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Chapitre 13. Station de travail

13.1. Configuration du serveur X11
13.2. Personnalisation de l'interface graphique
13.2.1. Choix d'un gestionnaire d'écran (display manager)
13.2.2. Choix d'un gestionnaire de fenêtres
13.2.3. Gestion des menus
13.3. Bureaux graphiques
13.3.1. GNOME
13.3.2. KDE and Plasma
13.3.3. Xfce et autres
13.3.4. Other Desktop Environments
13.4. Courrier électronique
13.4.1. Evolution
13.4.2. KMail
13.4.3. Thunderbird
13.5. Navigateurs web
13.6. Développement
13.6.1. Outils pour GTK+ sur GNOME
13.6.2. Tools for Qt
13.7. Suites bureautiques
13.8. L'émulation Windows : Wine
13.9. Logiciels de communication en temps réel
Les divers déploiements concernant les serveurs maintenant achevés, les administrateurs peuvent se charger des stations de travail individuelles et créer une configuration type.

13.1. Configuration du serveur X11

A brief reminder: X.org is the software component that allows graphical applications to display windows on screen. It includes a driver that makes efficient use of the video card. The features offered to the graphical applications are exported through a standard interface, X11 (Bullseye contains version X11R7.7).
Current versions of X.org are able to auto-detect the available hardware: this applies to the video card and the monitor, as well as keyboards and mice; in fact, it is so convenient that the package no longer even creates a /etc/X11/xorg.conf configuration file.
En ce qui concerne la configuration du clavier, elle est désormais indiquée dans /etc/default/keyboard. Ce fichier contrôle la configuration de la console ainsi que celle de l'interface graphique et il est géré par le paquet keyboard-configuration. La configuration de la disposition du clavier est détaillée dans la Section 8.1.2, « Configurer le clavier ».
Le paquet xserver-xorg fournit le serveur X générique exploité par les versions 7.x de X.org. Ce serveur modulaire dispose d'une collection de pilotes pour gérer les différents modèles de carte vidéo. L'installation de xserver-xorg assure que le serveur et au moins un pilote graphique sont installés.
Note that if the detected video card is not handled by any of the available drivers, X.org tries using the vesa and fbdev drivers. VESA is a generic driver that should work everywhere, but with limited capabilities (fewer available resolutions, no hardware acceleration for games and visual effects for the desktop, and so on) while fbdev works on top of the kernel's framebuffer device. Nowadays the X server can run without any administrative privileges (this used to be required to be able to configure the screen) and its log file is then stored in the user's home directory in ~/.local/share/xorg/Xorg.0.log, whereas it is /var/log/Xorg.0.log for X servers started with root privileges and for versions older than Debian 9 Stretch. That log file is where one would look to know what driver is currently in use. For example, the following snippet matches what the intel driver outputs when it is loaded:
(==) Matched nouveau as autoconfigured driver 0
(==) Matched modesetting as autoconfigured driver 1
(==) Matched fbdev as autoconfigured driver 2
(==) Matched vesa as autoconfigured driver 3
(==) Assigned the driver to the xf86ConfigLayout
(II) LoadModule: "intel"
(II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/intel_drv.so
(II) Module intel: vendor="X.Org Foundation"