Class StringUtils

Method Details

• isEmpty

  public static boolean isEmpty(String str)

  Checks if a String is empty ("") or null.

   StringUtils.isEmpty(null)      = true
   StringUtils.isEmpty("")        = true
   StringUtils.isEmpty(" ")       = false
   StringUtils.isEmpty("bob")     = false
   StringUtils.isEmpty("  bob  ") = false
   

  NOTE: This method changed in Lang version 2.0. It no longer trims the String. That functionality is available in isBlank().

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String is empty or null

• isNotEmpty

  public static boolean isNotEmpty(String str)

  Checks if a String is not empty ("") and not null.

   StringUtils.isNotEmpty(null)      = false
   StringUtils.isNotEmpty("")        = false
   StringUtils.isNotEmpty(" ")       = true
   StringUtils.isNotEmpty("bob")     = true
   StringUtils.isNotEmpty("  bob  ") = true
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String is not empty and not null

• isBlank

  public static boolean isBlank(String str)

  Checks if a String is whitespace, empty ("") or null.

   StringUtils.isBlank(null)      = true
   StringUtils.isBlank("")        = true
   StringUtils.isBlank(" ")       = true
   StringUtils.isBlank("bob")     = false
   StringUtils.isBlank("  bob  ") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String is null, empty or whitespace

  Since:

  2.0

• isNotBlank

  public static boolean isNotBlank(String str)

  Checks if a String is not empty (""), not null and not whitespace only.

   StringUtils.isNotBlank(null)      = false
   StringUtils.isNotBlank("")        = false
   StringUtils.isNotBlank(" ")       = false
   StringUtils.isNotBlank("bob")     = true
   StringUtils.isNotBlank("  bob  ") = true
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String is not empty and not null and not whitespace

  Since:

  2.0

• clean

  public static String clean(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use the clearer named trimToEmpty(String). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String, handling null by returning an empty String ("").

   StringUtils.clean(null)          = ""
   StringUtils.clean("")            = ""
   StringUtils.clean("abc")         = "abc"
   StringUtils.clean("    abc    ") = "abc"
   StringUtils.clean("     ")       = ""
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to clean, may be null

  Returns:

  the trimmed text, never null

  See Also:

  • String.trim()

• trim

  public static String trim(String str)

  Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String, handling null by returning null.

  The String is trimmed using String.trim(). Trim removes start and end characters <= 32. To strip whitespace use strip(String).

  To trim your choice of characters, use the strip(String, String) methods.

   StringUtils.trim(null)          = null
   StringUtils.trim("")            = ""
   StringUtils.trim("     ")       = ""
   StringUtils.trim("abc")         = "abc"
   StringUtils.trim("    abc    ") = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to be trimmed, may be null

  Returns:

  the trimmed string, null if null String input

• trimToNull

  public static String trimToNull(String str)

  Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String returning null if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if it is null.

  The String is trimmed using String.trim(). Trim removes start and end characters <= 32. To strip whitespace use stripToNull(String).

   StringUtils.trimToNull(null)          = null
   StringUtils.trimToNull("")            = null
   StringUtils.trimToNull("     ")       = null
   StringUtils.trimToNull("abc")         = "abc"
   StringUtils.trimToNull("    abc    ") = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to be trimmed, may be null

  Returns:

  the trimmed String, null if only chars <= 32, empty or null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• trimToEmpty

  public static String trimToEmpty(String str)

  Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String returning an empty String ("") if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if it is null.

  The String is trimmed using String.trim(). Trim removes start and end characters <= 32. To strip whitespace use stripToEmpty(String).

   StringUtils.trimToEmpty(null)          = ""
   StringUtils.trimToEmpty("")            = ""
   StringUtils.trimToEmpty("     ")       = ""
   StringUtils.trimToEmpty("abc")         = "abc"
   StringUtils.trimToEmpty("    abc    ") = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to be trimmed, may be null

  Returns:

  the trimmed String, or an empty String if null input

  Since:

  2.0

• strip

  public static String strip(String str)

  Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String.

  This is similar to trim(String) but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.strip(null)     = null
   StringUtils.strip("")       = ""
   StringUtils.strip("   ")    = ""
   StringUtils.strip("abc")    = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip("  abc")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip("abc  ")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip(" abc ")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip(" ab c ") = "ab c"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to remove whitespace from, may be null

  Returns:

  the stripped String, null if null String input

• stripToNull

  public static String stripToNull(String str)

  Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning null if the String is empty ("") after the strip.

  This is similar to trimToNull(String) but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

   StringUtils.stripToNull(null)     = null
   StringUtils.stripToNull("")       = null
   StringUtils.stripToNull("   ")    = null
   StringUtils.stripToNull("abc")    = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToNull("  abc")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToNull("abc  ")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToNull(" abc ")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToNull(" ab c ") = "ab c"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to be stripped, may be null

  Returns:

  the stripped String, null if whitespace, empty or null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• stripToEmpty

  public static String stripToEmpty(String str)

  Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning an empty String if null input.

  This is similar to trimToEmpty(String) but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

   StringUtils.stripToEmpty(null)     = ""
   StringUtils.stripToEmpty("")       = ""
   StringUtils.stripToEmpty("   ")    = ""
   StringUtils.stripToEmpty("abc")    = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToEmpty("  abc")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToEmpty("abc  ")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToEmpty(" abc ")  = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripToEmpty(" ab c ") = "ab c"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to be stripped, may be null

  Returns:

  the trimmed String, or an empty String if null input

  Since:

  2.0

• strip

  public static String strip(String str, String stripChars)

  Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of a String. This is similar to String.trim() but allows the characters to be stripped to be controlled.

  A null input String returns null. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.

  If the stripChars String is null, whitespace is stripped as defined by Character.isWhitespace(char). Alternatively use strip(String).

   StringUtils.strip(null, *)          = null
   StringUtils.strip("", *)            = ""
   StringUtils.strip("abc", null)      = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip("  abc", null)    = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip("abc  ", null)    = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip(" abc ", null)    = "abc"
   StringUtils.strip("  abcyx", "xyz") = "  abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to remove characters from, may be null

  stripChars - the characters to remove, null treated as whitespace

  Returns:

  the stripped String, null if null String input

• stripStart

  public static String stripStart(String str, String stripChars)

  Strips any of a set of characters from the start of a String.

  A null input String returns null. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.

  If the stripChars String is null, whitespace is stripped as defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

   StringUtils.stripStart(null, *)          = null
   StringUtils.stripStart("", *)            = ""
   StringUtils.stripStart("abc", "")        = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripStart("abc", null)      = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripStart("  abc", null)    = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripStart("abc  ", null)    = "abc  "
   StringUtils.stripStart(" abc ", null)    = "abc "
   StringUtils.stripStart("yxabc  ", "xyz") = "abc  "
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to remove characters from, may be null

  stripChars - the characters to remove, null treated as whitespace

  Returns:

  the stripped String, null if null String input

• stripEnd

  public static String stripEnd(String str, String stripChars)

  Strips any of a set of characters from the end of a String.

  A null input String returns null. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.

  If the stripChars String is null, whitespace is stripped as defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

   StringUtils.stripEnd(null, *)          = null
   StringUtils.stripEnd("", *)            = ""
   StringUtils.stripEnd("abc", "")        = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripEnd("abc", null)      = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripEnd("  abc", null)    = "  abc"
   StringUtils.stripEnd("abc  ", null)    = "abc"
   StringUtils.stripEnd(" abc ", null)    = " abc"
   StringUtils.stripEnd("  abcyx", "xyz") = "  abc"
   StringUtils.stripEnd("120.00", ".0")   = "12"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to remove characters from, may be null

  stripChars - the set of characters to remove, null treated as whitespace

  Returns:

  the stripped String, null if null String input

• stripAll

  public static String[] stripAll(String[] strs)

  Strips whitespace from the start and end of every String in an array. Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

  A new array is returned each time, except for length zero. A null array will return null. An empty array will return itself. A null array entry will be ignored.

   StringUtils.stripAll(null)             = null
   StringUtils.stripAll([])               = []
   StringUtils.stripAll(["abc", "  abc"]) = ["abc", "abc"]
   StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null])  = ["abc", null]
   

  Parameters:

  strs - the array to remove whitespace from, may be null

  Returns:

  the stripped Strings, null if null array input

• stripAll

  public static String[] stripAll(String[] strs, String stripChars)

  Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of every String in an array.

  Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

  A new array is returned each time, except for length zero. A null array will return null. An empty array will return itself. A null array entry will be ignored. A null stripChars will strip whitespace as defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

   StringUtils.stripAll(null, *)                = null
   StringUtils.stripAll([], *)                  = []
   StringUtils.stripAll(["abc", "  abc"], null) = ["abc", "abc"]
   StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null], null)  = ["abc", null]
   StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null], "yz")  = ["abc  ", null]
   StringUtils.stripAll(["yabcz", null], "yz")  = ["abc", null]
   

  Parameters:

  strs - the array to remove characters from, may be null

  stripChars - the characters to remove, null treated as whitespace

  Returns:

  the stripped Strings, null if null array input

• equals

  public static boolean equals(String str1, String str2)

  Compares two Strings, returning true if they are equal.

  nulls are handled without exceptions. Two null references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case sensitive.

   StringUtils.equals(null, null)   = true
   StringUtils.equals(null, "abc")  = false
   StringUtils.equals("abc", null)  = false
   StringUtils.equals("abc", "abc") = true
   StringUtils.equals("abc", "ABC") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str1 - the first String, may be null

  str2 - the second String, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the Strings are equal, case sensitive, or both null

  See Also:

  • String.equals(Object)

• equalsIgnoreCase

  public static boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String str1, String str2)

  Compares two Strings, returning true if they are equal ignoring the case.

  nulls are handled without exceptions. Two null references are considered equal. Comparison is case insensitive.

   StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(null, null)   = true
   StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(null, "abc")  = false
   StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", null)  = false
   StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", "abc") = true
   StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", "ABC") = true
   

  Parameters:

  str1 - the first String, may be null

  str2 - the second String, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the Strings are equal, case insensitive, or both null

  See Also:

  • String.equalsIgnoreCase(String)

• indexOf

  public static int indexOf(String str, char searchChar)

  Finds the first index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.indexOf(int).

  A null or empty ("") String will return INDEX_NOT_FOUND (-1).

   StringUtils.indexOf(null, *)         = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("", *)           = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'a') = 0
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b') = 2
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChar - the character to find

  Returns:

  the first index of the search character, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOf

  public static int indexOf(String str, char searchChar, int startPos)

  Finds the first index within a String from a start position, handling null. This method uses String.indexOf(int, int).

  A null or empty ("") String will return (INDEX_NOT_FOUND) -1. A negative start position is treated as zero. A start position greater than the string length returns -1.

   StringUtils.indexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("", *, *)            = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 0)  = 2
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 3)  = 5
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 9)  = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', -1) = 2
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChar - the character to find

  startPos - the start position, negative treated as zero

  Returns:

  the first index of the search character, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOf

  public static int indexOf(String str, String searchStr)

  Finds the first index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.indexOf(String).

  A null String will return -1.

