-helper.h"
#include "ns3/internet-stack-helper.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-address-helper.h"
#include "ns3/mobility-helper.h"
#include "ns3/olsr-helper.h"
#include "ns3/on-off-helper.h"
#include "ns3/packet-sink-helper.h"
#include "ns3/qos-txop.h"
#include "ns3/ssid.h"
#include "ns3/string.h"
#include "ns3/yans-wifi-channel.h"
#include "ns3/yans-wifi-helper.h"

using namespace ns3;

//
// Define logging keyword for this file
//
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE("MixedWireless");

/**
 * This function will be used below as a trace sink, if the command-line
 * argument or default value "useCourseChangeCallback" is set to true
 *
 * \param path The callback path.
 * \param model The mobility model.
 */
static void
CourseChangeCallback(std::string path, Ptr<const MobilityModel> model)
{
    Vector position = model->GetPosition();
    std::cout << "CourseChange " << path << " x=" << position.x << ", y=" << position.y
              << ", z=" << position.z << std::endl;
}

int
main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    //
    // First, we declare and initialize a few local variables that control some
    // simulation parameters.
    //
    uint32_t backboneNodes = 10;
    uint32_t infraNodes = 2;
    uint32_t lanNodes = 2;
    uint32_t stopTime = 20;
    bool useCourseChangeCallback = false;

    //
    // Simulation defaults are typically set next, before command line
    // arguments are parsed.
    //
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::OnOffApplication::PacketSize", StringValue("1472"));
    Config::SetDefault("ns3::OnOffApplication::DataRate", StringValue("100kb/s"));

    //
    // For convenience, we add the local variables to the command line argument
    // system so that they can be overridden with flags such as
    // "--backboneNodes=20"
    //
    CommandLine cmd(__FILE__);
    cmd.AddValue("backboneNodes", "number of backbone nodes", backboneNodes);
    cmd.AddValue("infraNodes", "number of leaf nodes", infraNodes);
    cmd.AddValue("lanNodes", "number of LAN nodes", lanNodes);
    cmd.AddValue("stopTime", "simulation stop time (seconds)", stopTime);
    cmd.AddValue("useCourseChangeCallback",
                 "whether to enable course change tracing",
                 useCourseChangeCallback);

    //
    // The system global variables and the local values added to the argument
    // system can be overridden by command line arguments by using this call.
    //
    cmd.Parse(argc, argv);

    if (stopTime < 10)
    {
        std::cout << "Use a simulation stop time >= 10 seconds" << std::endl;
        exit(1);
    }
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                                                                       //
    // Construct the backbone                                                //
    //                                                                       //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    //
    // Create a container to manage the nodes of the adhoc (backbone) network.
    // Later we'll create the rest of the nodes we'll need.
    //
    NodeContainer backbone;
    backbone.Create(backboneNodes);
    //
    // Create the backbone wifi net devices and install them into the nodes in
    // our container
    //
    WifiHelper wifi;
    WifiMacHelper mac;
    mac.SetType("ns3::AdhocWifiMac");
    wifi.SetRemoteStationManager("ns3::ConstantRateWifiManager",
                                 "DataMode",
                                 StringValue("OfdmRate54Mbps"));
    YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy;
    wifiPhy.SetPcapDataLinkType(WifiPhyHelper::DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO);
    YansWifiChannelHelper wifiChannel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default();
    wifiPhy.SetChannel(wifiChannel.Create());
    NetDeviceContainer backboneDevices = wifi.Install(wifiPhy, mac, backbone);

    // We enable OLSR (which will be consulted at a higher priority than
    // the global routing) on the backbone ad hoc nodes
    NS_LOG_INFO("Enabling OLSR routing on all backbone nodes");
    OlsrHelper olsr;
    //
    // Add the IPv4 protocol stack to the nodes in our container
    //
    InternetStackHelper internet;
    internet.SetRoutingHelper(olsr); // has effect on the next Install ()
    internet.Install(backbone);

    //
    // Assign IPv4 addresses to the device drivers (actually to the associated
    // IPv4 interfaces) we just created.
    //
    Ipv4AddressHelper ipAddrs;
    ipAddrs.SetBase("192.168.0.0", "255.255.255.0");
    ipAddrs.Assign(backboneDevices);