   StringUtils.indexOf(null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf(*, null)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("", "")           = 0
   StringUtils.indexOf("", *)            = -1 (except when * = "")
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "a")  = 0
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b")  = 2
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "ab") = 1
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "")   = 0
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  Returns:

  the first index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• ordinalIndexOf

  public static int ordinalIndexOf(String str, String searchStr, int ordinal)

  Finds the n-th index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.indexOf(String).

  A null String will return -1.

   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("", "", *)           = 0
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 1)  = 0
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 2)  = 1
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = 2
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 5
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 1) = 1
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 2) = 4
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 1)   = 0
   StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 0
   

  Note that 'head(String str, int n)' may be implemented as:

     str.substring(0, lastOrdinalIndexOf(str, "\n", n))
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  ordinal - the n-th searchStr to find

  Returns:

  the n-th index of the search String, -1 (INDEX_NOT_FOUND) if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.1

• indexOf

  public static int indexOf(String str, String searchStr, int startPos)

  Finds the first index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.indexOf(String, int).

  A null String will return -1. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search String always matches. A start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search String.

   StringUtils.indexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("", "", 0)           = 0
   StringUtils.indexOf("", *, 0)            = -1 (except when * = "")
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 0)  = 0
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 0)  = 2
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 0) = 1
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 3)  = 5
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 9)  = -1
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", -1) = 2
   StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 2
   StringUtils.indexOf("abc", "", 9)        = 3
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  startPos - the start position, negative treated as zero

  Returns:

  the first index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOfIgnoreCase

  public static int indexOfIgnoreCase(String str, String searchStr)

  Case in-sensitive find of the first index within a String.

  A null String will return -1. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search String always matches. A start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search String.

   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(*, null)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("", "")           = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "a")  = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "b")  = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "ab") = 1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  Returns:

  the first index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.5

• indexOfIgnoreCase

  public static int indexOfIgnoreCase(String str, String searchStr, int startPos)

  Case in-sensitive find of the first index within a String from the specified position.

  A null String will return -1. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search String always matches. A start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search String.

   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(*, null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("", "", 0)           = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 0)  = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 0)  = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB", 0) = 1
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 3)  = 5
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 9)  = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", -1) = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("abc", "", 9)        = 3
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  startPos - the start position, negative treated as zero

  Returns:

  the first index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.5

• lastIndexOf

  public static int lastIndexOf(String str, char searchChar)

  Finds the last index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.lastIndexOf(int).

  A null or empty ("") String will return -1.

   StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *)         = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", *)           = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'a') = 7
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b') = 5
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChar - the character to find

  Returns:

  the last index of the search character, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• lastIndexOf

  public static int lastIndexOf(String str, char searchChar, int startPos)

  Finds the last index within a String from a start position, handling null. This method uses String.lastIndexOf(int, int).

  A null or empty ("") String will return -1. A negative start position returns -1. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string.

   StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", *,  *)           = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 8)  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 4)  = 2
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 0)  = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 9)  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', -1) = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'a', 0)  = 0
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChar - the character to find

  startPos - the start position

  Returns:

  the last index of the search character, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• lastIndexOf

  public static int lastIndexOf(String str, String searchStr)

  Finds the last index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.lastIndexOf(String).

  A null String will return -1.

   StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf(*, null)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", "")           = 0
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a")  = 7
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b")  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab") = 4
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "")   = 8
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  Returns:

  the last index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• lastOrdinalIndexOf

  public static int lastOrdinalIndexOf(String str, String searchStr, int ordinal)

  Finds the n-th last index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.lastIndexOf(String).

  A null String will return -1.

   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("", "", *)           = 0
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 1)  = 7
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 2)  = 6
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = 5
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 2
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 1) = 4
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 2) = 1
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 1)   = 8
   StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 8
   

  Note that 'tail(String str, int n)' may be implemented as:

     str.substring(lastOrdinalIndexOf(str, "\n", n) + 1)
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  ordinal - the n-th last searchStr to find

  Returns:

  the n-th last index of the search String, -1 (INDEX_NOT_FOUND) if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.5

• lastIndexOf

  public static int lastIndexOf(String str, String searchStr, int startPos)

  Finds the first index within a String, handling null. This method uses String.lastIndexOf(String, int).

  A null String will return -1. A negative start position returns -1. An empty ("") search String always matches unless the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string.

   StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 8)  = 7
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 8)  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 8) = 4
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 9)  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", -1) = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 0)  = 0
   StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 0)  = -1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  startPos - the start position, negative treated as zero

  Returns:

  the first index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• lastIndexOfIgnoreCase

  public static int lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(String str, String searchStr)

  Case in-sensitive find of the last index within a String.

  A null String will return -1. A negative start position returns -1. An empty ("") search String always matches unless the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string.

   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(*, null)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A")  = 7
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B")  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB") = 4
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  Returns:

  the first index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.5

• lastIndexOfIgnoreCase

  public static int lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(String str, String searchStr, int startPos)

  Case in-sensitive find of the last index within a String from the specified position.

  A null String will return -1. A negative start position returns -1. An empty ("") search String always matches unless the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string.

   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(null, *, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(*, null, *)          = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 8)  = 7
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 8)  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB", 8) = 4
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 9)  = 5
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", -1) = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 0)  = 0
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 0)  = -1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  startPos - the start position

  Returns:

  the first index of the search String, -1 if no match or null string input

  Since:

  2.5

• contains

  public static boolean contains(String str, char searchChar)

  Checks if String contains a search character, handling null. This method uses String.indexOf(int).

  A null or empty ("") String will return false.

   StringUtils.contains(null, *)    = false
   StringUtils.contains("", *)      = false
   StringUtils.contains("abc", 'a') = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", 'z') = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChar - the character to find

  Returns:

  true if the String contains the search character, false if not or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• contains

  public static boolean contains(String str, String searchStr)

  Checks if String contains a search String, handling null. This method uses String.indexOf(String).

  A null String will return false.

   StringUtils.contains(null, *)     = false
   StringUtils.contains(*, null)     = false
   StringUtils.contains("", "")      = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "")   = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "a")  = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "z")  = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String contains the search String, false if not or null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• containsIgnoreCase

  public static boolean containsIgnoreCase(String str, String searchStr)

  Checks if String contains a search String irrespective of case, handling null. Case-insensitivity is defined as by String.equalsIgnoreCase(String).

  A null String will return false.

   StringUtils.contains(null, *) = false
   StringUtils.contains(*, null) = false
   StringUtils.contains("", "") = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "") = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "a") = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "z") = false
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "A") = true
   StringUtils.contains("abc", "Z") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStr - the String to find, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String contains the search String irrespective of case or false if not or null string input

• indexOfAny

  public static int indexOfAny(String str, char[] searchChars)

  Search a String to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.

  A null String will return -1. A null or zero length search array will return -1.

   StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)                = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("", *)                  = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)                = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, [])                  = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx",['z','a']) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx",['b','y']) = 3
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("aba", ['z'])           = -1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChars - the chars to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOfAny

  public static int indexOfAny(String str, String searchChars)

  Search a String to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.

  A null String will return -1. A null search string will return -1.

   StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)            = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("", *)              = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)            = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, "")              = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "za") = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "by") = 3
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("aba","z")          = -1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChars - the chars to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input

  Since:

  2.0

• containsAny

  public static boolean containsAny(String str, char[] searchChars)

  Checks if the String contains any character in the given set of characters.

  A null String will return false. A null or zero length search array will return false.

   StringUtils.containsAny(null, *)                = false
   StringUtils.containsAny("", *)                  = false
   StringUtils.containsAny(*, null)                = false
   StringUtils.containsAny(*, [])                  = false
   StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx",['z','a']) = true
   StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx",['b','y']) = true
   StringUtils.containsAny("aba", ['z'])           = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChars - the chars to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the true if any of the chars are found, false if no match or null input

  Since:

  2.4

• containsAny

  public static boolean containsAny(String str, String searchChars)

  Checks if the String contains any character in the given set of characters.

  A null String will return false. A null search string will return false.

   StringUtils.containsAny(null, *)            = false
   StringUtils.containsAny("", *)              = false
   StringUtils.containsAny(*, null)            = false
   StringUtils.containsAny(*, "")              = false
   StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "za") = true
   StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "by") = true
   StringUtils.containsAny("aba","z")          = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChars - the chars to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the true if any of the chars are found, false if no match or null input

  Since:

  2.4

• indexOfAnyBut

  public static int indexOfAnyBut(String str, char[] searchChars)

  Search a String to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters.

  A null String will return -1. A null or zero length search array will return -1.

   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(null, *)                              = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("", *)                                = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, null)                              = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, [])                                = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", new char[] {'z', 'a'} ) = 3
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba", new char[] {'z'} )             = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba", new char[] {'a', 'b'} )        = -1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChars - the chars to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOfAnyBut

  public static int indexOfAnyBut(String str, String searchChars)

  Search a String to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters.

  A null String will return -1. A null or empty search string will return -1.

   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(null, *)            = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("", *)              = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, null)            = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, "")              = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", "za") = 3
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", "")   = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba","ab")         = -1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChars - the chars to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input

  Since:

  2.0

• containsOnly

  public static boolean containsOnly(String str, char[] valid)

  Checks if the String contains only certain characters.

  A null String will return false. A null valid character array will return false. An empty String (length()=0) always returns true.

   StringUtils.containsOnly(null, *)       = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly(*, null)       = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly("", *)         = true
   StringUtils.containsOnly("ab", '')      = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly("abab", 'abc') = true
   StringUtils.containsOnly("ab1", 'abc')  = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly("abz", 'abc')  = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  valid - an array of valid chars, may be null

  Returns:

  true if it only contains valid chars and is non-null

• containsOnly

  public static boolean containsOnly(String str, String validChars)

  Checks if the String contains only certain characters.

  A null String will return false. A null valid character String will return false. An empty String (length()=0) always returns true.

   StringUtils.containsOnly(null, *)       = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly(*, null)       = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly("", *)         = true
   StringUtils.containsOnly("ab", "")      = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly("abab", "abc") = true
   StringUtils.containsOnly("ab1", "abc")  = false
   StringUtils.containsOnly("abz", "abc")  = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  validChars - a String of valid chars, may be null

  Returns:

  true if it only contains valid chars and is non-null

  Since:

  2.0

• containsNone

  public static boolean containsNone(String str, char[] searchChars)

  Checks that the String does not contain certain characters.

  A null String will return true. A null invalid character array will return true. An empty String (length()=0) always returns true.

   StringUtils.containsNone(null, *)       = true
   StringUtils.containsNone(*, null)       = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("", *)         = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("ab", '')      = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("abab", 'xyz') = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("ab1", 'xyz')  = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("abz", 'xyz')  = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchChars - an array of invalid chars, may be null

  Returns:

  true if it contains none of the invalid chars, or is null

  Since:

  2.0

• containsNone

  public static boolean containsNone(String str, String invalidChars)

  Checks that the String does not contain certain characters.

  A null String will return true. A null invalid character array will return true. An empty String ("") always returns true.

   StringUtils.containsNone(null, *)       = true
   StringUtils.containsNone(*, null)       = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("", *)         = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("ab", "")      = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("abab", "xyz") = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("ab1", "xyz")  = true
   StringUtils.containsNone("abz", "xyz")  = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  invalidChars - a String of invalid chars, may be null

  Returns:

  true if it contains none of the invalid chars, or is null

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOfAny

  public static int indexOfAny(String str, String[] searchStrs)

  Find the first index of any of a set of potential substrings.

  A null String will return -1. A null or zero length search array will return -1. A null search array entry will be ignored, but a search array containing "" will return 0 if str is not null. This method uses String.indexOf(String).

   StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)                     = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)                     = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, [])                       = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["ab","cd"])   = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["cd","ab"])   = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn","op"])   = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["zab","aby"]) = 1
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", [""])          = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("", [""])                    = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfAny("", ["a"])                   = -1
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStrs - the Strings to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the first index of any of the searchStrs in str, -1 if no match

• lastIndexOfAny

  public static int lastIndexOfAny(String str, String[] searchStrs)

  Find the latest index of any of a set of potential substrings.

  A null String will return -1. A null search array will return -1. A null or zero length search array entry will be ignored, but a search array containing "" will return the length of str if str is not null. This method uses String.indexOf(String)

   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(null, *)                   = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, null)                   = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, [])                     = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, [null])                 = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["ab","cd"]) = 6
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["cd","ab"]) = 6
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn","op"]) = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn","op"]) = -1
   StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn",""])   = 10
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  searchStrs - the Strings to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the last index of any of the Strings, -1 if no match

• substring

  public static String substring(String str, int start)

  Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.

  A negative start position can be used to start n characters from the end of the String.

  A null String will return null. An empty ("") String will return "".

   StringUtils.substring(null, *)   = null
   StringUtils.substring("", *)     = ""
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 0)  = "abc"
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 2)  = "c"
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 4)  = ""
   StringUtils.substring("abc", -2) = "bc"
   StringUtils.substring("abc", -4) = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get the substring from, may be null

  start - the position to start from, negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters

  Returns:

  substring from start position, null if null String input

• substring

  public static String substring(String str, int start, int end)

  Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.

  A negative start position can be used to start/end n characters from the end of the String.

  The returned substring starts with the character in the start position and ends before the end position. All position counting is zero-based -- i.e., to start at the beginning of the string use start = 0. Negative start and end positions can be used to specify offsets relative to the end of the String.

  If start is not strictly to the left of end, "" is returned.

   StringUtils.substring(null, *, *)    = null
   StringUtils.substring("", * ,  *)    = "";
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 0, 2)   = "ab"
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 0)   = ""
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 4)   = "c"
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 4, 6)   = ""
   StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 2)   = ""
   StringUtils.substring("abc", -2, -1) = "b"
   StringUtils.substring("abc", -4, 2)  = "ab"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get the substring from, may be null

  start - the position to start from, negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters

  end - the position to end at (exclusive), negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters

  Returns:

  substring from start position to end positon, null if null String input

• left

  public static String left(String str, int len)

  Gets the leftmost len characters of a String.

  If len characters are not available, or the String is null, the String will be returned without an exception. An empty String is returned if len is negative.

   StringUtils.left(null, *)    = null
   StringUtils.left(*, -ve)     = ""
   StringUtils.left("", *)      = ""
   StringUtils.left("abc", 0)   = ""
   StringUtils.left("abc", 2)   = "ab"
   StringUtils.left("abc", 4)   = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get the leftmost characters from, may be null

  len - the length of the required String

  Returns:

  the leftmost characters, null if null String input

• right

  public static String right(String str, int len)

  Gets the rightmost len characters of a String.

  If len characters are not available, or the String is null, the String will be returned without an an exception. An empty String is returned if len is negative.

   StringUtils.right(null, *)    = null
   StringUtils.right(*, -ve)     = ""
   StringUtils.right("", *)      = ""
   StringUtils.right("abc", 0)   = ""
   StringUtils.right("abc", 2)   = "bc"
   StringUtils.right("abc", 4)   = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get the rightmost characters from, may be null

  len - the length of the required String

  Returns:

  the rightmost characters, null if null String input

• mid

  public static String mid(String str, int pos, int len)

  Gets len characters from the middle of a String.

  If len characters are not available, the remainder of the String will be returned without an exception. If the String is null, null will be returned. An empty String is returned if len is negative or exceeds the length of str.

   StringUtils.mid(null, *, *)    = null
   StringUtils.mid(*, *, -ve)     = ""
   StringUtils.mid("", 0, *)      = ""
   StringUtils.mid("abc", 0, 2)   = "ab"
   StringUtils.mid("abc", 0, 4)   = "abc"
   StringUtils.mid("abc", 2, 4)   = "c"
   StringUtils.mid("abc", 4, 2)   = ""
   StringUtils.mid("abc", -2, 2)  = "ab"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get the characters from, may be null

  pos - the position to start from, negative treated as zero

  len - the length of the required String

  Returns:

  the middle characters, null if null String input

• substringBefore

  public static String substringBefore(String str, String separator)

  Gets the substring before the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

  A null string input will return null. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. A null separator will return the input string.

  If nothing is found, the string input is returned.

   StringUtils.substringBefore(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.substringBefore("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "a")   = ""
   StringUtils.substringBefore("abcba", "b") = "a"
   StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "c")   = "ab"
   StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "d")   = "abc"
   StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "")    = ""
   StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", null)  = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get a substring from, may be null

  separator - the String to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring before the first occurrence of the separator, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• substringAfter

  public static String substringAfter(String str, String separator)

  Gets the substring after the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

  A null string input will return null. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. A null separator will return the empty string if the input string is not null.

  If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.

   StringUtils.substringAfter(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.substringAfter("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfter(*, null)      = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "a")   = "bc"
   StringUtils.substringAfter("abcba", "b") = "cba"
   StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "c")   = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "d")   = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "")    = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get a substring from, may be null

  separator - the String to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring after the first occurrence of the separator, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• substringBeforeLast

  public static String substringBeforeLast(String str, String separator)

  Gets the substring before the last occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

  A null string input will return null. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. An empty or null separator will return the input string.

  If nothing is found, the string input is returned.

   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("abcba", "b") = "abc"
   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("abc", "c")   = "ab"
   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "a")     = ""
   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "z")     = "a"
   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", null)    = "a"
   StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "")      = "a"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get a substring from, may be null

  separator - the String to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring before the last occurrence of the separator, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• substringAfterLast

  public static String substringAfterLast(String str, String separator)

  Gets the substring after the last occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

  A null string input will return null. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. An empty or null separator will return the empty string if the input string is not null.

  If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.

   StringUtils.substringAfterLast(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast(*, "")        = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast(*, null)      = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", "a")   = "bc"
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abcba", "b") = "a"
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", "c")   = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", "a")     = ""
   StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", "z")     = ""
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to get a substring from, may be null

  separator - the String to search for, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring after the last occurrence of the separator, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• substringBetween

  public static String substringBetween(String str, String tag)

  Gets the String that is nested in between two instances of the same String.

  A null input String returns null. A null tag returns null.

   StringUtils.substringBetween(null, *)            = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween("", "")             = ""
   StringUtils.substringBetween("", "tag")          = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", null)  = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", "")    = ""
   StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", "tag") = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String containing the substring, may be null

  tag - the String before and after the substring, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring, null if no match

  Since:

  2.0

• substringBetween

  public static String substringBetween(String str, String open, String close)

  Gets the String that is nested in between two Strings. Only the first match is returned.

  A null input String returns null. A null open/close returns null (no match). An empty ("") open and close returns an empty string.

   StringUtils.substringBetween("wx[b]yz", "[", "]") = "b"
   StringUtils.substringBetween(null, *, *)          = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween(*, null, *)          = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween(*, *, null)          = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween("", "", "")          = ""
   StringUtils.substringBetween("", "", "]")         = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween("", "[", "]")        = null
   StringUtils.substringBetween("yabcz", "", "")     = ""
   StringUtils.substringBetween("yabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"
   StringUtils.substringBetween("yabczyabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String containing the substring, may be null

  open - the String before the substring, may be null

  close - the String after the substring, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring, null if no match

  Since:

  2.0

• substringsBetween

  public static String[] substringsBetween(String str, String open, String close)

  Searches a String for substrings delimited by a start and end tag, returning all matching substrings in an array.

  A null input String returns null. A null open/close returns null (no match). An empty ("") open/close returns null (no match).

   StringUtils.substringsBetween("[a][b][c]", "[", "]") = ["a","b","c"]
   StringUtils.substringsBetween(null, *, *)            = null
   StringUtils.substringsBetween(*, null, *)            = null
   StringUtils.substringsBetween(*, *, null)            = null
   StringUtils.substringsBetween("", "[", "]")          = []
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String containing the substrings, null returns null, empty returns empty

  open - the String identifying the start of the substring, empty returns null

  close - the String identifying the end of the substring, empty returns null

  Returns:

  a String Array of substrings, or null if no match

  Since:

  2.3

• getNestedString

  public static String getNestedString(String str, String tag)

  Deprecated.

  Use the better named substringBetween(String, String). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Gets the String that is nested in between two instances of the same String.

  A null input String returns null. A null tag returns null.

   StringUtils.getNestedString(null, *)            = null
   StringUtils.getNestedString("", "")             = ""
   StringUtils.getNestedString("", "tag")          = null
   StringUtils.getNestedString("tagabctag", null)  = null
   StringUtils.getNestedString("tagabctag", "")    = ""
   StringUtils.getNestedString("tagabctag", "tag") = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String containing nested-string, may be null

  tag - the String before and after nested-string, may be null

  Returns:

  the nested String, null if no match

• getNestedString

  public static String getNestedString(String str, String open, String close)

  Deprecated.

  Use the better named substringBetween(String, String, String). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Gets the String that is nested in between two Strings. Only the first match is returned.

  A null input String returns null. A null open/close returns null (no match). An empty ("") open/close returns an empty string.

   StringUtils.getNestedString(null, *, *)          = null
   StringUtils.getNestedString("", "", "")          = ""
   StringUtils.getNestedString("", "", "tag")       = null
   StringUtils.getNestedString("", "tag", "tag")    = null
   StringUtils.getNestedString("yabcz", null, null) = null
   StringUtils.getNestedString("yabcz", "", "")     = ""
   StringUtils.getNestedString("yabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"
   StringUtils.getNestedString("yabczyabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String containing nested-string, may be null

  open - the String before nested-string, may be null

  close - the String after nested-string, may be null

  Returns:

  the nested String, null if no match

• split

  public static String[] split(String str)

  Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator. Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.split(null)       = null
   StringUtils.split("")         = []
   StringUtils.split("abc def")  = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.split("abc  def") = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.split(" abc ")    = ["abc"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

• split

  public static String[] split(String str, char separatorChar)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.split(null, *)         = null
   StringUtils.split("", *)           = []
   StringUtils.split("a.b.c", '.')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.split("a..b.c", '.')   = ["a", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.split("a:b:c", '.')    = ["a:b:c"]
   StringUtils.split("a b c", ' ')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separatorChar - the character used as the delimiter

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• split

  public static String[] split(String str, String separatorChars)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null. A null separatorChars splits on whitespace.

   StringUtils.split(null, *)         = null
   StringUtils.split("", *)           = []
   StringUtils.split("abc def", null) = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.split("abc def", " ")  = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.split("abc  def", " ") = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separatorChars - the characters used as the delimiters, null splits on whitespace

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

• split

  public static String[] split(String str, String separatorChars, int max)

  Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

  A null input String returns null. A null separatorChars splits on whitespace.