    //
    // The ad-hoc network nodes need a mobility model so we aggregate one to
    // each of the nodes we just finished building.
    //
    MobilityHelper mobility;
    mobility.SetPositionAllocator("ns3::GridPositionAllocator",
                                  "MinX",
                                  DoubleValue(20.0),
                                  "MinY",
                                  DoubleValue(20.0),
                                  "DeltaX",
                                  DoubleValue(20.0),
                                  "DeltaY",
                                  DoubleValue(20.0),
                                  "GridWidth",
                                  UintegerValue(5),
                                  "LayoutType",
                                  StringValue("RowFirst"));
    mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::RandomDirection2dMobilityModel",
                              "Bounds",
                              RectangleValue(Rectangle(-500, 500, -500, 500)),
                              "Speed",
                              StringValue("ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=2]"),
                              "Pause",
                              StringValue("ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=0.2]"));
    mobility.Install(backbone);

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                                                                       //
    // Construct the LANs                                                    //
    //                                                                       //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    // Reset the address base-- all of the CSMA networks will be in
    // the "172.16 address space
    ipAddrs.SetBase("172.16.0.0", "255.255.255.0");

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < backboneNodes; ++i)
    {
        NS_LOG_INFO("Configuring local area network for backbone node " << i);
        //
        // Create a container to manage the nodes of the LAN.  We need
        // two containers here; one with all of the new nodes, and one
        // with all of the nodes including new and existing nodes
        //
        NodeContainer newLanNodes;
        newLanNodes.Create(lanNodes - 1);
        // Now, create the container with all nodes on this link
        NodeContainer lan(backbone.Get(i), newLanNodes);
        //
        // Create the CSMA net devices and install them into the nodes in our
        // collection.
        //
        CsmaHelper csma;
        csma.SetChannelAttribute("DataRate", DataRateValue(DataRate(5000000)));
        csma.SetChannelAttribute("Delay", TimeValue(MilliSeconds(2)));
        NetDeviceContainer lanDevices = csma.Install(lan);
        //
        // Add the IPv4 protocol stack to the new LAN nodes
        //
        internet.Install(newLanNodes);
        //
        // Assign IPv4 addresses to the device drivers (actually to the
        // associated IPv4 interfaces) we just created.
        //
        ipAddrs.Assign(lanDevices);
        //
        // Assign a new network prefix for the next LAN, according to the
        // network mask initialized above
        //
        ipAddrs.NewNetwork();
        //
        // The new LAN nodes need a mobility model so we aggregate one
        // to each of the nodes we just finished building.
        //
        MobilityHelper mobilityLan;
        Ptr<ListPositionAllocator> subnetAlloc = CreateObject<ListPositionAllocator>();
        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < newLanNodes.GetN(); ++j)
        {
            subnetAlloc->Add(Vector(0.0, j * 10 + 10, 0.0));
        }
        mobilityLan.PushReferenceMobilityModel(backbone.Get(i));
        mobilityLan.SetPositionAllocator(subnetAlloc);
        mobilityLan.SetMobilityModel("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel");
        mobilityLan.Install(newLanNodes);
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                                                                       //
    // Construct the mobile networks                                         //
    //                                                                       //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    // Reset the address base-- all of the 802.11 networks will be in
    // the "10.0" address space
    ipAddrs.SetBase("10.0.0.0", "255.255.255.0");

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < backboneNodes; ++i)
    {
        NS_LOG_INFO("Configuring wireless network for backbone node " << i);
        //
        // Create a container to manage the nodes of the LAN.  We need
        // two containers here; one with all of the new nodes, and one
        // with all of the nodes including new and existing nodes
        //
        NodeContainer stas;
        stas.Create(infraNodes - 1);
        // Now, create the container with all nodes on this link
        NodeContainer infra(backbone.Get(i), stas);
        //
        // Create an infrastructure network
        //
        WifiHelper wifiInfra;
        WifiMacHelper macInfra;
        wifiPhy.SetChannel(wifiChannel.Create());
        // Create unique ssids for these networks
        std::string ssidString("wifi-infra");
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << i;
        ssidString += ss.str();
        Ssid ssid = Ssid(ssidString);
        // setup stas
        macInfra.SetType("ns3::StaWifiMac", "Ssid", SsidValue(ssid));
        NetDeviceContainer staDevices = wifiInfra.Install(wifiPhy, macInfra, stas);
        // setup ap.
        macInfra.SetType("ns3::ApWifiMac", "Ssid", SsidValue(ssid));
        NetDeviceContainer apDevices = wifiInfra.Install(wifiPhy, macInfra, backbone.Get(i));
        // Collect all of these new devices
        NetDeviceContainer infraDevices(apDevices, staDevices);