  If more than max delimited substrings are found, the last returned string includes all characters after the first max - 1 returned strings (including separator characters).

   StringUtils.split(null, *, *)            = null
   StringUtils.split("", *, *)              = []
   StringUtils.split("ab de fg", null, 0)   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.split("ab   de fg", null, 0) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":", 0)    = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)    = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separatorChars - the characters used as the delimiters, null splits on whitespace

  max - the maximum number of elements to include in the array. A zero or negative value implies no limit

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

• splitByWholeSeparator

  public static String[] splitByWholeSeparator(String str, String separator)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.

  The separator(s) will not be included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

  A null input String returns null. A null separator splits on whitespace.

   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator(null, *)               = null
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("", *)                 = []
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab de fg", null)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab   de fg", null)    = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab:cd:ef", ":")       = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separator - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, null splits on whitespace

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String was input

• splitByWholeSeparator

  public static String[] splitByWholeSeparator(String str, String separator, int max)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified. Returns a maximum of max substrings.

  The separator(s) will not be included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

  A null input String returns null. A null separator splits on whitespace.

   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator(null, *, *)               = null
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("", *, *)                 = []
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab de fg", null, 0)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab   de fg", null, 0)    = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)       = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 5) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 2) = ["ab", "cd-!-ef"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separator - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, null splits on whitespace

  max - the maximum number of elements to include in the returned array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String was input

• splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens

  public static String[] splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separator)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null. A null separator splits on whitespace.

   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(null, *)               = null
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("", *)                 = []
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null)    = ["ab", "", "", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":")       = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separator - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, null splits on whitespace

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String was input

  Since:

  2.4

• splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens

  public static String[] splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separator, int max)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified. Returns a maximum of max substrings.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null. A null separator splits on whitespace.

   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(null, *, *)               = null
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("", *, *)                 = []
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null, 0)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 0)    = ["ab", "", "", "de", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)       = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 5) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 2) = ["ab", "cd-!-ef"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separator - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, null splits on whitespace

  max - the maximum number of elements to include in the returned array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String was input

  Since:

  2.4

• splitPreserveAllTokens

  public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str)

  Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer. Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null)       = null
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("")         = []
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def")  = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc  def") = ["abc", "", "def"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" abc ")    = ["", "abc", ""]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• splitPreserveAllTokens

  public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str, char separatorChar)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *)         = null
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *)           = []
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a.b.c", '.')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a..b.c", '.')   = ["a", "", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a:b:c", '.')    = ["a:b:c"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a\tb\nc", null) = ["a", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c", ' ')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c ", ' ')   = ["a", "b", "c", ""]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c  ", ' ')   = ["a", "b", "c", "", ""]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" a b c", ' ')   = ["", a", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("  a b c", ' ')  = ["", "", a", "b", "c"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" a b c ", ' ')  = ["", a", "b", "c", ""]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separatorChar - the character used as the delimiter, null splits on whitespace

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• splitPreserveAllTokens

  public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separatorChars)

  Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

  A null input String returns null. A null separatorChars splits on whitespace.

   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *)           = null
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *)             = []
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def", null)   = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def", " ")    = ["abc", "def"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc  def", " ")   = ["abc", "", def"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":")   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef:", ":")  = ["ab", "cd", "ef", ""]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef::", ":") = ["ab", "cd", "ef", "", ""]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab::cd:ef", ":")  = ["ab", "", cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(":cd:ef", ":")     = ["", cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("::cd:ef", ":")    = ["", "", cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(":cd:ef:", ":")    = ["", cd", "ef", ""]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separatorChars - the characters used as the delimiters, null splits on whitespace

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• splitPreserveAllTokens

  public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separatorChars, int max)

  Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators.

  The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

  A null input String returns null. A null separatorChars splits on whitespace.

  If more than max delimited substrings are found, the last returned string includes all characters after the first max - 1 returned strings (including separator characters).

   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *, *)            = null
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *, *)              = []
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null, 0)   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 0) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 0)    = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)    = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 2) = ["ab", "  de fg"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 3) = ["ab", "", " de fg"]
   StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 4) = ["ab", "", "", "de fg"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to parse, may be null

  separatorChars - the characters used as the delimiters, null splits on whitespace

  max - the maximum number of elements to include in the array. A zero or negative value implies no limit

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• splitByCharacterType

  public static String[] splitByCharacterType(String str)

  Splits a String by Character type as returned by java.lang.Character.getType(char). Groups of contiguous characters of the same type are returned as complete tokens.

   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType(null)         = null
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("")           = []
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab de fg")   = ["ab", " ", "de", " ", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab   de fg") = ["ab", "   ", "de", " ", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab:cd:ef")   = ["ab", ":", "cd", ":", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("number5")    = ["number", "5"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("fooBar")     = ["foo", "B", "ar"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("foo200Bar")  = ["foo", "200", "B", "ar"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ASFRules")   = ["ASFR", "ules"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to split, may be null

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.4

• splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase

  public static String[] splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase(String str)

  Splits a String by Character type as returned by java.lang.Character.getType(char). Groups of contiguous characters of the same type are returned as complete tokens, with the following exception: the character of type Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER, if any, immediately preceding a token of type Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER will belong to the following token rather than to the preceding, if any, Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER token.

   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase(null)         = null
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("")           = []
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab de fg")   = ["ab", " ", "de", " ", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab   de fg") = ["ab", "   ", "de", " ", "fg"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab:cd:ef")   = ["ab", ":", "cd", ":", "ef"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("number5")    = ["number", "5"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("fooBar")     = ["foo", "Bar"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("foo200Bar")  = ["foo", "200", "Bar"]
   StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ASFRules")   = ["ASF", "Rules"]
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to split, may be null

  Returns:

  an array of parsed Strings, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.4

• concatenate

  public static String concatenate(Object[] array)

  Deprecated.

  Use the better named join(Object[]) instead. Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Joins the provided elements into a single String.

  No separator is added to the joined String. Null objects or empty string elements are represented by empty strings.

   StringUtils.concatenate(null)            = null
   StringUtils.concatenate([])              = ""
   StringUtils.concatenate([null])          = ""
   StringUtils.concatenate(["a", "b", "c"]) = "abc"
   StringUtils.concatenate([null, "", "a"]) = "a"
   

  Parameters:

  array - the array of values to concatenate, may be null

  Returns:

  the concatenated String, null if null array input

• join

  public static String join(Object[] array)

  Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

  No separator is added to the joined String. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

   StringUtils.join(null)            = null
   StringUtils.join([])              = ""
   StringUtils.join([null])          = ""
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"]) = "abc"
   StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"]) = "a"
   

  Parameters:

  array - the array of values to join together, may be null

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null array input

  Since:

  2.0

• join

  public static String join(Object[] array, char separator)

  Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

   StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
   StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
   StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
   StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"
   

  Parameters:

  array - the array of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null array input

  Since:

  2.0

• join

  public static String join(Object[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)

  Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

   StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
   StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
   StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
   StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"
   

  Parameters:

  array - the array of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use

  startIndex - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array

  endIndex - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null array input

  Since:

  2.0

• join

  public static String join(Object[] array, String separator)

  Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. A null separator is the same as an empty String (""). Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

   StringUtils.join(null, *)                = null
   StringUtils.join([], *)                  = ""
   StringUtils.join([null], *)              = ""
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--")  = "a--b--c"
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null)  = "abc"
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "")    = "abc"
   StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ',')   = ",,a"
   

  Parameters:

  array - the array of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use, null treated as ""

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null array input

• join

  public static String join(Object[] array, String separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)

  Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. A null separator is the same as an empty String (""). Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

   StringUtils.join(null, *)                = null
   StringUtils.join([], *)                  = ""
   StringUtils.join([null], *)              = ""
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--")  = "a--b--c"
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null)  = "abc"
   StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "")    = "abc"
   StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ',')   = ",,a"
   

  Parameters:

  array - the array of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use, null treated as ""

  startIndex - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array

  endIndex - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null array input

• join

  public static String join(Iterator iterator, char separator)

  Joins the elements of the provided Iterator into a single String containing the provided elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the iteration are represented by empty strings.

  See the examples here: join(Object[],char).

  Parameters:

  iterator - the Iterator of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null iterator input

  Since:

  2.0

• join

  public static String join(Iterator iterator, String separator)

  Joins the elements of the provided Iterator into a single String containing the provided elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. A null separator is the same as an empty String ("").

  See the examples here: join(Object[],String).

  Parameters:

  iterator - the Iterator of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use, null treated as ""

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null iterator input

• join

  public static String join(Collection collection, char separator)

  Joins the elements of the provided Collection into a single String containing the provided elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the iteration are represented by empty strings.

  See the examples here: join(Object[],char).

  Parameters:

  collection - the Collection of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null iterator input

  Since:

  2.3

• join

  public static String join(Collection collection, String separator)

  Joins the elements of the provided Collection into a single String containing the provided elements.

  No delimiter is added before or after the list. A null separator is the same as an empty String ("").

  See the examples here: join(Object[],String).

  Parameters:

  collection - the Collection of values to join together, may be null

  separator - the separator character to use, null treated as ""

  Returns:

  the joined String, null if null iterator input

  Since:

  2.3

• deleteSpaces

  public static String deleteSpaces(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use the better localized deleteWhitespace(String). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Deletes all 'space' characters from a String as defined by Character.isSpace(char).

  This is the only StringUtils method that uses the isSpace definition. You are advised to use deleteWhitespace(String) instead as whitespace is much better localized.

   StringUtils.deleteSpaces(null)           = null
   StringUtils.deleteSpaces("")             = ""
   StringUtils.deleteSpaces("abc")          = "abc"
   StringUtils.deleteSpaces(" \t  abc \n ") = "abc"
   StringUtils.deleteSpaces("ab  c")        = "abc"
   StringUtils.deleteSpaces("a\nb\tc     ") = "abc"
   

  Spaces are defined as {' ', '\t', '\r', '\n', '\b'} in line with the deprecated isSpace method.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to delete spaces from, may be null

  Returns:

  the String without 'spaces', null if null String input

• deleteWhitespace

  public static String deleteWhitespace(String str)

  Deletes all whitespaces from a String as defined by Character.isWhitespace(char).

   StringUtils.deleteWhitespace(null)         = null
   StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("")           = ""
   StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("abc")        = "abc"
   StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("   ab  c  ") = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to delete whitespace from, may be null

  Returns:

  the String without whitespaces, null if null String input

• removeStart

  public static String removeStart(String str, String remove)

  Removes a substring only if it is at the begining of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

  A null source string will return null. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A null search string will return the source string.

   StringUtils.removeStart(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.removeStart("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.removeStart(*, null)      = *
   StringUtils.removeStart("www.domain.com", "www.")   = "domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeStart("domain.com", "www.")       = "domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeStart("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeStart("abc", "")    = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the source String to search, may be null

  remove - the String to search for and remove, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring with the string removed if found, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• removeStartIgnoreCase

  public static String removeStartIgnoreCase(String str, String remove)

  Case insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the begining of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

  A null source string will return null. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A null search string will return the source string.

   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase(*, null)      = *
   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "www.")   = "domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "WWW.")   = "domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("domain.com", "www.")       = "domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("abc", "")    = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the source String to search, may be null

  remove - the String to search for (case insensitive) and remove, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring with the string removed if found, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.4

• removeEnd

  public static String removeEnd(String str, String remove)

  Removes a substring only if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

  A null source string will return null. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A null search string will return the source string.