        // Add the IPv4 protocol stack to the nodes in our container
        //
        internet.Install(stas);
        //
        // Assign IPv4 addresses to the device drivers (actually to the associated
        // IPv4 interfaces) we just created.
        //
        ipAddrs.Assign(infraDevices);
        //
        // Assign a new network prefix for each mobile network, according to
        // the network mask initialized above
        //
        ipAddrs.NewNetwork();
        //
        // The new wireless nodes need a mobility model so we aggregate one
        // to each of the nodes we just finished building.
        //
        Ptr<ListPositionAllocator> subnetAlloc = CreateObject<ListPositionAllocator>();
        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < infra.GetN(); ++j)
        {
            subnetAlloc->Add(Vector(0.0, j, 0.0));
        }
        mobility.PushReferenceMobilityModel(backbone.Get(i));
        mobility.SetPositionAllocator(subnetAlloc);
        mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::RandomDirection2dMobilityModel",
                                  "Bounds",
                                  RectangleValue(Rectangle(-10, 10, -10, 10)),
                                  "Speed",
                                  StringValue("ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=3]"),
                                  "Pause",
                                  StringValue("ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=0.4]"));
        mobility.Install(stas);
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                                                                       //
    // Application configuration                                             //
    //                                                                       //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    // Create the OnOff application to send UDP datagrams of size
    // 210 bytes at a rate of 10 Kb/s, between two nodes
    // We'll send data from the first wired LAN node on the first wired LAN
    // to the last wireless STA on the last infrastructure net, thereby
    // causing packets to traverse CSMA to adhoc to infrastructure links

    NS_LOG_INFO("Create Applications.");
    uint16_t port = 9; // Discard port (RFC 863)

    // Let's make sure that the user does not define too few nodes
    // to make this example work.  We need lanNodes > 1  and infraNodes > 1
    NS_ASSERT(lanNodes > 1 && infraNodes > 1);
    // We want the source to be the first node created outside of the backbone
    // Conveniently, the variable "backboneNodes" holds this node index value
    Ptr<Node> appSource = NodeList::GetNode(backboneNodes);
    // We want the sink to be the last node created in the topology.
    uint32_t lastNodeIndex =
        backboneNodes + backboneNodes * (lanNodes - 1) + backboneNodes * (infraNodes - 1) - 1;
    Ptr<Node> appSink = NodeList::GetNode(lastNodeIndex);
    // Let's fetch the IP address of the last node, which is on Ipv4Interface 1
    Ipv4Address remoteAddr = appSink->GetObject<Ipv4>()->GetAddress(1, 0).GetLocal();

    OnOffHelper onoff("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", Address(InetSocketAddress(remoteAddr, port)));

    ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install(appSource);
    apps.Start(Seconds(3));
    apps.Stop(Seconds(stopTime - 1));

    // Create a packet sink to receive these packets
    PacketSinkHelper sink("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", InetSocketAddress(Ipv4Address::GetAny(), port));
    apps = sink.Install(appSink);
    apps.Start(Seconds(3));

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                                                                       //
    // Tracing configuration                                                 //
    //                                                                       //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    NS_LOG_INFO("Configure Tracing.");
    CsmaHelper csma;

    //
    // Let's set up some ns-2-like ascii traces, using another helper class
    //
    AsciiTraceHelper ascii;
    Ptr<OutputStreamWrapper> stream = ascii.CreateFileStream("mixed-wireless.tr");
    wifiPhy.EnableAsciiAll(stream);
    csma.EnableAsciiAll(stream);
    internet.EnableAsciiIpv4All(stream);

    // Csma captures in non-promiscuous mode
    csma.EnablePcapAll("mixed-wireless", false);
    // pcap captures on the backbone wifi devices
    wifiPhy.EnablePcap("mixed-wireless", backboneDevices, false);
    // pcap trace on the application data sink
    wifiPhy.EnablePcap("mixed-wireless", appSink->GetId(), 0);

    if (useCourseChangeCallback == true)
    {
        Config::Connect("/NodeList/*/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange",
                        MakeCallback(&CourseChangeCallback));
    }

    AnimationInterface anim("mixed-wireless.xml");

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                                                                       //
    // Run simulation                                                        //
    //                                                                       //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    NS_LOG_INFO("Run Simulation.");
    Simulator::Stop(Seconds(stopTime));
    Simulator::Run();
    Simulator::Destroy();

    return 0;
}