   StringUtils.removeEnd(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.removeEnd("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.removeEnd(*, null)      = *
   StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", ".com.")  = "www.domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", ".com")   = "www.domain"
   StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeEnd("abc", "")    = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the source String to search, may be null

  remove - the String to search for and remove, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring with the string removed if found, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• removeEndIgnoreCase

  public static String removeEndIgnoreCase(String str, String remove)

  Case insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

  A null source string will return null. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A null search string will return the source string.

   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase(*, null)      = *
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".com.")  = "www.domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".com")   = "www.domain"
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("abc", "")    = "abc"
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".COM") = "www.domain")
   StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.COM", ".com") = "www.domain")
   

  Parameters:

  str - the source String to search, may be null

  remove - the String to search for (case insensitive) and remove, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring with the string removed if found, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.4

• remove

  public static String remove(String str, String remove)

  Removes all occurrences of a substring from within the source string.

  A null source string will return null. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A null remove string will return the source string. An empty ("") remove string will return the source string.

   StringUtils.remove(null, *)        = null
   StringUtils.remove("", *)          = ""
   StringUtils.remove(*, null)        = *
   StringUtils.remove(*, "")          = *
   StringUtils.remove("queued", "ue") = "qd"
   StringUtils.remove("queued", "zz") = "queued"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the source String to search, may be null

  remove - the String to search for and remove, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring with the string removed if found, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• remove

  public static String remove(String str, char remove)

  Removes all occurrences of a character from within the source string.

  A null source string will return null. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string.

   StringUtils.remove(null, *)       = null
   StringUtils.remove("", *)         = ""
   StringUtils.remove("queued", 'u') = "qeed"
   StringUtils.remove("queued", 'z') = "queued"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the source String to search, may be null

  remove - the char to search for and remove, may be null

  Returns:

  the substring with the char removed if found, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.1

• replaceOnce

  public static String replaceOnce(String text, String searchString, String replacement)

  Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, once.

  A null reference passed to this method is a no-op.

   StringUtils.replaceOnce(null, *, *)        = null
   StringUtils.replaceOnce("", *, *)          = ""
   StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", null, *)    = "any"
   StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", *, null)    = "any"
   StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", "", *)      = "any"
   StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
   StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", "")    = "ba"
   StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", "z")   = "zba"
   

  Parameters:

  text - text to search and replace in, may be null

  searchString - the String to search for, may be null

  replacement - the String to replace with, may be null

  Returns:

  the text with any replacements processed, null if null String input

  See Also:

  • replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)

• replace

  public static String replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement)

  Replaces all occurrences of a String within another String.

  A null reference passed to this method is a no-op.

   StringUtils.replace(null, *, *)        = null
   StringUtils.replace("", *, *)          = ""
   StringUtils.replace("any", null, *)    = "any"
   StringUtils.replace("any", *, null)    = "any"
   StringUtils.replace("any", "", *)      = "any"
   StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
   StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", "")    = "b"
   StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", "z")   = "zbz"
   

  Parameters:

  text - text to search and replace in, may be null

  searchString - the String to search for, may be null

  replacement - the String to replace it with, may be null

  Returns:

  the text with any replacements processed, null if null String input

  See Also:

  • replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)

• replace

  public static String replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)

  Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, for the first max values of the search String.

  A null reference passed to this method is a no-op.

   StringUtils.replace(null, *, *, *)         = null
   StringUtils.replace("", *, *, *)           = ""
   StringUtils.replace("any", null, *, *)     = "any"
   StringUtils.replace("any", *, null, *)     = "any"
   StringUtils.replace("any", "", *, *)       = "any"
   StringUtils.replace("any", *, *, 0)        = "any"
   StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", null, -1) = "abaa"
   StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "", -1)   = "b"
   StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 0)   = "abaa"
   StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 1)   = "zbaa"
   StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 2)   = "zbza"
   StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", -1)  = "zbzz"
   

  Parameters:

  text - text to search and replace in, may be null

  searchString - the String to search for, may be null

  replacement - the String to replace it with, may be null

  max - maximum number of values to replace, or -1 if no maximum

  Returns:

  the text with any replacements processed, null if null String input

• replaceEach

  public static String replaceEach(String text, String[] searchList, String[] replacementList)

  Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.

  A null reference passed to this method is a no-op, or if any "search string" or "string to replace" is null, that replace will be ignored. This will not repeat. For repeating replaces, call the overloaded method.

    StringUtils.replaceEach(null, *, *)        = null
    StringUtils.replaceEach("", *, *)          = ""
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, null) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[0], null) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, new String[0]) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, null)  = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, new String[]{""})  = "b"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{null}, new String[]{"a"})  = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"w", "t"})  = "wcte"
    (example of how it does not repeat)
    StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"})  = "dcte"
   

  Parameters:

  text - text to search and replace in, no-op if null

  searchList - the Strings to search for, no-op if null

  replacementList - the Strings to replace them with, no-op if null

  Returns:

  the text with any replacements processed, null if null String input

  Throws:

  IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the lengths of the arrays are not the same (null is ok, and/or size 0)

  Since:

  2.4

• replaceEachRepeatedly

  public static String replaceEachRepeatedly(String text, String[] searchList, String[] replacementList)

  Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.

  A null reference passed to this method is a no-op, or if any "search string" or "string to replace" is null, that replace will be ignored. This will not repeat. For repeating replaces, call the overloaded method.

    StringUtils.replaceEach(null, *, *, *) = null
    StringUtils.replaceEach("", *, *, *) = ""
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, null, *) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[0], null, *) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, new String[0], *) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, null, *) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, new String[]{""}, *) = "b"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{null}, new String[]{"a"}, *) = "aba"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"w", "t"}, *) = "wcte"
    (example of how it repeats)
    StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"}, false) = "dcte"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"}, true) = "tcte"
    StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "ab"}, true) = IllegalArgumentException
    StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "ab"}, false) = "dcabe"
   

  Parameters:

  text - text to search and replace in, no-op if null

  searchList - the Strings to search for, no-op if null

  replacementList - the Strings to replace them with, no-op if null

  Returns:

  the text with any replacements processed, null if null String input

  Throws:

  IllegalArgumentException - if the search is repeating and there is an endless loop due to outputs of one being inputs to another

  IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the lengths of the arrays are not the same (null is ok, and/or size 0)

  Since:

  2.4

• replaceChars

  public static String replaceChars(String str, char searchChar, char replaceChar)

  Replaces all occurrences of a character in a String with another. This is a null-safe version of String.replace(char, char).

  A null string input returns null. An empty ("") string input returns an empty string.

   StringUtils.replaceChars(null, *, *)        = null
   StringUtils.replaceChars("", *, *)          = ""
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", 'b', 'y') = "aycya"
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", 'z', 'y') = "abcba"
   

  Parameters:

  str - String to replace characters in, may be null

  searchChar - the character to search for, may be null

  replaceChar - the character to replace, may be null

  Returns:

  modified String, null if null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• replaceChars

  public static String replaceChars(String str, String searchChars, String replaceChars)

  Replaces multiple characters in a String in one go. This method can also be used to delete characters.

  For example:
  replaceChars("hello", "ho", "jy") = jelly.

  A null string input returns null. An empty ("") string input returns an empty string. A null or empty set of search characters returns the input string.

  The length of the search characters should normally equal the length of the replace characters. If the search characters is longer, then the extra search characters are deleted. If the search characters is shorter, then the extra replace characters are ignored.

   StringUtils.replaceChars(null, *, *)           = null
   StringUtils.replaceChars("", *, *)             = ""
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", null, *)       = "abc"
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "", *)         = "abc"
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "b", null)     = "ac"
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "b", "")       = "ac"
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "yz")  = "ayzya"
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "y")   = "ayya"
   StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "yzx") = "ayzya"
   

  Parameters:

  str - String to replace characters in, may be null

  searchChars - a set of characters to search for, may be null

  replaceChars - a set of characters to replace, may be null

  Returns:

  modified String, null if null string input

  Since:

  2.0

• overlayString

  public static String overlayString(String text, String overlay, int start, int end)

  Deprecated.

  Use better named overlay(String, String, int, int) instead. Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Overlays part of a String with another String.

   StringUtils.overlayString(null, *, *, *)           = NullPointerException
   StringUtils.overlayString(*, null, *, *)           = NullPointerException
   StringUtils.overlayString("", "abc", 0, 0)         = "abc"
   StringUtils.overlayString("abcdef", null, 2, 4)    = "abef"
   StringUtils.overlayString("abcdef", "", 2, 4)      = "abef"
   StringUtils.overlayString("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 4)  = "abzzzzef"
   StringUtils.overlayString("abcdef", "zzzz", 4, 2)  = "abcdzzzzcdef"
   StringUtils.overlayString("abcdef", "zzzz", -1, 4) = IndexOutOfBoundsException
   StringUtils.overlayString("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 8)  = IndexOutOfBoundsException
   

  Parameters:

  text - the String to do overlaying in, may be null

  overlay - the String to overlay, may be null

  start - the position to start overlaying at, must be valid

  end - the position to stop overlaying before, must be valid

  Returns:

  overlayed String, null if null String input

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if text or overlay is null

  IndexOutOfBoundsException - if either position is invalid

• overlay

  public static String overlay(String str, String overlay, int start, int end)

  Overlays part of a String with another String.

  A null string input returns null. A negative index is treated as zero. An index greater than the string length is treated as the string length. The start index is always the smaller of the two indices.

   StringUtils.overlay(null, *, *, *)            = null
   StringUtils.overlay("", "abc", 0, 0)          = "abc"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", null, 2, 4)     = "abef"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "", 2, 4)       = "abef"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "", 4, 2)       = "abef"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 4)   = "abzzzzef"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 4, 2)   = "abzzzzef"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", -1, 4)  = "zzzzef"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 8)   = "abzzzz"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", -2, -3) = "zzzzabcdef"
   StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 8, 10)  = "abcdefzzzz"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to do overlaying in, may be null

  overlay - the String to overlay, may be null

  start - the position to start overlaying at

  end - the position to stop overlaying before

  Returns:

  overlayed String, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• chomp

  public static String chomp(String str)

  Removes one newline from end of a String if it's there, otherwise leave it alone. A newline is "\n", "\r", or "\r\n".

  NOTE: This method changed in 2.0. It now more closely matches Perl chomp.

   StringUtils.chomp(null)          = null
   StringUtils.chomp("")            = ""
   StringUtils.chomp("abc \r")      = "abc "
   StringUtils.chomp("abc\n")       = "abc"
   StringUtils.chomp("abc\r\n")     = "abc"
   StringUtils.chomp("abc\r\n\r\n") = "abc\r\n"
   StringUtils.chomp("abc\n\r")     = "abc\n"
   StringUtils.chomp("abc\n\rabc")  = "abc\n\rabc"
   StringUtils.chomp("\r")          = ""
   StringUtils.chomp("\n")          = ""
   StringUtils.chomp("\r\n")        = ""
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chomp a newline from, may be null

  Returns:

  String without newline, null if null String input

• chomp

  public static String chomp(String str, String separator)

  Removes separator from the end of str if it's there, otherwise leave it alone.

  NOTE: This method changed in version 2.0. It now more closely matches Perl chomp. For the previous behavior, use substringBeforeLast(String, String). This method uses String.endsWith(String).

   StringUtils.chomp(null, *)         = null
   StringUtils.chomp("", *)           = ""
   StringUtils.chomp("foobar", "bar") = "foo"
   StringUtils.chomp("foobar", "baz") = "foobar"
   StringUtils.chomp("foo", "foo")    = ""
   StringUtils.chomp("foo ", "foo")   = "foo "
   StringUtils.chomp(" foo", "foo")   = " "
   StringUtils.chomp("foo", "foooo")  = "foo"
   StringUtils.chomp("foo", "")       = "foo"
   StringUtils.chomp("foo", null)     = "foo"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chomp from, may be null

  separator - separator String, may be null

  Returns:

  String without trailing separator, null if null String input

• chompLast

  public static String chompLast(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use chomp(String) instead. Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Remove any "\n" if and only if it is at the end of the supplied String.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chomp from, must not be null

  Returns:

  String without chomped ending

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if str is null

• chompLast

  public static String chompLast(String str, String sep)

  Deprecated.

  Use chomp(String,String) instead. Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Remove a value if and only if the String ends with that value.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chomp from, must not be null

  sep - the String to chomp, must not be null

  Returns:

  String without chomped ending

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if str or sep is null

• getChomp

  public static String getChomp(String str, String sep)

  Deprecated.

  Use substringAfterLast(String, String) instead (although this doesn't include the separator) Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Remove everything and return the last value of a supplied String, and everything after it from a String.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chomp from, must not be null

  sep - the String to chomp, must not be null

  Returns:

  String chomped

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if str or sep is null

• prechomp

  public static String prechomp(String str, String sep)

  Deprecated.

  Use substringAfter(String,String) instead. Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Remove the first value of a supplied String, and everything before it from a String.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chomp from, must not be null

  sep - the String to chomp, must not be null

  Returns:

  String without chomped beginning

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if str or sep is null

• getPrechomp

  public static String getPrechomp(String str, String sep)

  Deprecated.

  Use substringBefore(String,String) instead (although this doesn't include the separator). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Remove and return everything before the first value of a supplied String from another String.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chomp from, must not be null

  sep - the String to chomp, must not be null

  Returns:

  String prechomped

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if str or sep is null

• chop

  public static String chop(String str)

  Remove the last character from a String.

  If the String ends in \r\n, then remove both of them.

   StringUtils.chop(null)          = null
   StringUtils.chop("")            = ""
   StringUtils.chop("abc \r")      = "abc "
   StringUtils.chop("abc\n")       = "abc"
   StringUtils.chop("abc\r\n")     = "abc"
   StringUtils.chop("abc")         = "ab"
   StringUtils.chop("abc\nabc")    = "abc\nab"
   StringUtils.chop("a")           = ""
   StringUtils.chop("\r")          = ""
   StringUtils.chop("\n")          = ""
   StringUtils.chop("\r\n")        = ""
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chop last character from, may be null

  Returns:

  String without last character, null if null String input

• chopNewline

  public static String chopNewline(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use chomp(String) instead. Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Removes \n from end of a String if it's there. If a \r precedes it, then remove that too.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to chop a newline from, must not be null

  Returns:

  String without newline

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if str is null

• escape

  public static String escape(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use StringEscapeUtils.escapeJava(String) This method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0

  Escapes any values it finds into their String form.

  So a tab becomes the characters '\\' and 't'.

  As of Lang 2.0, this calls StringEscapeUtils.escapeJava(String) behind the scenes.

  Parameters:

  str - String to escape values in

  Returns:

  String with escaped values

  Throws:

  NullPointerException - if str is null

  See Also:

  • StringEscapeUtils.escapeJava(java.lang.String)

• repeat

  public static String repeat(String str, int repeat)

  Repeat a String repeat times to form a new String.

   StringUtils.repeat(null, 2) = null
   StringUtils.repeat("", 0)   = ""
   StringUtils.repeat("", 2)   = ""
   StringUtils.repeat("a", 3)  = "aaa"
   StringUtils.repeat("ab", 2) = "abab"
   StringUtils.repeat("a", -2) = ""
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to repeat, may be null

  repeat - number of times to repeat str, negative treated as zero

  Returns:

  a new String consisting of the original String repeated, null if null String input

• repeat

  public static String repeat(String str, String separator, int repeat)

  Repeat a String repeat times to form a new String, with a String separator injected each time.

   StringUtils.repeat(null, null, 2) = null
   StringUtils.repeat(null, "x", 2)  = null
   StringUtils.repeat("", null, 0)   = ""
   StringUtils.repeat("", "", 2)     = ""
   StringUtils.repeat("", "x", 3)    = "xxx"
   StringUtils.repeat("?", ", ", 3)  = "?, ?, ?"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to repeat, may be null

  separator - the String to inject, may be null

  repeat - number of times to repeat str, negative treated as zero

  Returns:

  a new String consisting of the original String repeated, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.5

• rightPad

  public static String rightPad(String str, int size)

  Right pad a String with spaces (' ').

  The String is padded to the size of size.

   StringUtils.rightPad(null, *)   = null
   StringUtils.rightPad("", 3)     = "   "
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3)  = "bat"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5)  = "bat  "
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1)  = "bat"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1) = "bat"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to pad out, may be null

  size - the size to pad to

  Returns:

  right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, null if null String input

• rightPad

  public static String rightPad(String str, int size, char padChar)

  Right pad a String with a specified character.

  The String is padded to the size of size.

   StringUtils.rightPad(null, *, *)     = null
   StringUtils.rightPad("", 3, 'z')     = "zzz"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3, 'z')  = "bat"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, 'z')  = "batzz"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1, 'z')  = "bat"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1, 'z') = "bat"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to pad out, may be null

  size - the size to pad to

  padChar - the character to pad with

  Returns:

  right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• rightPad

  public static String rightPad(String str, int size, String padStr)

  Right pad a String with a specified String.

  The String is padded to the size of size.

   StringUtils.rightPad(null, *, *)      = null
   StringUtils.rightPad("", 3, "z")      = "zzz"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3, "yz")  = "bat"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, "yz")  = "batyz"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 8, "yz")  = "batyzyzy"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1, "yz")  = "bat"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1, "yz") = "bat"
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, null)  = "bat  "
   StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, "")    = "bat  "
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to pad out, may be null

  size - the size to pad to

  padStr - the String to pad with, null or empty treated as single space

  Returns:

  right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, null if null String input

• leftPad

  public static String leftPad(String str, int size)

  Left pad a String with spaces (' ').

  The String is padded to the size of size.

   StringUtils.leftPad(null, *)   = null
   StringUtils.leftPad("", 3)     = "   "
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3)  = "bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5)  = "  bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1)  = "bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1) = "bat"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to pad out, may be null

  size - the size to pad to

  Returns:

  left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, null if null String input

• leftPad

  public static String leftPad(String str, int size, char padChar)

  Left pad a String with a specified character.

  Pad to a size of size.

   StringUtils.leftPad(null, *, *)     = null
   StringUtils.leftPad("", 3, 'z')     = "zzz"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3, 'z')  = "bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, 'z')  = "zzbat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1, 'z')  = "bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1, 'z') = "bat"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to pad out, may be null

  size - the size to pad to

  padChar - the character to pad with

  Returns:

  left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• leftPad

  public static String leftPad(String str, int size, String padStr)

  Left pad a String with a specified String.

  Pad to a size of size.

   StringUtils.leftPad(null, *, *)      = null
   StringUtils.leftPad("", 3, "z")      = "zzz"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3, "yz")  = "bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, "yz")  = "yzbat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 8, "yz")  = "yzyzybat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1, "yz")  = "bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1, "yz") = "bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, null)  = "  bat"
   StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, "")    = "  bat"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to pad out, may be null

  size - the size to pad to

  padStr - the String to pad with, null or empty treated as single space

  Returns:

  left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, null if null String input

• length

  public static int length(String str)

  Gets a String's length or 0 if the String is null.

  Parameters:

  str - a String or null

  Returns:

  String length or 0 if the String is null.

  Since:

  2.4

• center

  public static String center(String str, int size)

  Centers a String in a larger String of size size using the space character (' ').

  If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A null String returns null. A negative size is treated as zero.

  Equivalent to center(str, size, " ").

   StringUtils.center(null, *)   = null
   StringUtils.center("", 4)     = "    "
   StringUtils.center("ab", -1)  = "ab"
   StringUtils.center("ab", 4)   = " ab "
   StringUtils.center("abcd", 2) = "abcd"
   StringUtils.center("a", 4)    = " a  "
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to center, may be null

  size - the int size of new String, negative treated as zero

  Returns:

  centered String, null if null String input

• center

  public static String center(String str, int size, char padChar)

  Centers a String in a larger String of size size. Uses a supplied character as the value to pad the String with.

  If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A null String returns null. A negative size is treated as zero.

   StringUtils.center(null, *, *)     = null
   StringUtils.center("", 4, ' ')     = "    "
   StringUtils.center("ab", -1, ' ')  = "ab"
   StringUtils.center("ab", 4, ' ')   = " ab"
   StringUtils.center("abcd", 2, ' ') = "abcd"
   StringUtils.center("a", 4, ' ')    = " a  "
   StringUtils.center("a", 4, 'y')    = "yayy"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to center, may be null

  size - the int size of new String, negative treated as zero

  padChar - the character to pad the new String with

  Returns:

  centered String, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• center

  public static String center(String str, int size, String padStr)

  Centers a String in a larger String of size size. Uses a supplied String as the value to pad the String with.

  If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A null String returns null. A negative size is treated as zero.

   StringUtils.center(null, *, *)     = null
   StringUtils.center("", 4, " ")     = "    "
   StringUtils.center("ab", -1, " ")  = "ab"
   StringUtils.center("ab", 4, " ")   = " ab"
   StringUtils.center("abcd", 2, " ") = "abcd"
   StringUtils.center("a", 4, " ")    = " a  "
   StringUtils.center("a", 4, "yz")   = "yayz"
   StringUtils.center("abc", 7, null) = "  abc  "
   StringUtils.center("abc", 7, "")   = "  abc  "
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to center, may be null

  size - the int size of new String, negative treated as zero

  padStr - the String to pad the new String with, must not be null or empty

  Returns:

  centered String, null if null String input

  Throws:

  IllegalArgumentException - if padStr is null or empty

• upperCase

  public static String upperCase(String str)

  Converts a String to upper case as per String.toUpperCase().

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.upperCase(null)  = null
   StringUtils.upperCase("")    = ""
   StringUtils.upperCase("aBc") = "ABC"
   

  Note: As described in the documentation for String.toUpperCase(), the result of this method is affected by the current locale. For platform-independent case transformations, the method lowerCase(String, Locale) should be used with a specific locale (e.g. Locale.ENGLISH).

  Parameters:

  str - the String to upper case, may be null

  Returns:

  the upper cased String, null if null String input

• upperCase

  public static String upperCase(String str, Locale locale)

  Converts a String to upper case as per String.toUpperCase(Locale).

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.upperCase(null, Locale.ENGLISH)  = null
   StringUtils.upperCase("", Locale.ENGLISH)    = ""
   StringUtils.upperCase("aBc", Locale.ENGLISH) = "ABC"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to upper case, may be null

  locale - the locale that defines the case transformation rules, must not be null

  Returns:

  the upper cased String, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.5

• lowerCase

  public static String lowerCase(String str)

  Converts a String to lower case as per String.toLowerCase().

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.lowerCase(null)  = null
   StringUtils.lowerCase("")    = ""
   StringUtils.lowerCase("aBc") = "abc"
   

  Note: As described in the documentation for String.toLowerCase(), the result of this method is affected by the current locale. For platform-independent case transformations, the method lowerCase(String, Locale) should be used with a specific locale (e.g. Locale.ENGLISH).

  Parameters:

  str - the String to lower case, may be null

  Returns:

  the lower cased String, null if null String input

• lowerCase

  public static String lowerCase(String str, Locale locale)

  Converts a String to lower case as per String.toLowerCase(Locale).

  A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.lowerCase(null, Locale.ENGLISH)  = null
   StringUtils.lowerCase("", Locale.ENGLISH)    = ""
   StringUtils.lowerCase("aBc", Locale.ENGLISH) = "abc"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to lower case, may be null

  locale - the locale that defines the case transformation rules, must not be null

  Returns:

  the lower cased String, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.5

• capitalize

  public static String capitalize(String str)

  Capitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per Character.toTitleCase(char). No other letters are changed.

  For a word based algorithm, see WordUtils.capitalize(String). A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.capitalize(null)  = null
   StringUtils.capitalize("")    = ""
   StringUtils.capitalize("cat") = "Cat"
   StringUtils.capitalize("cAt") = "CAt"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to capitalize, may be null

  Returns:

  the capitalized String, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

  See Also:

  • WordUtils.capitalize(String)
  • uncapitalize(String)

• capitalise

  public static String capitalise(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use the standardly named capitalize(String). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Capitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per Character.toTitleCase(char). No other letters are changed.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to capitalize, may be null

  Returns:

  the capitalized String, null if null String input

• uncapitalize

  public static String uncapitalize(String str)

  Uncapitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per Character.toLowerCase(char). No other letters are changed.

  For a word based algorithm, see WordUtils.uncapitalize(String). A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.uncapitalize(null)  = null
   StringUtils.uncapitalize("")    = ""
   StringUtils.uncapitalize("Cat") = "cat"
   StringUtils.uncapitalize("CAT") = "cAT"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to uncapitalize, may be null

  Returns:

  the uncapitalized String, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

  See Also:

  • WordUtils.uncapitalize(String)
  • capitalize(String)

• uncapitalise

  public static String uncapitalise(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use the standardly named uncapitalize(String). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Uncapitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per Character.toLowerCase(char). No other letters are changed.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to uncapitalize, may be null

  Returns:

  the uncapitalized String, null if null String input

• swapCase

  public static String swapCase(String str)

  Swaps the case of a String changing upper and title case to lower case, and lower case to upper case.

  • Upper case character converts to Lower case
  • Title case character converts to Lower case
  • Lower case character converts to Upper case

  For a word based algorithm, see WordUtils.swapCase(String). A null input String returns null.

   StringUtils.swapCase(null)                 = null
   StringUtils.swapCase("")                   = ""
   StringUtils.swapCase("The dog has a BONE") = "tHE DOG HAS A bone"
   

  NOTE: This method changed in Lang version 2.0. It no longer performs a word based algorithm. If you only use ASCII, you will notice no change. That functionality is available in WordUtils.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to swap case, may be null

  Returns:

  the changed String, null if null String input

• capitaliseAllWords

  public static String capitaliseAllWords(String str)

  Deprecated.

  Use the relocated WordUtils.capitalize(String). Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Capitalizes all the whitespace separated words in a String. Only the first letter of each word is changed.

  Whitespace is defined by Character.isWhitespace(char). A null input String returns null.

  Parameters:

  str - the String to capitalize, may be null

  Returns:

  capitalized String, null if null String input

• countMatches

  public static int countMatches(String str, String sub)

  Counts how many times the substring appears in the larger String.

  A null or empty ("") String input returns 0.

   StringUtils.countMatches(null, *)       = 0
   StringUtils.countMatches("", *)         = 0
   StringUtils.countMatches("abba", null)  = 0
   StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "")    = 0
   StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "a")   = 2
   StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "ab")  = 1
   StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "xxx") = 0
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  sub - the substring to count, may be null

  Returns:

  the number of occurrences, 0 if either String is null

• isAlpha

  public static boolean isAlpha(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only unicode letters.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isAlpha(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isAlpha("")     = true
   StringUtils.isAlpha("  ")   = false
   StringUtils.isAlpha("abc")  = true
   StringUtils.isAlpha("ab2c") = false
   StringUtils.isAlpha("ab-c") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains letters, and is non-null

• isAlphaSpace

  public static boolean isAlphaSpace(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only unicode letters and space (' ').

  null will return false An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isAlphaSpace(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("")     = true
   StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("  ")   = true
   StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("abc")  = true
   StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab c") = true
   StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab2c") = false
   StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab-c") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains letters and space, and is non-null

• isAlphanumeric

  public static boolean isAlphanumeric(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only unicode letters or digits.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("")     = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("  ")   = false
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("abc")  = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab c") = false
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab2c") = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab-c") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains letters or digits, and is non-null

• isAlphanumericSpace

  public static boolean isAlphanumericSpace(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only unicode letters, digits or space (' ').

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("")     = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("  ")   = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("abc")  = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab c") = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab2c") = true
   StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab-c") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains letters, digits or space, and is non-null

• isAsciiPrintable

  public static boolean isAsciiPrintable(String str)

  Checks if the string contains only ASCII printable characters.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(null)     = false
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("")       = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(" ")      = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("Ceki")   = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("ab2c")   = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("!ab-c~") = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(" ") = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("!") = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("~") = true
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("") = false
   StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("Ceki Gülcü") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the string to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if every character is in the range 32 thru 126

  Since:

  2.1

• isNumeric

  public static boolean isNumeric(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only unicode digits. A decimal point is not a unicode digit and returns false.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isNumeric(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("")     = true
   StringUtils.isNumeric("  ")   = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("123")  = true
   StringUtils.isNumeric("12 3") = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("ab2c") = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("12-3") = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("12.3") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains digits, and is non-null

• isNumericSpace

  public static boolean isNumericSpace(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only unicode digits or space (' '). A decimal point is not a unicode digit and returns false.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isNumeric(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("")     = true
   StringUtils.isNumeric("  ")   = true
   StringUtils.isNumeric("123")  = true
   StringUtils.isNumeric("12 3") = true
   StringUtils.isNumeric("ab2c") = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("12-3") = false
   StringUtils.isNumeric("12.3") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains digits or space, and is non-null

• isWhitespace

  public static boolean isWhitespace(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only whitespace.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return true.

   StringUtils.isWhitespace(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isWhitespace("")     = true
   StringUtils.isWhitespace("  ")   = true
   StringUtils.isWhitespace("abc")  = false
   StringUtils.isWhitespace("ab2c") = false
   StringUtils.isWhitespace("ab-c") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains whitespace, and is non-null

  Since:

  2.0

• isAllLowerCase

  public static boolean isAllLowerCase(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only lowercase characters.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return false.

   StringUtils.isAllLowerCase(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("")     = false
   StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("  ")   = false
   StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("abc")  = true
   StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("abC") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains lowercase characters, and is non-null

  Since:

  2.5

• isAllUpperCase

  public static boolean isAllUpperCase(String str)

  Checks if the String contains only uppercase characters.

  null will return false. An empty String (length()=0) will return false.

   StringUtils.isAllUpperCase(null)   = false
   StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("")     = false
   StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("  ")   = false
   StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("ABC")  = true
   StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("aBC") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  true if only contains uppercase characters, and is non-null

  Since:

  2.5

• defaultString

  public static String defaultString(String str)

  Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is null, an empty String ("").

   StringUtils.defaultString(null)  = ""
   StringUtils.defaultString("")    = ""
   StringUtils.defaultString("bat") = "bat"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  Returns:

  the passed in String, or the empty String if it was null

  See Also:

  • ObjectUtils.toString(Object)
  • String.valueOf(Object)

• defaultString

  public static String defaultString(String str, String defaultStr)

  Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is null, the value of defaultStr.

   StringUtils.defaultString(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
   StringUtils.defaultString("", "NULL")    = ""
   StringUtils.defaultString("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  defaultStr - the default String to return if the input is null, may be null

  Returns:

  the passed in String, or the default if it was null

  See Also:

  • ObjectUtils.toString(Object,String)
  • String.valueOf(Object)

• defaultIfBlank

  public static String defaultIfBlank(String str, String defaultStr)

  Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is whitespace, empty ("") or null, the value of defaultStr.

   StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
   StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("", "NULL")    = "NULL"
   StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(" ", "NULL")   = "NULL"
   StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
   StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("", null)      = null
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  defaultStr - the default String to return if the input is whitespace, empty ("") or null, may be null

  Returns:

  the passed in String, or the default

  Since:

  2.6

  See Also:

  • defaultString(String, String)

• defaultIfEmpty

  public static String defaultIfEmpty(String str, String defaultStr)

  Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is empty or null, the value of defaultStr.

   StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
   StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("", "NULL")    = "NULL"
   StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
   StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("", null)      = null
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  defaultStr - the default String to return if the input is empty ("") or null, may be null

  Returns:

  the passed in String, or the default

  See Also:

  • defaultString(String, String)

• reverse

  public static String reverse(String str)

  Reverses a String as per StrBuilder.reverse().

  A null String returns null.

   StringUtils.reverse(null)  = null
   StringUtils.reverse("")    = ""
   StringUtils.reverse("bat") = "tab"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to reverse, may be null

  Returns:

  the reversed String, null if null String input

• reverseDelimited

  public static String reverseDelimited(String str, char separatorChar)

  Reverses a String that is delimited by a specific character.

  The Strings between the delimiters are not reversed. Thus java.lang.String becomes String.lang.java (if the delimiter is '.').

   StringUtils.reverseDelimited(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.reverseDelimited("", *)        = ""
   StringUtils.reverseDelimited("a.b.c", 'x') = "a.b.c"
   StringUtils.reverseDelimited("a.b.c", ".") = "c.b.a"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to reverse, may be null

  separatorChar - the separator character to use

  Returns:

  the reversed String, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.0

• reverseDelimitedString

  public static String reverseDelimitedString(String str, String separatorChars)

  Deprecated.

  Use reverseDelimited(String, char) instead. This method is broken as the join doesn't know which char to use. Method will be removed in Commons Lang 3.0.

  Reverses a String that is delimited by a specific character.

  The Strings between the delimiters are not reversed. Thus java.lang.String becomes String.lang.java (if the delimiter is ".").

   StringUtils.reverseDelimitedString(null, *)       = null
   StringUtils.reverseDelimitedString("",*)          = ""
   StringUtils.reverseDelimitedString("a.b.c", null) = "a.b.c"
   StringUtils.reverseDelimitedString("a.b.c", ".")  = "c.b.a"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to reverse, may be null

  separatorChars - the separator characters to use, null treated as whitespace

  Returns:

  the reversed String, null if null String input

• abbreviate

  public static String abbreviate(String str, int maxWidth)

  Abbreviates a String using ellipses. This will turn "Now is the time for all good men" into "Now is the time for..."

  Specifically:

  • If str is less than maxWidth characters long, return it.
  • Else abbreviate it to (substring(str, 0, max-3) + "...").
  • If maxWidth is less than 4, throw an IllegalArgumentException.
  • In no case will it return a String of length greater than maxWidth.

   StringUtils.abbreviate(null, *)      = null
   StringUtils.abbreviate("", 4)        = ""
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 6) = "abc..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 7) = "abcdefg"
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 8) = "abcdefg"
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 4) = "a..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 3) = IllegalArgumentException
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  maxWidth - maximum length of result String, must be at least 4

  Returns:

  abbreviated String, null if null String input

  Throws:

  IllegalArgumentException - if the width is too small

  Since:

  2.0

• abbreviate

  public static String abbreviate(String str, int offset, int maxWidth)

  Abbreviates a String using ellipses. This will turn "Now is the time for all good men" into "...is the time for..."

  Works like abbreviate(String, int), but allows you to specify a "left edge" offset. Note that this left edge is not necessarily going to be the leftmost character in the result, or the first character following the ellipses, but it will appear somewhere in the result.

  In no case will it return a String of length greater than maxWidth.

   StringUtils.abbreviate(null, *, *)                = null
   StringUtils.abbreviate("", 0, 4)                  = ""
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", -1, 10) = "abcdefg..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 0, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 1, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 4, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 5, 10)  = "...fghi..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 6, 10)  = "...ghij..."
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 8, 10)  = "...ijklmno"
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 10, 10) = "...ijklmno"
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 12, 10) = "...ijklmno"
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", 0, 3)        = IllegalArgumentException
   StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", 5, 6)        = IllegalArgumentException
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  offset - left edge of source String

  maxWidth - maximum length of result String, must be at least 4

  Returns:

  abbreviated String, null if null String input

  Throws:

  IllegalArgumentException - if the width is too small

  Since:

  2.0

• abbreviateMiddle

  public static String abbreviateMiddle(String str, String middle, int length)

  Abbreviates a String to the length passed, replacing the middle characters with the supplied replacement String.

  This abbreviation only occurs if the following criteria is met:

  • Neither the String for abbreviation nor the replacement String are null or empty
  • The length to truncate to is less than the length of the supplied String
  • The length to truncate to is greater than 0
  • The abbreviated String will have enough room for the length supplied replacement String and the first and last characters of the supplied String for abbreviation

  Otherwise, the returned String will be the same as the supplied String for abbreviation.

   StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle(null, null, 0)      = null
   StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", null, 0)      = "abc"
   StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", ".", 0)      = "abc"
   StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", ".", 3)      = "abc"
   StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abcdef", ".", 4)     = "ab.f"
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to abbreviate, may be null

  middle - the String to replace the middle characters with, may be null

  length - the length to abbreviate str to.

  Returns:

  the abbreviated String if the above criteria is met, or the original String supplied for abbreviation.

  Since:

  2.5

• difference

  public static String difference(String str1, String str2)

  Compares two Strings, and returns the portion where they differ. (More precisely, return the remainder of the second String, starting from where it's different from the first.)

  For example, difference("i am a machine", "i am a robot") -> "robot".

   StringUtils.difference(null, null) = null
   StringUtils.difference("", "") = ""
   StringUtils.difference("", "abc") = "abc"
   StringUtils.difference("abc", "") = ""
   StringUtils.difference("abc", "abc") = ""
   StringUtils.difference("ab", "abxyz") = "xyz"
   StringUtils.difference("abcde", "abxyz") = "xyz"
   StringUtils.difference("abcde", "xyz") = "xyz"
   

  Parameters:

  str1 - the first String, may be null

  str2 - the second String, may be null

  Returns:

  the portion of str2 where it differs from str1; returns the empty String if they are equal

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOfDifference

  public static int indexOfDifference(String str1, String str2)

  Compares two Strings, and returns the index at which the Strings begin to differ.

  For example, indexOfDifference("i am a machine", "i am a robot") -> 7

   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(null, null) = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference("", "") = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference("", "abc") = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abc", "") = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abc", "abc") = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference("ab", "abxyz") = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abcde", "abxyz") = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abcde", "xyz") = 0
   

  Parameters:

  str1 - the first String, may be null

  str2 - the second String, may be null

  Returns:

  the index where str2 and str1 begin to differ; -1 if they are equal

  Since:

  2.0

• indexOfDifference

  public static int indexOfDifference(String[] strs)

  Compares all Strings in an array and returns the index at which the Strings begin to differ.

  For example, indexOfDifference(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) -> 7

   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(null) = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {}) = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc"}) = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {null, null}) = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", ""}) = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", null}) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", null, null}) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {null, null, "abc"}) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", "abc"}) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", ""}) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", "abc"}) = -1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", "a"}) = 1
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"ab", "abxyz"}) = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abcde", "abxyz"}) = 2
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abcde", "xyz"}) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"xyz", "abcde"}) = 0
   StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) = 7
   

  Parameters:

  strs - array of strings, entries may be null

  Returns:

  the index where the strings begin to differ; -1 if they are all equal

  Since:

  2.4

• getCommonPrefix

  public static String getCommonPrefix(String[] strs)

  Compares all Strings in an array and returns the initial sequence of characters that is common to all of them.

  For example, getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) -> "i am a "

   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(null) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc"}) = "abc"
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {null, null}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", ""}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", null}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", null, null}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {null, null, "abc"}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", "abc"}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", ""}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", "abc"}) = "abc"
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", "a"}) = "a"
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"ab", "abxyz"}) = "ab"
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abcde", "abxyz"}) = "ab"
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abcde", "xyz"}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"xyz", "abcde"}) = ""
   StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) = "i am a "
   

  Parameters:

  strs - array of String objects, entries may be null

  Returns:

  the initial sequence of characters that are common to all Strings in the array; empty String if the array is null, the elements are all null or if there is no common prefix.

  Since:

  2.4

• getLevenshteinDistance

  public static int getLevenshteinDistance(String s, String t)

  Find the Levenshtein distance between two Strings.

  This is the number of changes needed to change one String into another, where each change is a single character modification (deletion, insertion or substitution).

  The previous implementation of the Levenshtein distance algorithm was from http://www.merriampark.com/ld.htm

  Chas Emerick has written an implementation in Java, which avoids an OutOfMemoryError which can occur when my Java implementation is used with very large strings.
  This implementation of the Levenshtein distance algorithm is from http://www.merriampark.com/ldjava.htm

   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(null, *)             = IllegalArgumentException
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(*, null)             = IllegalArgumentException
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("","")               = 0
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("","a")              = 1
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "")       = 7
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("frog", "fog")       = 1
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("fly", "ant")        = 3
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("elephant", "hippo") = 7
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "elephant") = 7
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "zzzzzzzz") = 8
   StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hello", "hallo")    = 1
   

  Parameters:

  s - the first String, must not be null

  t - the second String, must not be null

  Returns:

  result distance

  Throws:

  IllegalArgumentException - if either String input null

• startsWith

  public static boolean startsWith(String str, String prefix)

  Check if a String starts with a specified prefix.

  nulls are handled without exceptions. Two null references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case sensitive.

   StringUtils.startsWith(null, null)      = true
   StringUtils.startsWith(null, "abc")     = false
   StringUtils.startsWith("abcdef", null)  = false
   StringUtils.startsWith("abcdef", "abc") = true
   StringUtils.startsWith("ABCDEF", "abc") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  prefix - the prefix to find, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String starts with the prefix, case sensitive, or both null

  Since:

  2.4

  See Also:

  • String.startsWith(String)

• startsWithIgnoreCase

  public static boolean startsWithIgnoreCase(String str, String prefix)

  Case insensitive check if a String starts with a specified prefix.

  nulls are handled without exceptions. Two null references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case insensitive.

   StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase(null, null)      = true
   StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase(null, "abc")     = false
   StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", null)  = false
   StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", "abc") = true
   StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "abc") = true
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  prefix - the prefix to find, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String starts with the prefix, case insensitive, or both null

  Since:

  2.4

  See Also:

  • String.startsWith(String)

• startsWithAny

  public static boolean startsWithAny(String string, String[] searchStrings)

  Check if a String starts with any of an array of specified strings.

   StringUtils.startsWithAny(null, null)      = false
   StringUtils.startsWithAny(null, new String[] {"abc"})  = false
   StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", null)     = false
   StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {""}) = false
   StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {"abc"}) = true
   StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {null, "xyz", "abc"}) = true
   

  Parameters:

  string - the String to check, may be null

  searchStrings - the Strings to find, may be null or empty

  Returns:

  true if the String starts with any of the the prefixes, case insensitive, or both null

  Since:

  2.5

  See Also:

  • startsWith(String, String)

• endsWith

  public static boolean endsWith(String str, String suffix)

  Check if a String ends with a specified suffix.

  nulls are handled without exceptions. Two null references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case sensitive.

   StringUtils.endsWith(null, null)      = true
   StringUtils.endsWith(null, "def")     = false
   StringUtils.endsWith("abcdef", null)  = false
   StringUtils.endsWith("abcdef", "def") = true
   StringUtils.endsWith("ABCDEF", "def") = false
   StringUtils.endsWith("ABCDEF", "cde") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  suffix - the suffix to find, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String ends with the suffix, case sensitive, or both null

  Since:

  2.4

  See Also:

  • String.endsWith(String)

• endsWithIgnoreCase

  public static boolean endsWithIgnoreCase(String str, String suffix)

  Case insensitive check if a String ends with a specified suffix.

  nulls are handled without exceptions. Two null references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case insensitive.

   StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(null, null)      = true
   StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(null, "def")     = false
   StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", null)  = false
   StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", "def") = true
   StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "def") = true
   StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "cde") = false
   

  Parameters:

  str - the String to check, may be null

  suffix - the suffix to find, may be null

  Returns:

  true if the String ends with the suffix, case insensitive, or both null

  Since:

  2.4

  See Also:

  • String.endsWith(String)

• normalizeSpace

  public static String normalizeSpace(String str)

  Similar to http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#function-normalize -space

  The function returns the argument string with whitespace normalized by using trim(String) to remove leading and trailing whitespace and then replacing sequences of whitespace characters by a single space.

  In XML Whitespace characters are the same as those allowed by the S production, which is S ::= (#x20 | #x9 | #xD | #xA)+

  See Java's Character.isWhitespace(char) for which characters are considered whitespace.

  The difference is that Java's whitespace includes vertical tab and form feed, which this functional will also normalize. Additonally trim(String) removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String.

  Parameters:

  str - the source String to normalize whitespaces from, may be null

  Returns:

  the modified string with whitespace normalized, null if null String input

  Since:

  2.6

  See Also:

  • Character.isWhitespace(char)
  • trim(String)
  • invalid input: '<'

• endsWithAny

  public static boolean endsWithAny(String string, String[] searchStrings)

  Check if a String ends with any of an array of specified strings.

   StringUtils.endsWithAny(null, null)      = false
   StringUtils.endsWithAny(null, new String[] {"abc"})  = false
   StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", null)     = false
   StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {""}) = true
   StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {"xyz"}) = true
   StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {null, "xyz", "abc"}) = true
   

  Parameters:

  string - the String to check, may be null

  searchStrings - the Strings to find, may be null or empty

  Returns:

  true if the String ends with any of the the prefixes, case insensitive, or both null

  Since:

  2.6